Abdourahmane Diallo, Akhtarzaite Binti Hj. Abdul Aziz
This article examines whether zakat is applicable to cryptocurrencies via a study of the fatwa genre on this topic. Fatwas from seven legal specialists in the Muslim world will be examined. These juristic opinions range from considering cryptocurrencies to be permissible to those that consider it prohibited. However, across this spectrum these authorities argue for zakat application to cryptocurrencies. The analysis will isolate and identify the relevant proof texts and principles relied upon. It will be shown that a unifying theme across the fatwa genre is of how thamaniyya is vital in linking cryptocurrencies to zakat-applicability. The study concludes that Islamic Finance successfully contains a theoretic concept, namely thamaniyya, that can help Muslim scholarship engage with advancements in cryptocurrencies regardless of future technological innovations. This study is novel for focusing on fatwa analysis through a theoretical orientation. This article sheds light on how contemporary fatwas are used in the field of Islamic Finance to negotiate between the jurisprudential tradition and cutting-edge developments in cryptocurrencies. The study is limited in not considering socio-political factors in the analysis. It is hoped the results of this study can highlight how disparate legal opinions in Islamic Finance actually share common ground.
Sujeet Raosaheb Suryawanshi, Prashant B Kumbharkar, Shailesh Kumar
Identity management, encompassing authentication and authorization within a networked environment, stands as a paramount security aspect. Over time, various identity management paradigms have evolved, progressing from the isolated silo model to the federated model and, more recently, the self-sovereign identity (SSI’) approach. Notably, SSI empowers users to autonomously oversee their own data, irrespective of organizational involvement, through the utilization of emerging blockchain technology. Numerous ongoing studies are exploring the potential of SSI.Nevertheless, SSI adoption has remained limited due to its inherent compatibility issues and user inconveniences, stemming from an unfamiliar user experience and a nascent development phase. In response, this research paper proposes a novel SSI approach rooted in blockchain technology that aligns with the widely accepted and mature OAuth 2.0 standard. This blockchain-based model ensures users’ data sovereignty, allowing them to wield control over their information in a decentralized manner, free from reliance on specific monopolistic service providers.The proposed model boasts high usability and scalability, as it can be readily embraced and implemented by users and clients familiar with existing OAuth protocols. The feasibility of the proposed model is confirmed through its implementation, accompanied by a thorough security analysis. It is anticipated that this innovative model will play a pivotal role in advancing both blockchain technology and the adoption of self-sovereign identity solutions.
The media has become one of the important industries in developed countries due to the huge capital invested in the diverse and numerous fields of media, and according to experts, the media is considered the third largest industry in the world after the manufacture of weapons and chemicals, and this industry has played a role in shaping the economy, politics, religion and society's culture at the present time. . The media is considered an investment in knowledge, in a world that witnesses an information revolution every day in various fields, where different media have witnessed tangible changes in their ownership patterns, management, organizational structures, sources of financing and production techniques in light of these rapid changes, and these changes were reflected in media institutions, which made adjustments. Fundamental to its media, administrative and economic policy, and as a result of the developments brought about by the technological revolution, the forms of ownership and methods of media management diversified, as it brought about a clear change in the network of social relations and the prevailing pattern of control, and contributed to the creation of the decentralized style of management and the trend towards integrative management in which the lines of ownership, management and responsibility go. Vertically and horizontally at the same time and in more than one direction. The issue of the relationship between the ownership pattern in the Western media system and the media policy of the media is one of the issues raised in the agenda of Western media research. Ralf Thrift (1977) is considered one of the first Western media researchers to research this issue, and it was preceded by references to it by some researchers, as a reaction to the dramatic shift in media ownership there since the beginning of the sixties of the twentieth century, but in-depth studies of this The case has been delayed for some time until the phenomenon is completed and crystallized.
Keeping religion and politics apart is an idea with a history. That history is a Christian one, however, rooted in the experience of European Christendom and made possible because Christians, virtually from the beginning, viewed church and state as conceptually separate entities, with different jurisdictions and powers and even a different logic.1 It may be, as Mark Lilla recently argued, that the complex picture of the Christian triune God is inextricably caught up in this story.2 Divided sovereignty is more compatible with the picture of a divided God than a unified one. Other religious traditions may have different resources, however, enabling them to embrace or even stumble into the separation of religion and state. In the case of religions framed around legal traditions, pictures of the divine law are as important as pictures of God.3 Is the law imagined as a comprehensive system uniting all aspects of life under a single sacred framework, thus leaving no room for a separate political domain? Is the law imagined as primarily political, a blueprint for government; or as exquisitely ethical, taking into account only the rights of individuals and not societal needs or a collective such as the state? If so, what law regulates social need? Is there a universal law that has an origin outside of itself on which it can draw even in an internal context? These pictures of the divine law vary over time and among groups within the tradition, just as do pictures of secular law. Certain pictures of law, however, may assume mythic proportions over time, especially in the popular imagination, and this can be a potent obstacle to retrieving from within the tradition alternative images of the law more congenial to a separation of religion and state. It is in this spirit that two intellectual retrieval projects, both responding to the rise of modern nation-states in the Middle East, are taking place today. Muslim and Jewish thinkers are looking back on a wide variety of legal doctrines and theories, as well as historical experiences, in order to engage the question whether there are authentic warrants from within their respective traditions for separating religion and state. These two legal traditions begin with strong original visions of a unified religious polity in which the political authority both is subject to and enforces the divine law. 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Israel's ongoing health reform provides lessons regarding attempts to combine universal coverage under national health insurance with a version of managed competition. Based on principles of 'justice, equality and mutual aid," Israel's National Health Insurance Law, 1994 guarantees access to a broad basket of basic services to be provided by four competing sick funds, and the availability of resources adequate to finance the basket. The new rights of citizens to universal coverage and to move freely among sick funds constituted a major policy breakthrough. However, successive amendments to the Law reflect continuing controversy over the amount of resources required to finance the basic basket. Despite the intention to base the system on decentralization and competition, successive amendments have placed more control over health system finance and sick fund management in the hands of the Ministries of Finance and Health. Updating the basic basket to take account of new technologies and drugs has raised unresolved dilemmas. In the Israeli case the dialectic of management vs. competition and of government vs. market, obscures fundamental issues related to the right of citizens to health services. The process set in motion by adoption of The National Health Insurance Law, 1994 calls on public managers and politicians to design institutions which can set priorities within a limited budget and effectively regulate the health care system.