Los NFTs (Non Fungible Tokens) son activos digitales que nacieron alrededor del año 2014, gracias a la tecnología de blockchain, y se popularizaron con la plataforma de código abierto Ethereum. Unos años más tarde, con la pandemia del año 2020, encontraron su pico más alto de ventas. En este artículo indagaremos sobre el contrato de lectura de un sitio web de arte digital exclusivo llamado SuperRare, nacido en el año 2018. Haremos un breve recorrido sobrelas regularidades y diferencias en la construcción del enunciador y del enunciatario en el período que abarca del año 2021 al 2024 inclusive. ¿Cuál es su enunciatario? ¿Quiénes pueden consumir arte digital, coleccionarlo o venderlo? ¿Hay, como plantean en los textos de presentación, una descentralización real de la gobernanza en esta “comunidad digital”? El análisis detallado de sus secciones y mutaciones nos permitió problematizar la idea de mercado colaborativo, identificando asimetrías no sólo en la forma de participación, sino también en una jerarquización paulatina del enunciador. Es decir, un sitio que se presenta como comunitario, pero que pareciera ser desmentido en su propio funcionamiento discursivo.
El presente artículo analiza el concepto de metaverso y su relación con los nuevos modelos de monetización digital derivados de tecnologías emergentes como blockchain, criptomonedas, NFT, Web3 y marketplaces descentralizados. La investigación aborda el impacto de estos entornos virtuales en las dinámicas de interacción entre marcas y consumidores, especialmente dentro de la industria de la moda urbana y las culturas digitales contemporáneas. Asimismo, se examinan las posibilidades de comercialización, autenticidad digital y construcción de comunidades virtuales a partir de economías descentralizadas y activos digitales. El estudio propone una aproximación conceptual al metaverso como escenario de innovación tecnológica y transformación de los modelos de negocio digitales.
This study sought to explore whether Twitter, as a passive sensor, could have foreseen the collapse of the Unified Stablecoin (USTC). In May 2022, in just a few days, the cryptocurrency went to near-zero valuation. Analyzing 244,312 tweets from 89,449 distinct accounts between April and June 2022, this study delved into the correlation between personal sentiments in tweets and the USTC market value, revealing a moderate correlation with polarity. While sentiment analysis has often been used to predict market prices, the results suggest the challenge of foreseeing sudden catastrophic events like the USTC collapse solely through sentiment analysis. The analysis uncovered unexpected global interest and noted positive sentiments during the collapse. Additionally, it identified events such as the launch of the new Terra blockchain (referred to as “Terra 2.0”) that triggered positive surges. Leveraging machine learning clustering techniques, this study also identified distinct user behaviors, providing valuable insights into influential figures in the cryptocurrency space. This comprehensive analysis marks an initial step toward understanding sudden and catastrophic phenomena in the cryptocurrency market.
The research focuses on internal communication in public organizations, with the Autonomous Decentralized Municipal Government of Canton Salinas as the object of study. Internal communication management was examined with a comparative analysis before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This study is framed within a descriptive and correlational approach, using tools such as surveys to the institution's collaborators, interviews to the highest authority, to the director of the communication area and to professionals with experience in the subject. The analyses carried out evaluated different aspects, such as the impact on functions performed, measures adopted, difficulties during the pandemic, and actions implemented both before and after the pandemic. Consequently, the research proposes the MGCSPR 2023 model, an acronym that corresponds to the Sustainable Communication Management Model by Results, developed in 2023. This model seeks to strengthen the public management of the entity through strategies focused on key areas such as human talent management, organizational management, citizen participation, and supervision and control.
Blas José Subiela Hernández, Ricardo Vizcaíno-Laorga
Este trabajo aborda cómo la inteligencia artificial (IA), junto con la tecnología de blockchain y el uso de smart contracts, puede resolver la problemática de la propiedad intelectual, los derechos de autor y las fake news en el ámbito de los productos periodísticos y de comunicación. Se presenta la herramienta MediaVerse (que utiliza IA, blockchain y smart contracts para el registro y seguimiento de autorías) y se confrontan sus posibilidades con las opiniones recogidas en focus group de docentes universitarios y profesionales de periodismo. Se concluye que la herramienta es útil: su integración en la docencia y en las rutinas profesionales sería positiva desde el punto de vista del seguimiento de los productos periodísticos en ella alojados, especialmente para profesionales autónomos, pequeños medios y para ciudadanos. No obstante, su capacidad para luchar contra la desinformación no ha sido verificada por las opiniones de los participantes.
Desde su espectacular aparición en el sistema del arte en 2021, los non-fungible tokens o NFT han acaparado la atención de investigadores del campo de la historia y el mercado del arte, de las ciencias sociales, así como de todos los agentes del sistema del arte. Este artículo estudia las relaciones con los NFT de un conjunto de artistas visuales españoles participantes en la feria ARCO Madrid en 2020, es decir, la última edición antes de su irrupción en 2021 en el mercado del arte. Así, mediante la elaboración de una encuesta online realizada en 2023, se analiza el impacto de la llegada de esta tecnología en su práctica artística. Los resultados aportan información tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa que demuestra la aún escasa penetración de los NFT en 2023 entre el conjunto de artistas seleccionado, al tiempo que explora las principales barreras que dificultan la incorporación a su trabajo.
