Blockchain Papers

Alexander Yourievitch Kotelnikov

This article analyses Landauer’s principle — the frequently cited claim that erasing one bit of information requires at least kT \ln 2 energy dissipation. This principle is often presented as “proof of the physical nature of information” and as a fundamental link between information and thermodynamics. It is shown that Landauer’s principle is not a fundamental law of physics but represents an engineering‑thermodynamic limit applicable to a certain class of computing devices. The critique is based on the work of Lairez (2024), Alicki (2014), Bennett (1982) and others. Three main problems are identified: (1) confusion between logical and thermodynamic irreversibility; (2) two unnecessary constraints imposed by Landauer on the erasure procedure (one‑to‑one mapping and uniqueness of the procedure); (3) the existence of reversible and quantum computations in which dissipation can be reduced to zero. The three senses of “information” (configuration, observer’s knowledge, pseudosubstance) introduced in Article 1 are distinguished. It is shown that the claim “information is physical” arises from substituting the first sense by the third. A reformulation is proposed: instead of “information is physical”, one should say “in specific computing architectures, erasure has a thermodynamic cost”. Landauer’s principle is analogous to the Carnot efficiency — useful for engineers, but not an absolute limit for all conceivable devices. Keywords: Landauer’s principle, information, logical irreversibility, thermodynamic irreversibility, reversible computation.

Yining Wu

Official website: distinctiontheory.orgPublic portal for the start guide, papers, claim status, failure registry, prior-art boundary, and citation resources. Canonical GitHub repository:https://github.com/yiningwu-research/Distinction-Theory FDS-T2 develops the horizon-boundary thermodynamics paper in the T-series bridge sequence of Finite Distinction Systems (FDS) / Distinction Theory. It interprets effective geometry as horizon boundary accounting: the covariant macroscopic ledger that closes causal access, horizon entropy, stress-energy flux, and finite-boundary maintenance for finite observers. T2 does not derive general relativity from FDS alone, replace Einstein gravity, derive quantum gravity, or derive the numerical coefficient in the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula. It uses horizon thermodynamics as a physical bridge. If that bridge fails, the T2 interpretation is demoted while the formal FDS finite-capacity core remains unaffected. The novelty of T2 is not a new derivation of Einstein gravity. It is an observer-relative reinterpretation of horizon thermodynamic variables as finite distinguishability ledgers: horizon area counts accessible boundary distinctions, heat flux updates the ledger, and effective geometry is the covariant compression that preserves causal access and stress-energy accounting. The central bridge is: finite causal access → horizon boundary → area ledger → entropy ledger → flux update → covariant effective geometry. T2 separates two layers. The first is the Jacobson model-class bridge: under area entropy, local Unruh or surface-gravity temperature, Clausius-type horizon closure, and local covariance, Einstein-type geometry arises as an equilibrium equation of state. The second is the FDS boundary-ledger interpretation: if this bridge holds, then the effective metric can be read as a stable macroscopic compression of a finite horizon distinguishability ledger. The paper defines a horizon distinguishability budget CH = SH / (kB ln 2), and, for area-law horizons, CH = AH / (4 ℓP2 ln 2). It also defines a boundary thermodynamic ledger LH = (H, AH, SH, TH, δQH, τ, EH), where H is a causal or horizon boundary, AH is area, SH is entropy, TH is horizon temperature, δQH is assigned heat or energy flux, τ is an operational update window, and EH is an admissible coarse-grained error or non-equilibrium term. An admissible ledger-to-geometry map geffμν = G(LH) must preserve causal ordering, light-cone structure, horizon-area variation, stress-energy flux response, local covariance, closure residuals, and coarse-grained stability to registered tolerance. Thus the map is not an arbitrary relabeling; it is a constrained compression from a horizon boundary ledger to an effective geometric structure. T2 introduces a horizon capacity deficit ΔH(τ) = R(τ)min(ε; ΨH) - CH, where ΨH may include task families for local horizon-area variation, stress-energy flux records, causal-diamond boundary updates, or coarse records of unresolved horizon microstates. When ΔH > 0, the boundary ledger cannot track all task-relevant horizon distinctions at full fidelity over the update window. The missing distinctions may appear as entropy production, memory, stochastic noise, hysteresis, or coarse correction terms. For non-equilibrium accounting, T2 writes a residual slot Gμν + Λgμν = (8πG/c4) Tμν + Rledgerμν. This is not proposed as a new gravitational field equation. It is a bookkeeping location for non-equilibrium horizon-ledger residuals, such as entropy production, memory kernels, unresolved boundary noise, higher-curvature slots, or hysteretic response. Any promoted residual must satisfy the corresponding covariant consistency condition required by the Bianchi identity. The paper interprets effective geometry as a Phase-B boundary variable: a coarse macroscopic structure that remains cheaper to update, slower to forget, and more predictive than inaccessible microscopic horizon degrees of freedom. Geometry survives overflow because it is a minimal sufficient covariant boundary variable for causal access and stress-energy accounting. T2 also identifies an upstream bridge to the horizon-maintenance density scale developed separately in FDS-X1. It does not derive dark energy, but notes that once horizon entropy and temperature are treated as a boundary ledger, a natural horizon-scale energy estimate EH ∼ THSH distributed over a horizon volume gives the dimensional density scale c4/(G RH2), up to convention-dependent numerical factors. The release includes deterministic normal-form demonstrations. They illustrate the horizon boundary-ledger bridge, area-law distinguishability scaling, causal-diamond coarse accounting, horizon capacity deficit, non-equilibrium ledger residuals, Phase-B effective geometry, residual taxonomy, and the relation map linking FDS Core, T1, T2, T3/P-series, X3, and X1. These figures are conceptual demonstrations, not empirical fits and not simulations of full general relativity. This release includes the paper PDF, LaTeX source, reproducibility code, generated figures, and CSV / JSON outputs.

