Hamidreza Khankeh, Samaneh Motalebi, naajmeh yazdanparast, Abbas Naboureh
Background: Over the past three decades, four international frameworks the Yokohama Strategy (1994), Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015), Sendai Framework (2015–2030), and WHO’s Health-EDRM Framework (2019) have shaped the disaster risk reduction (DRR) agenda. Despite advancing norms and principles, a persistent gap remains between policy commitments and implementation, particularly in integrating health systems.Methods: This study conducted a structured qualitative framework analysis of official UN and WHO documents, technical guidance, and monitoring reports. Frameworks were compared across four dimensions: governance, health system integration, monitoring and accountability, and financing/implementation guidance.Findings: Findings show a shift from state-centered governance toward multi-level, all-of-society approaches, although decision-making remains largely centralized. Health integration has progressed from minimal attention in Yokohama to explicit targets in Sendai and operational guidance in Health-EDRM; however, implementation remains fragmented. Monitoring systems have improved, particularly with Sendai’s 38 indicators, yet challenges in data quality and interoperability persist. Financing is consistently the weakest dimension, with limited guidance on sustainable funding.Conclusion: Overall, while DRR frameworks demonstrate normative and institutional progress, gaps in financing, decentralization, and alignment between Sendai monitoring and Health-EDRM implementation limit effectiveness. Future research should focus on translating global frameworks into local practice and their interaction with climate-related agreements.
Health system resilience (HSR) is essential to sustaining equitable essential functions under acute and chronic stressors in decentralized systems. We developed and validated a Brazil-tailored HSR framework that distinguishes steady-state performance from resilience-specific capacities and assigns responsibilities across federal, state, regional, and municipal levels. Using a three-phase qualitative deductive-inductive approach with 48 international and national experts, we identified nine dimensions, 18 subdimensions, and 65 indicators that prioritise governance coherence, surge workforce strategies, emergency regulation, real-time monitoring, and access to critical technologies. The framework clarifies boundaries between general health system performance and adaptive, absorptive, and transformative functions, and specifies how managers can apply it in practice through structured scoping, mapping, scoring, prioritisation, planning, and monitoring steps. Although designed for Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS), the development logic generalises to other decentralised contexts with appropriate re-allocation of responsibilities and calibration to national financing rules. This policy-facing tool supports actionable resilience strengthening in complex, multi-level systems.
Abstract Stronger health systems are better equipped to withstand shocks and continue providing quality services as response measures are implemented. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize the understanding of the concept of health system resilience from various stakeholders in Africa, focusing on definitions and attributes of a resilient health system. We conducted a search for peer-reviewed articles and grey literature, filtered for Africa, from 1980 to 2023, using the SPIDER framework. We searched four databases: PubMed, the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus, and reviewed the websites of the World Health Organization, Africa CDC, and Ministries of Health of African countries. Articles were selected based on set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Qualitative articles were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, and mixed-methods articles using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We mapped the distribution of included articles by country studied; categorized the articles based on reported shock, health system building block described; and identified the definition of health system resilience, and its attributes in each article. The search yielded 4,306 relevant records, fifty-five of which were included in the study. Studies were found from 48 of the 54 African countries. Up to 75% of the articles focused on COVID-19; others were on Ebola Virus Disease, cholera, and meningitis. Service delivery and health workforce were the most frequently studied health system building blocks. In defining or describing health system resilience, the adaptive capacity (39, 65%) was most frequently mentioned, followed by absorptive capacity (17, 28%), preparedness (3, 5%), and recovery (1, 2%). Identified attributes of a resilient health system were: community engagement and involvement; leadership and governance; collaborations and partnerships; human resources for health; health education and promotion; health information systems; health service delivery; decentralization and local governance; health infrastructure and logistics; preparedness; learning and adaptation; and innovation and financing. Our review reports four core capacities that define a resilient health system: preparedness, absorptive capacity, adaptive capacity, and recovery. Essential attributes encompass community engagement, health education and promotion, leadership and governance, surveillance and laboratory capacity, innovation, service delivery, and adaptability.
