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Jan 1, 2020·Controle Externo - Revista do Tribunal de Contas do Estado de Goiás
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Organizações de cooperação e financiamento internacionais e a instrumentalização paradiplomática utilizada para obtenção de recursos por Entidades subnacionais brasileiras (Estado-Membro e municípios) entre os anos de 1984 a 2019

Juliano Paniago de Alcantara

Resumo A globalizacao financeira desenvolvida nas ultimas decadas e um fenomeno que, associado as relacoes politicas, construiu relacionamentos interdependentes entres paises no cenario internacional — a partir da metade do seculo XX. Formou-se, assim, um complexo sistema originado da interconexao financeira nacional dos Estados que possibilitou, entre outros aspectos, a construcao de um intenso fluxo de capitais. Esse sistema ultrapassou barreiras territoriais e, atualmente, realiza investimentos diretos em entes subnacionais. Dessa forma, surgiram intensas atividades internacionais destes governos, que transformaram a rotina diplomatica ao apresentar novas formas de fazer politica externa — que deu origem a atuacao paradiplomatica destes atores. No Brasil, o crescimento consideravel do ativismo internacional dos entes federados autonomos, ocorrido principalmente a partir da decada de 1980, exigiu um avanco do Estado. A Uniao precisou se adequar ao desafio de criar e desenvolver politicas publicas que coordenassem diretrizes aptas a concretizar a atuacao descentralizada de poder, na formacao de parcerias e captacao de recursos externos. Por isso, o presente estudo visa esclarecer, de forma geral, como este sistema tem funcionado. A analise foi amparada sob o olhar teorico das relacoes internacionais que explicam estes acontecimentos, as instituicoes financeiras integrantes e como o Estado brasileiro operacionaliza este processo — em especial, os entes subnacionais; ha, por exemplo, as experiencias exitosas dos municipios de Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre e Estado-membro do Rio de Janeiro, que se estruturaram para realizar a captacao de recursos junto aos organismos e instituicoes financeiras internacionais. Tais solucoes se mostraram alternativa importante para efetivacao de politicas publicas, com vistas a atender demandas sociais regionais e locais. Realizou-se uma revisao bibliografica de carater qualitativo e descritivo, atraves de livros, artigos e materiais congeneres publicados entre 1984 e 2019. Objetivou-se esclarecer a dinâmica de cooperacao e obtencao internacional de investimentos, alem de compreender como o corpo federativo subnacional incorpora, em suas estruturas, uma atuacao tecnica-qualificada, para realizar a obtencao de parcerias e recursos junto aos organismos internacionais de financiamento. Palavras-chave: Globalizacao financeira. Construtivismo. Interdependencia complexa. Cooperacao internacional. Organizacoes financeiras internacionais. Entes subnacionais brasileiros. Instrumentalizacao paradiplomatica. Abstract The financial globalization developed in recent decades is a phenomenon that, associated with political relations, has built interdependent relationships between countries in the international scenario — from the mid-twentieth century. Thus, a complex system originated from the national financial interconnection of states was formed, which allowed, among other aspects, the formation of an intense flow of capital. This system has overcome territorial barriers and currently makes direct investments in subnational entities. Hence, these governments' intense international activities emerged, which transformed the diplomatic routine by presenting new ways of doing foreign policy — which gave rise to the paradiplomatic performance of these actors. In Brazil, the considerable growth of international activism of autonomous federated entities, which occurred mainly since the 1980s, required the State to advance. The Union had to adapt to the challenge of creating and developing public policies that would coordinate guidelines able to achieve decentralized action of power, in forming partnerships and raising external resources. Therefore, the present study aims to clarify, in a general way, how this system has worked. The analysis was based on the theoretical perspective of international relations that explain these events, the financial institutions, and how the Brazilian State operationalizes this process — primarily, the subnational entities; there are, for example, the successful experiences of the municipalities of Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre and the Member State of Rio de Janeiro, which were structured to raise funds with international financial organizations and institutions. Such solutions proved to be an essential alternative for implementing public policies to meet regional and local social demands. A qualitative and descriptive bibliographical review was carried out, through books, articles, and similar materials published between 1984 and 2019. The objective was to clarify the dynamics of international cooperation and obtaining of investments and understand how the subnational federative body incorporates, in its structures, a technique-qualified performance, to obtain partnerships and resources from international financial organizations. Keywords: Financial globalization. Constructivism. Complex interdependence. International cooperation. International financial organizations. Brazilian subnational entities. Paradiplomatic instrumentalization. Resumen La globalizacion financiera desarrollada en las ultimas decadas es un fenomeno que, asociado a las relaciones politicas, construyo relaciones independientes entre paises en el escenario internacional — a partir de la mitad del siglo XX. Se ha formado, de esa manera, un complejo sistema originado en la interconexion financiera nacional de los Estados, que permitio, entre otros aspectos, la construccion de un intenso flujo de capitales. Ese sistema traspaso barreras territoriales y, actualmente, realiza inversiones directas en entidades subnacionales. De esa forma, han surgido intensas actividades internacionales de esos gobiernos, que transformaron la rutina diplomatica al presentar nuevas formas de hacer politica externa — que le dio inicio a la actuacion paradiplomatica de esos actores. En Brasil, el considerable crecimiento del activismo internacional de las entidades federales autonomas, principalmente a partir de la decada de 1980, exigio que el Estado avanzara. La Union necesito adecuarse al reto de crear y desarrollar politicas publicas que coordinaran lineas directrices aptas para poner en practica la actuacion descentralizada del poder, en la formacion de alianzas y captacion de recursos externos. Por ello, este estudio pretende aclarar, de forma general, como este sistema ha estado funcionando. El analisis se apoyo en la mirada teorica de las relaciones internacionales que explican esos eventos, las instituciones financieras y como el Estado brasileno pone en practica ese proceso — en especial, las entidades subnacionales; hay, por ejemplo, experiencias exitosas en los municipios de Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre y en el Estado-miembro de Rio de Janeiro, que se estructuraron para realizar la captacion de recursos junto a los organismos e instituciones financieras internacionales. Tales soluciones han demostrado ser alternativa importante para la concrecion de politicas publicas, destinadas a atender demandas sociales regionales y locales. Se realizo una revision bibliografica de caracter cualitativo y descriptivo, por medio de libros, articulos y materiales similares, publicados entre 1984 y 2019. El objetivo fue aclarar la dinamica de cooperacion y obtencion internacional de inversiones, ademas de entender como el cuerpo federativo subnacional incorpora, en sus estructuras, una actuacion tecnico-cualificada, para la obtencion de alianzas y recursos junto a los organismos internacionales de financiamiento. Palabras-clave: Globalizacion financiera. Constructivismo. Interdependencia compleja. Cooperacion internacional. Organizaciones financieras internacionales. Entes subnacionales brasilenos. Instrumentacion paradiplomatica.

