The global fine art market suffers from pervasive authenticity threats, including high-precision manual replicas, AI-generated forgeries, commissioned ghost artworks, and physical piece substitution across paintings, sculptures, prints, and digital art. Three dominant authentication paradigms—expert visual appraisal, material-based instrumental testing, and standalone blockchain image archiving—exhibit fundamental structural limitations, as they rely on empirical judgment or fragmented technical verification rather than rigorous logical deduction. None provides a unified, mathematically rigorous, and judicially enforceable standard for authenticating all categories of fine art. This study establishes logical guaranteed authenticity by developing an interdisciplinary Three-Determination (AOE) theoretical framework grounded in identity authentication logic, micro-physical forensics, blockchain cryptography, and international evidence law. The core logical formula P⇔A∧O∧E defines the sufficient and necessary conditions for definitive artwork authenticity: valid Artist Attestation (A), exclusive Object Identification (O), and legally binding Evidence Certification (E). This work conducts rigorous mathematical proofs for sufficiency and necessity, alongside counterfactual analysis for antique and posthumous artworks. The results establish a clear logical boundary: definitive, logically guaranteed scientific authentication is exclusively achievable for contemporary works created by living, verifiable artists with complete A-O-E triple validation. Ancient, anonymous, and posthumous artworks cannot obtain conclusive authenticity certification due to the permanent unfulfillment of the A-condition. A self-developed SaaS filing system validates the framework’s practical engineering feasibility. Universally applicable across oil paintings, sculptures, decorative art, and generative digital art, the AOE model imposes no restrictions on artistic medium or regional style. Benchmarked against leading international provenance platforms (Verisart, Artory, Arweave) and aligned with the EU eIDAS regulation and U.S. cultural property evidence standards, the framework demonstrates robust cross-jurisdictional and cross-medium adaptability. This theory fills a critical global research gap by establishing a pure logic-driven, quantifiable, closed-loop authentication paradigm for universal fine art verification, offering authoritative technical and legal support for cross-border art transactions, AI forgery regulation, and global cultural asset digitization.
NFT (Non-Fungible Token) art, fueled by blockchain technology and its connection to virtual currencies, gained significant attention beyond the art world. However, after peaking in 2021, interest and trading activity declined and eventually stagnated. This study examines the research landscape and market dynamics of the NFT art system from a systemic perspective, proposing future research directions. We utilize the Technology Adoption Life Cycle (TALC) and the concept of the Chasm, compiling abstracts of 153 Scopus-indexed articles up to October 2024, along with market data from various platforms. Using VOSviewer, we categorize the literature by research type while analyzing transaction data.Our findings reveal that prior research on the NFT art market predominantly focuses on the pre-chasm stage of the TALC, highlighting the innovative nature of digital art as a medium of exchange and the decentralization it promotes. Based on these results, we recommend that future studies investigate the reasons behind the stagnation of the NFT art market, particularly by addressing the challenges of valuing intangible assets from the perspective of market stakeholders. Furthermore, additional research should explore system-level strategies that can enhance broader adoption and support the sustainable growth of NFT art.
This research is concerned with documenting and chronicling the art of NFTs art in the Saudi artistic cultural scene, the importance of which stems from the lack of scientific sources that document this field until the preparation of this research and aims to trace historically the emergence of the field of NFTs art in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the arts sector through the experiences of Saudi artists. The most prominent events for the culture, arts and technology sector, and other Saudi sectors. The research dealt with the history of the emergence of the field of NFTs art, which extends from the history of digital arts, and reviewed the most famous works of NFTs art.As a result of the technical revolution and the artistic movement that the world is witnessing in the direction of investing in digital arts, this movement has moved to the Saudi artistic cultural scene through the experiences of Saudi artists and emerged from the artist Rashid Al-Shasha’i, and after him the era of Al-Amoudi. As for the major Saudi sectors, the role of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology and the Ministry of Culture, represented by the Visual Arts Authority, emerged for organizing conferences that paved the way for the emergence of this field in the Kingdom, followed by initiatives for the activities of some sectors to benefit from the technical capabilities of the field of NFTs art.