Introduction Lassa fever remains endemic in Nigeria, yet diagnostics, treatment, and hospitalization are excluded from the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), leaving most patients to cover costs out-of-pocket. With NHIS coverage below 10%, both epidemic preparedness and financial protection are compromised. The 2022 National Health Insurance Authority Act offers a policy window to integrate Lassa fever services into NHIS and advance Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Methods A systematic desk review of national health policy, epidemic preparedness, and financing documents published between 2010 and 2024 was conducted using the PRISMA framework. Key sources included the NHIS Operational Guidelines (2012), National Health Policy (2016), NHIA Act (2022), Nigeria’s UHC Roadmap (2020–2030), and NCDC Lassa fever Incident Action Plans (2023–2024). Screening identified 62 unique records, 31 full texts were assessed, and 17 documents met inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis explored gaps in benefit design, financing barriers, and the roles of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund and the COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Project funds. Results The review revealed that NHIS benefit packages omit Lassa fever services and that primary health centers in endemic states lack accreditation. Analysis of the 2023 Incident Action Plan showed that only 6 of 38 (16%) priority activities were fully implemented, 7 of 38 (18%) were partially implemented, and 25 of 38 (66%) were largely not conducted. In 2024, flexible, decentralized financing markedly improved Emergency Operations Centre activation and case reporting. Conclusion Achieving resilient and equitable outbreak response in Nigeria requires more than emergency activation—it demands structural reform. Integrating Lassa fever services into NHIS benefit packages is not just a policy option; it is a public health imperative. Strategic actions such as expanding NHIS accreditation to endemic PHCs, institutionalizing flexible subnational financing, and operationalizing joint NHIA–NCDC accountability frameworks can transform underfunded response plans into sustainable national capacity. These reforms will not only improve the execution of IAPs but also serve as a model for embedding epidemic preparedness within UHC systems across West Africa.
AbuYusuf Aminu-Ibrahim, John Chinemerem Ogbete, Obinna Chima Iwuanyanwu
National diagnostic systems form the backbone of public health surveillance, outbreak response, and routine clinical decision-making, yet they are highly vulnerable to systemic shocks during public health stress conditions such as pandemics, natural disasters, and large-scale humanitarian emergencies. This study examines infrastructure resilience planning strategies for national diagnostic systems, focusing on how physical facilities, supply chains, digital platforms, and governance mechanisms can be designed to withstand, absorb, and rapidly recover from extreme stress. Drawing on resilience engineering, public health systems theory, and lessons from recent global health crises, the paper identifies critical resilience dimensions including redundancy, flexibility, surge capacity, interoperability, and decentralization. Particular emphasis is placed on diagnostic laboratory networks, specimen transport systems, data integration platforms, and workforce continuity planning. The analysis demonstrates that centralized systems without adaptive buffers are prone to cascading failures, whereas networked, modular infrastructures enhance continuity of diagnostic services under stress. Infrastructure resilience planning is shown to improve response time, testing coverage, and data reliability during emergencies while preserving routine diagnostic functions. The study also highlights the importance of governance coordination, scenario-based preparedness planning, and real-time performance monitoring to support rapid decision-making. Investment in resilient power supply, cold-chain logistics, digital connectivity, and cross-sector partnerships is identified as a critical enabler of national diagnostic stability. A conceptual resilience planning framework is proposed, integrating technical, organizational, and policy-level interventions across preparedness, response, and recovery phases. By positioning diagnostics as a strategic national asset rather than a passive service function, resilience planning strengthens health security, equity, and trust in public health systems. The paper provides practical insights for policymakers, health infrastructure planners, and emergency preparedness agencies seeking to future-proof diagnostic capacity against increasingly frequent and complex public health shocks. Future research should empirically assess resilience indicators across countries and quantify the relationship between diagnostic system resilience, mortality reduction, and socioeconomic recovery during prolonged public health emergencies. These findings underscore the urgency of embedding resilience metrics into national health investment decisions, enabling proactive planning, transparent accountability, adaptive financing mechanisms, coordinated intergovernmental action, and sustained diagnostic readiness that supports population health protection before, during, and after crises across diverse healthcare contexts.