Open access
Urban Development and Societal Issues
Migration, Racism, and Human Rights
Social and Political Issues
Original source
Dec 1, 2015·Universidade Nova de Lisboa's Repository (Universidade Nova de Lisboa)
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O Direito Internacional e a Constituição de Moçambique

Henriques José Henriques

The study analyzes the "International Law and the constitution of Mozambique: Consensus and dissent in the light of the Global Legal pluralism". This reflective analysis will converge in the problem of the internationalization of law in contemporary society, i.e., the interaction between International Law and the Constitutional Law in the light of the global legal pluralism. After reflecting on past political, economic and social changes, it is concluded that, on the one hand, constitutionalism is neither limited nor satisfied only with the structure of the state legal space (national) and its legal order. On the other hand, International Law is no longer limited to issues related to global international policy. The phenomenon of emerging globalization has created a challenge to the international law as to the idea of a pluralist synchronization and polycentric notion of Law that could respect the legal diversity or legal specificity, within the global Legal Pluralism. The older idea of International Law entered into crisis for not having achieved the unity and cohesion within the global legal system. This crisis driven by the polycentric force of globalization dictated the diversification and the expansion of international law. This diversification has imposed the constitution and strengthening of various autonomous international legal regimes, the multiplication of organs of international conflicts resolution and the emergence of a new normative configuration. With the emergence of new instances of international and global legal production, the debate on the internationalization of Law imposes itself as an urgent need, in the framework of the globalization process and the global legal pluralism. The great debate today, on this theme, departed from general International Law and is set in the context of the new global international legal order. The debate on the internationalization of law took two aspects: one on the protagonism of new instances of autonomous global and international legal production and its influence in the construction of the global international legal order. Another aspect is that of regional economic and political blocks and of organizations and institutions of humanitarian aid and development, under the same prism. This debate brings back the old or new problem of interaction between International Law and the Constitutional Law in the new global international legal order, i.e., the problem of internationalization of national law. In fact, some international rules emanating from autonomous international legal production organs, within the framework of hegemonic globalization, are imposed directly to citizens and States, sometimes without knowledge of such rules, or of its existence. The action of these organs or agents can be considered as a latching and destructive phenomenon within the national legal orders? These rules are imposed on citizens and States not only as strategies or means of operationalization of flows, for the success of the process of globalization and economic development, but also, sometimes, for unclear purposes and within wide range economic interests. With the introduction of the new international legal regimes, the relationship with National Law has decentralized, thus creating a polycentrism, where each regime seeks to draw to itself the protagonism. This phenomenon has created conflicts within National Law and between the various legal systems. It is noted that each legal regime has its specific rules of internationalization of law. The National Law, in the face of this diversity, must meet several distinct rules and sometimes contradictory. There are times when the same matter is subject to various internationalizations by different legal regimes and through distinct rules to that effect. The proliferation of various regimes and agents in the internationalization of Law has weakened the policies and measures of protection and rule production in peripheral States because of the overlap and complexity of the phenomenon. In this new global legal order, unfortunately, we are witnessing the phenomenon of international legislative hegemony led by the major powers with regard to the demands of globalisation. This unusual phenomenon, lived in the global society, is translated into anti-constitutional and anti-democratic practices in the creation and internationalization of law in peripheral countries. The study starts from the analysis of the relationship between international law and the constitution of Mozambique and returns to the debate on the problem of the relationship between International and National Law, in the framework of the new global international legal order.

Open access
Migration, Racism, and Human Rights
Urban Development and Societal Issues
International Development and Aid
Original source