Sotiris P. Gayialis, Evripidis P. Kechagias, Georgios Α. Papadopoulos
Undoubtedly, supply chain operations management is becoming more demanding for product tracing due to regulatory frameworks and fraudulent incidents. Therefore, rapidly increasing challenges arise in transparency, tracking, and data storage in many product supply chains. Especially in the case of wine supply chains, timely and accurate traceability is vital, as this industry is plagued by frequent counterfeiting activities that pose significant risks to both consumer health and business viability and prosperity. Blockchain technology can serve as a crucial aid for constructing modern wine supply chains by offering increased security and trust between all supply chain stakeholders. This paper presents a framework for developing Ethereum-based Blockchain distributed applications and demonstrates a use case for creating such an application for a wine traceability system. The developed distributed application enables the participants of the wine supply chain to track wines by adding and monitoring data about each individual wine bottle's production, fermentation, aging, bottling, and distribution, providing full supervision of its production and distribution. The demonstrated use case shows the different types of users and their interactions with the system to fully comprehend the advantages it can offer to all supply chain stakeholders as well as consumers and controlling authorities.
The present paper examines the concept, legal nature and key legal issues faced by non-fungible tokens (NFTs) representing wine bottles to be marketed in decentralized secondary platforms qualified as organized marketplaces in accordance with the provisions of the ongoing provisions of the EU Market in Cryptoaset Regulation (hereinafter MiCA). The analysis is extended to essential market challenges posed by the aforementioned rules within the context of the functioning of wine token platforms in DLT (blockchain) public-permissioned networks (PPDLs). Specific MiCA compliance for NFT wine trading and the relationship between the property of the underlying deliverable wine and the credit rights of the token holder are aksi discussed under the perspective of MiCA stablecoin regulation and particular consumer law rules and principles, in order to efficiently organize markets to protect NFT holders, wine buyers and related rights of producers, distributors and intermediaries along the wine chain of value.
Gloria Luzzani, Erica Grandis, Marco Frey, E. Capri
Sustainability standards have not yet been commonly adopted by the whole wine chain, and indicator assessments are not widely spread. A deep understanding of how embedding sustainability into business while controlling costs related to the adoption of sustainability certification standards such as data collection and management practices could allow one to overcome most barriers relevant to sustainability compliance. Blockchain technology (BCT) may answer these needs. In order to verify BCT potential to be used as a sustainability management tool in the wine industry, with a qualitative triple bottom line research approach, this article explores the connections among BCT adoption in agri-food, issues posed by wine sustainability certification, and whether wine companies that already own a wine sustainability certification are prepared to adopt it. Results show that (1) the blockchain allows collecting data and information that are relevant for monitoring and improving sustainability: Soil and water features, climate conditions, treatment with pesticides and fertilizers, production process, traceability, transparency, labor and human rights, quality and safety, waste reduction, authenticity, relationship with stakeholders; (2) wine companies that already own a sustainability certification have little familiarity with blockchain applications (57.1%, n.21) and only 14% of the respondents support their intention to invest in BCT in the coming years; (3) the case study shows improvements in traceability and transparency along the supply chain and an increase in consumers’ trust that was reflected in sales growth, and the main costs are linked to complexity in data management.