Amila S. Ratnayake, Dinesh Bagaria, April B. Llaneta, Ratrawee Pattanarattanamolee · 18 authors
Abstract Background Well-designed and functioning emergency medical service (EMS) can provide equitable access to emergency care to improve health issues, especially in low- and middle-income countries where the majority of deaths are due to conditions that could be treated with emergency care. To address this gap, this study explored the contextually appropriate development process in addition to the system architecture, which is lacking in Global South EMS research. Method This study was a thematic analysis of the development of EMS systems in six Asian countries. Experts in emergency care were selected through convenience sampling. Each country described and evaluated its EMS system using a standardized form with 102 EMS items that cover the emergency care system in terms of leadership, governance, financing, community-based activities, prehospital care, and quality assessment. From the descriptions, various themes were extracted focusing on the developmental perspective of EMS in Asia. Result The study identified the domain of the developmental focus, best practices, and future strategies for EMS in the Asian region. The identified areas for developmental focus are governance, multidisciplinary collaboration, communication/coordination, community participation, decentralization, equitable access, supply-demand balance, and quality assurance activities. Conclusion Countries under investigation achieved progress in planning, implementing, and sustaining EMS through varied strategies in the mentioned focal areas that can be emulated by other countries in this region. Further, their development levels varied according to the extent to which each country realized the development principles identified in this study.
Thushara Kamalrathne, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh
The entire world is in an unprecedented dysfunction since 11 th March 2020 when the WHO declared a global pandemic as unprecedented health and socioeconomic issues emerged with the outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated 53 coronavirus diseases (COVID-19). This challenging pandemic has created a greater shock on regular activities of every social strata resulting in a significant decline in economic growth and health sector progression. A serious wearing down of infrastructure, human resources and emergency response in the public health sector was visible in many countries, irrespective of the level of economic and social development. In this backdrop, many scholars are exploring appropriate and effective resilient systems to govern pandemic risks in varied settings. It is observed that Sri Lanka's pandemic response is not properly embedded with the country's Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) framework and in many aspects, it is heavily reliant on the public health sector authority. In further elaborating the identified gap, this study explored many possible policy amalgamations that can be considered to improve the effectiveness of pandemic response activities at sub-national levels in Sri Lanka. Many government authorities, universities, volunteer agencies including NGOs, private sector organisations and the community can be efficiently integrated into pandemic response activities, vesting necessary responsibilities and authority for contingency and financial decision making at the sub-national level. This system further ensures the unique and contextual approach in pandemic response at the Divisional Secretariat level of each sub-region, which consists of diverse cultures. A large number of public officers are employed at District Secretary (DS) level in different areas of work such as finance, statistic and information, development, public health, livelihood, legal, police, child protection and probation, social welfare, elderly care, poverty alleviation, etc. within the public administration protocol adopted in Sri Lanka. These official positions can also be effectively integrated with the pandemic preparedness and response mechanisms at sub-national level.