Bradford White

This preprint presents Invariant Ontodynamics (IOD), a structural field theory derived from a single minimal geometric primitive with zero continuously adjustable dimensionless fit parameters. To our knowledge, no prior framework derives both the Schrödinger equation and the Einstein field equations from a single uniqueness-selected geometric primitive without continuously adjustable fit parameters. The theory derives quantum dynamics, relativistic field structure, fermion spin-½, general relativity, and gauge symmetry as theorems rather than assumptions. A universal structural law — that the effective complexity of any system is a linear function of its structural curvature k, with a universal slope and fixed point derived from the same primitive — is empirically confirmed at R² = 0.978 across 15 pre-selected independent domains spanning 19 orders of magnitude in physical scale, under a pre-registration protocol with SHA-256 cryptographic locks. New results in this version include: A zero-free-parameter prediction of the Higgs boson mass, m_H = 125.33 GeV (0.06% from the observed 125.25 GeV), via a one-loop renormalization group trajectory anchored at a structurally derived UV scale A complete CPL dark-energy equation-of-state parameter pair (w₀ = −0.858, w_a = −0.411), both pre-registered before DESI DR3 Exact zero-free-parameter black hole thermodynamics: Schwarzschild radius, Hawking temperature, and surface gravity all derived from the primitive alone, with a falsifiable 29% Hawking temperature shift relative to the GR prediction A structural information measure (Heun log-coefficient) connecting the near-horizon field structure to the Brownian fixed-point evaporation endpoint, with exact Page curve endpoint M_Page = M₀/√2 Previously confirmed predictions — solar mixing angle (0.05σ), reactor angle (0.39σ), tau lepton mass (0.91σ), baryon asymmetry (−1.0σ), dark matter ratio (0.2%), inflationary spectral index (1.0σ) — remain confirmed. Three explicit tensions are stated without omission: atmospheric mixing angle (2.2σ, DUNE 2030 decisive), leptonic CP violation (J_CP = 0, DUNE 2030 decisive), and dark energy w₀ (0.4σ from DESI DR2 best fit, DESI DR3 decisive). Priority and legal status: This document is a public technical summary and priority disclosure. Full derivations, exact primitive specification, all coefficient values, and complete proofs are in US Provisional Patent No. 63/963,472 (filed January 2026) and Addenda 1–15 (through April 2026). The non-provisional application will be filed by January 2027.