A Preventive Medicine perspective:How COVID pandemic has impacted New Zealand and their adopted policies and strategiesElimination strategyMainstays of MethodolgyCOVID situation in Iraq, Impacting the economy of a developing countryStrategic implementation of preventive measures adopted by New ZealandCovid- 19: Strategic Implementation of Policies under the guidance of IOM:Discussion: Preparing to respond to COVID-19, what Iraq could learn from New ZealandConclusion and OutlookReferencesAbstract:Background. The first cases of COVID-19 pandemic were identified in people with pneumonia in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. It is first and foremost the most publicized pandemic, which has taken the lives of many people. It has thrown everyone into doubt and has created a collective moment of contemplation about the future. The clinical enlistment organization MedWorld of New Zealand offered for resigned and low maintenance specialists to help endeavors by the health care division and Government to battle the spread of COVID-19, in New Zealand. (11“COVID-19 Pandemic in New Zealand.”) Starting in April, more than 20,000 tests have been done in Iraq in general (counting the Kurdistan Region), with 1202 of them turning out positive. Of those tests, half of the,m were finished by the Kurdish Ministry of Health, which implies that the other tests were finished by the Iraqi Ministry of Health. (22“COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraq.”) While KRG populace has been tried, just 0.05% of the remainder of the nation has been tried, along these lines featuring the conceivable difference between absolute positive case numbers between locales. Iraq is considered ”particularly powerless against the plague due to being desolated” – by war and United Nations sanctions, and by partisan clash in the course of recent decades. This paper primarily focuses on analyzing the accessible information through research papers, peer- reviewed and non-peer reviewed to understand the pandemic affecting two different countries like New Zealand- a developed country and Iraq- a developing country.1.2. Aim: The aim of this study is to provide information and access the current status of medical management in a developed country like New Zealand and a developing country like Iraq, based on current medical literature available. 1.3. Material used: The following review paper has considered published peer- reviewed papers and non peer-reviewed pre-print manuscripts on COVID-19 and related aspects with primary focus on preventive medicine. 1.4. Study Methodology: This retrospective view focuses on understanding the different preventive strategies implemented by the countries with different socio-economical backgrounds. 1.5. Preliminary thesis: The review paper focuses on comparing the strategic management and elimination of COVID-19, in the two countries, i.e. New Zealand and Iraq, in a public health and preventive medicine perspective.Introduction- 2.1. What is corona virus? Coronaviridae is a large family of viruses that cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses like the common cold. They are named for the crown-like spikes on their surfaces as seen on the electron microscope. In some cases these viruses infect the humans, which is called a spillover event and can cause several diseases. The international committee for the taxonomy of viruses has approved the naming of more than 40 corona viruses, majority of which infect animals, and lead to human transmission. The COVID-19 outbreak has brought the number of identified corona viruses that can infect humans to seven, out of which, four are community acquired. The other three are SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARV-CoV-2, which has resulted in the highest mortality rate. Covid-19 or previously known as Novel corona virus is a new strain of coronavirus that first emerged in Hubei provenience in China in the late 2019. It is predominantly spread by respiratory droplets and from contact to contaminated surfaces. The spread is similar to that of influenza virus, so practicing same precautions as to prevent the influenza virus can provide protection against Covid-19. The most common symptoms are cough, severe dyspnea, fever, chills, myalgia, sore throat, congestion or runny nose. Majority of the cases have milder diseases with few having severe diseases which lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. Deaths have generally occurred in older population, and in patients having underlining health conditions. Reports of severe cases in children are uncommon. Currently the treatment is supportive, but severe cases may require intensive care. (33Cui, Li, and Shi, “Origin and Evolution of Pathogenic Coronaviruses.”)(44Masters, “The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses.”) Impact of corona virus pandemic on New Zealand: New Zealand recorded its first day of no new instances of coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19), more than a month after its severe lockdown started. New Zealand had recorded from less than 1200 affirmed instances of COVID-19, 20 deaths. On March 23, a month to the first case reported, New Zealand focused on a disposal system. A couple of days afterward, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern declared a public lockdown at the point when it just had 102 cases and zero deaths. Her quick decision won universal recognition, including from WHO. New Zealand’s choice to seek after an end approach was a diverse way to deal with regular pandemic arranging, which has generally been in light of an alleviation model and centers around postponing the appearance of the infection, trailed by a scope of measures to level the bend of cases and passings. Michael Baker, teacher at the College of Otago’s specialty of general healthcare in Wellington, who has been exhorting the New Zealand Government on its reaction. ”The two greatest advantages of seeking after a disposal system is that you have barely any cases and hardly any deaths and you can get business back fully operational. The elective was that we are left with the infection and stuck between relief furthermore, concealment. Concealment is lovely terrible .” (55“Coronavirus Outbreak: Live Updates on COVID-19.”) While the methodology has had its experts, for Baker, the proof was overpowering that end could be accomplished. The full lockdown permitted the nation to get the major frameworks up and rushing to viably oversee fringes, furthermore, to do contact tracing, testing, and observation. Since January, more than half a million individuals have been tried in a nation of only 5 million. Testing has been centered around individuals who have presenting symptoms, with following of both close contacts and easygoing contacts. But currently, more broad testing has being presented. The Ministry of Health is in conversation with regions to organize testing of explicit networks who are at higher danger of gaining the infection such as human services laborers. Testing tests from sewerage is additionally being thought of to screen control and disposal. The reaction has additionally been one that set science, authority, and cautious language at the front line. Ardern has consistently showed up on online media, grinning and sharing parts of her own life under lockdown yet without underplaying the earnestness of the circumstance, which has served to construct open trust. Travelers from abroad are to be isolated as a major aspect of endeavors to forestall transmission in New Zealand. As New Zealand currently facilitates its limitations and its economy gradually resumes, there are conversations about how it can open up its fringes while guaranteeing that everybody is ensured, especially vulnerable populations. (66“(PDF) Coronavirus-19 Intervention Approach in New Zealand.”) Impact of corona virus pandemic on Iraq: On 31 December 2019, a group of pneumonia of obscure beginning was accounted for in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of the People’s Republic of China. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) declared that the microorganism known as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), established a pandemic. By 13 March, WHO announced that the expansion in instances of COVID-19 in the Eastern Mediterranean locale, including Iraq was ”of specific and incredible concern”. Starting at 20 April 2020, there were 1,539 affirmed instances of COVID-19 and 82 deaths in Iraq with the quantity of affirmed cases detailed expanding. The COVID-19 episode took steps to weaken the effectively delicate framework and effect the numerous networks who are as yet defenseless and recuperating from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) emergency and ensuing monetary downturn. The center public capacities with regards to anticipation, readiness and reaction, limit with regards to general wellbeing, and the medicinal services framework has been debilitated by years of contention, sanctions, helpless administration and low interests in wellbeing. There was an absence of wellbeing workforce across various units, with many having fled Iraq, and deficiencies in basic drugs and gear. The absence of open administrations, including medicinal services, were among the variables driving distress all through 2018, especially in the southern governorates. The exhibitions and related political flimsiness brought about the abdication of the Prime Minister. At the local and worldwide level, there are proceeded and rising strains among US and Iranian intermediaries; and ISIL have additionally expressed their expectation to abuse the current emergency, which could be especially horrendous for regular citizens seeking after an arrival to normalcy. Lengthy and permeable fringes aggravate the test of overseeing dangers related with human portability and episodes; Iraq has long land and ocean fringes with Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey, with 26 Points of Entry (PoE), including five air terminals, six ports and 15 ground intersections that convey worldwide traffic. Iraq is a country with many travelers and hence a significant number of whom are trapped in emergency and in considerably more dubious conditions. Iraq additionally has hundreds of thousands of south Asian, southeast Asian and African traveler laborers utilized in the residential, development also, administration divisions, prone to disproportionally affected by the wellbeing emergency, financial downturn and travel limitations. Travelers and evacuees in Iraq, incorporating those in outcast camps who may have residency and money related status issues, are at uplifted hazard, especially with regards to air terminal terminations, travel limitations, the stopping of worldwide resettlement program and failure to execute helped willful return and reintegration (AVRR) programming. To help stop transmission, the Government of Iraq (GoI) including the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) have progressively implemented bans on travelers from countries with significant COVID-19 outbreaks from entering the country, quarantine requirements and closures of the main airports in Baghdad and Erbil. (77“WHO | Iraq Health Situation Reports.”)A Preventive Medicine perspective:How COVID pandemic has impacted New Zealand and their adopted policies and strategies: 3.1.1 Elimination strategy in New Zealand: The Government’s health policy methodology in regard of the COVID-19 pandemic influencing New Zealand is elimination. That is, to apply a scope of control measures all together to stop the transmission of COVID-19 in New Zealand. Disposal doesn’t mean annihilating the infection forever from New Zealand; rather it is being certain we have disposed of chains of transmission in our locale for at any rate 28 days and can successfully contain any future imported cases from abroad. It is acknowledged that this methodology will be required in the drawn out i.e., for a long time or more, contingent upon the developing the study of disease transmission and proof around the sickness and its the executives and progress with creating protected and powerful medicines and additionally antibodies. (88“New Zealand’s COVID-19 Elimination Strategy | The Medical of of the are a for the and spread of new cases from abroad. individuals entering New Zealand are in an administration for at any rate days on guaranteeing no new COVID-19 are into the more being as it to do as for in the event that we are have low of transmission. will be to for to new cases and The for COVID-19 as of testing of with respiratory and testing in the more populace as a of more measures to that we are The will testing for and as are to be by a broad to testing be and populace based testing will be utilized in A scope of will the proof of developing contact following and quarantine is a basic of transmission of the contact following of contacts of an who has a positive COVID-19 test are and isolated four days of to the to forestall transmission. wellbeing units, which cases and contacts and have been to their to do as A and have been created the Ministry of Health to help following are additionally being developed to additionally contact The most significant measures to limit the spread will at out and of when measures are to the by and large reaction and a significant level of is to from up Study information with open help for the and there have been just a number of of to open help for these measures is basic through and a scope of various and in the and medical is by the of Coronavirus-19 Intervention Approach in New situation in Iraq, Impacting the economy of a developing Iraq to the of the Strategic and with helpless have travelers and and with at and will a reaction, an and reaction financial also, with the the financial of this emergency and by the and will be to that endeavors are individuals and do no and to to and of various including people with more and or isolated may be the situation in with for more, guaranteeing that and is thought of and preventive and for of preventive and are Iraq COVID-19 Strategic implementation of preventive measures adopted by New March 2020, New Zealand’s reaction to COVID-19 its current pandemic in view of an alleviation approach for overseeing pandemic The steps to of the pandemic it forestall spread it and apply measures to the and from overpowering wellbeing Since pandemic be from by for there was an that case and contact based administration and the nation to having broad transmission of the pandemic infection across and were following the alleviation it was with COVID-19 cases overpowering wellbeing were to a This and travel limitations to infection transmission. A couple of were with a of alleviation to deal with the of so as to from overpowering the medicinal services framework and and individuals in the populace to at on infection transmission. This methodology to oversee and was generally from by low and center could do to no to deal with the pandemic from apply relief was a severe control measures including contact terminations, and limitations while case numbers were for and the a approach by generally their fringes to March, the proof for disposal was with the that COVID-19 pandemic A turning point was the of the WHO China, which affirmed that the pandemic there had been after and transmission had There was additionally proof for the of the end approach in and The of disposal is to infection disease transmission specialists It to the of a in a nation or While of sickness is a end for for or imported cases are of a implies that a sickness has out at the worldwide level, at any rate research is no for COVID-19 disposal. that such a to a time of of new This require a framework and cases in up while under At the of in 2020, New Zealand had the of the pandemic reaction, and could be as in a numbers were at low with a few days without new status may or a long time to and all through this contingent upon their with the pandemic. New Zealand’s COVID-19 Elimination Strategy to | 19: Strategic Implementation of Policies under the guidance of the of Health to or for case the executives and to the of the COVID reaction at and for and specialists to COVID-19 reaction to help the of and division of and of the Government in creating methodology for the of return and the of instances of danger of gaining COVID-19, and the Government in creating and for the wellbeing of and a the of between administration for the administration of instances of and in the public of the the in creating and strategies for the and additionally of for to the is by the measures set up and of and out specialists of of to to required and other will information and on populace and for a focused on and proof based reaction, including or Points at focuses and travel focuses the nation to and portability of and accessible to worldwide following of development limitations and different set up at of and the and effect of COVID-19 on travelers and of have been by the pandemic, and to all Preparing healthcare on measures and and different to help wellbeing laborers in out their of including and and of and and to to and for are up at the of the camps and and at of This will be with and of and different to individuals to and positive in with the Approach and Strategy and Disease and the of the Iraq COVID-19 against COVID-19 in – Preparing to respond to COVID-19, what Iraq could learn from New Zealand: As Iraq is to the of one has set an more New Zealand to out COVID-19 than individuals have been contaminated with the infection in the nation of around 5 million. have the On April only five new cases were New Zealand’s has drawn from the it is a country, a long way from countries, who are the pandemic of 2020, with a populace that is spread New Zealand has a of a which less from China and other and a more drawn out time cases to New Zealand its first case in one of the was In March, New Zealand lockdown At that just around individuals in the nation had tried positive for the infection and had at this point the implemented as limitations. The the elimination strategy was are to at it is to are permitted to in their own at the is are but to and who are to or for days upon all are the significant to the of similar to general and can is the The lockdown measures have been with testing for any who is with being and contact a case is that contacts are and to New Zealand has more than of for By had an a episode and testing generally accessible like test a of for New Zealand is In any specialists that there are a few and can from how New Zealand has with the New Zealand up broad testing a country contact following required a severe and its while the quantity of affirmed cases was it out how to the seen in different of the that as it the test to COVID-19 reaction is the of a significant doubt of open human services of and of clinical have as of late of to out individuals especially to clinical family with affirmed or The administration of upon a between clinical and as the together with the Ministry of Health to and This a similar which about and common is the COVID-19 reaction. among and the political common and have their across for have called for to the time and Iraq COVID-19 and of the COVID-19 in Iraq – for and As clinical the economy of and the COVID-19 and in Iraq is by a with war and its effect on the among individuals and the and universal this to through as an of or the numerous to on the that it after a of Iraq is a nation as of in the significant between the US and Iran, a to the political and a more than and around all by a political to upon following back in Coronavirus one more danger with the delicate political as the infection general wellbeing framework through many years of contention, and helpless Iraqi specialists are to get for the most yet do as such with The Ministry of Health and in the is to of and and a few specialists have that as it endeavors can just to such an the same number of Iraqi specialists are the of affirmed COVID-19 cases the of the on the The upon patients at open medical and has just barely based testing in of on a of among and which is at a This in – years – COVID-19 reaction especially in and political Iraq to the The is to its and monetary with Iran, a point of the pandemic. among and Iraq are in two with among Iraqi and Iranian in the and Iraqi and Iranian travelers in the of travelers is especially as can about The number of affirmed cases in the southern and of the nation a focus on in overseeing human The has to a brought together medicinal services or to for a in an center between an and across and emergency the emergency has administration from Baghdad at the This is for a more test of overseeing focus and which has Baghdad has one of the on testing and yet just a have to testing limit is to the five with with the 13 to that as it such endeavors be to for the absence of administration at the of the clinical and are in of and monetary In the long COVID-19 is an that open medicinal services framework and Coronavirus may end up being testing the of the Iraqi political first have to a been in this and help and political in light of a for and which on for wellbeing, and The reaction to the emergency and in of a populace by years of This is a that may the nation to the and basic in Pandemic in In Pandemic in New In Li, and “Origin and Evolution of Pathogenic “The Molecular Biology of in Outbreak: Live Updates on Coronavirus-19 Intervention Approach in New | Iraq Health Situation Zealand’s COVID-19 Elimination Strategy | The Medical of Coronavirus-19 Intervention Approach in New Iraq COVID-19 New Zealand’s COVID-19 Elimination Strategy to | Iraq COVID-19 against COVID-19 in – Iraq COVID-19 and of the COVID-19 in Iraq – for Medicine and Disease and the COVID-19 and
Cardiac arrests claim millions of lives each year. The condition can often be treated with a de\nfibrillator,buttimeisaverycriticalfactor. Asaconsequence,survivalratesarelow.\nRecent developments in drone technology have made civilian drones both cheap, easy to\noperate, and reliable. This paper looks into opportunities to use drones to deliver defibrilla\ntors to cardiac arrest victims faster than an ambulance, and focuses on unifying the needs of\nemergencyresponsewiththerulesandregulationsrequiredtooperatethedronessafely.\nThe study is performed as a literature study combined with interviews. The primary stake\nholderswereidentifiedasemergencyresponseandtheCivilianAviationAuthority.\nThe results showed that there was both a perceived use for ambulance drones and a way to\nlegally use them. The suggested approach involves using ambulance drones at sporting events\nsuch as "Birkebeinerrennet" as a proof of concept, before more advanced or permanent pro\ngramsareconsidered.