[ES]Nos encontramos actualmente ante una evolución tecnológica que hace que las personas pasen más tiempo en línea y realicen actividades cotidianas de forma virtual constantemente. Este desarrollo está relacionado con el avance de Internet, la red de redes, que ha sido clasificada en tres etapas: Web1, Web2 y Web3. Desde la Web2, debido al auge de las redes sociales, los ciudadanos han avanzado cada vez más en la creación de una identidad digital, facilitando su información a las plataformas digitales de forma recurrente. En atención a ello, ¿Qué responsabilidad llevan aparejadas las plataformas digitales al gestionar la identidad? Igualmente, con el metaverso se comienza a hablar de una nueva “identidad soberana”, con la que los ciudadanos recuperarán el control de los datos que componen su identidad digital gracias a técnicas de blockchain. ¿Cómo cambiará la responsabilidad de las plataformas en este nuevo mundo digital? Estas preguntas serán tratadas a lo largo de esta investigación. [EN]We are currently facing a technological evolution that makes the population spend more time online and constantly perform daily activities virtually. This development is related to the advance of the Internet, the network of networks, which has been classified into three stages: Web1, Web2 and Web3. Since Web2, due to the rise of social networks, citizens have increasingly advanced in the creation of a digital identity, providing their information to digital platforms on a recurring basis. In view of this, what responsibility do digital platforms carry when managing identity? Likewise, the metaverse is the beginning of a new “sovereign identity”, with which citizens will regain control of the data that make up their digital identity thanks to blockchain techniques. How will the responsibility of platforms change in this new digital world? These questions will be addressed throughout this research.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las motivaciones de compra que tienen los jugadores de Roblox que estudian en el primer ciclo de la Universidad de Lima para adquirir Non fungible Tokens (NFT) para su uso dentro del metaverso Nikeland. Se aplicó un enfoque cualitativo mediante la aplicación de 15 entrevistas semiestructuradas a una muestra que incluyó hombres y mujeres entre los 18-23 años y que participan activamente en la compra y/o venta de Non Fungible Tokens dentro del metaverso de Nikeland con regularidad. Se obtuvo como resultado que las principales motivaciones de compra de dichos artículos responden a la demanda de aceptación social, siendo la opinión del resto de la comunidad de jugadores un factor determinante en la valoración de un NFT. En tal sentido, los hallazgos de esta investigación brindan una referencia sólida sobre la cual los anunciantes, que deseen incursionar en el uso de este formato digital, puedan realizar campañas publicitarias dentro del metaverso tomando como referencia los patrones de conducta del consumidor digital que favorecieron el éxito de Nikeland.
Desde que Phillip Can materializó la posibilidad de captar imágenes con los teléfonos móviles y transferirlas a través de Internet, facilitó la apertura de la imagen digital instantánea y su interacción en las redes sociales. El Aprendizaje en Movilidad o Mobile Learning, desde el plano educativo, ha aprovechado esta circunstancia y el potencial de la imagen instantánea en la educación en artes. El proyecto y exposición MovilizARTE, que aquí abordaremos, es un ejemplo. Igualmente, la reflexión de otros artistas internacionales entorno al Smartphone como medio o elemento de la cultura social, abordado desde el arte. Por otro lado, damos a conocer las virtudes de Museari, museo del imaginario, un modelo de museo exclusivamente en línea, que elude la materialización física del arte y refuerza su difusión mediante la red. Por último, nos aproximamos al arte propiamente digital, una nueva disciplina, el “Criptoarte”, que se ampara en la tecnología blockhain en formato NFT (Non-Fungible Token o token no fungible).
 Palabras clave: Convergencias artísticas, arte hibrido, NTIC’s, sociedad de la imagen, dispositivos móviles.
D. V. Boguslavsky, Н. П. Шарова, Konstantin S. Sharov
In comparison with other respiratory viruses, the current COVID-19 pandemic’s rapid seizing the world can be attributed to indirect (contact) way of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus in addition to the regular airborne way. A significant part of indirect transmission is made through cash bank notes. SARS-CoV-2 remains on cash paper money for period around four times larger than influenza A virus and is absorbed by cash notes two and a half times more effectively than influenza A (our model). During the pandemic, cryptocurrencies have gained attractiveness as an “epidemiologically safe” means of transactions. On the basis of the authors’ gallop polls performed online with social networks users in 44 countries in 2020–2021 (the total number of clear responses after the set repair 32,115), around 14.7% of surveyed participants engaged in cryptocurrency-based transactions during the pandemic. This may be one of the reasons of significant rise of cryptocurrencies rates since mid-March 2020 till the end of 2021. The paper discusses the reasons for cryptocurrency attractiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among them, there are fear of SARS-CoV-2 spread via cash contacts and the ability of the general population to mine cryptocurrencies. The article also provides a breakdown of the polled audience profile to determine the nationalities that have maximal level of trust to saving and transacting money as cryptocurrencies.
Esta investigacion pretende tocar precedentes relacionados con el “nuevo” mercado del arte y los cambios en la forma en la que se contempla y distribuyen las obras de arte digitales con la llegada de los NFTs, y su creciente “popularidad” dentro de la compra y venta de la imagen digital. El objetivo principal del articulo es indagar sobre el origen de los Fungible non tokens, asi como sus antecedentes en el mundo fisico que llegaron de modo virtual a traves del blockchain. Con la llegada del COVID-19 y la constante expansion de medios digitales, la idea de poseer activos digitales no es tan descabellada en estos tiempos. El articulo muestra la pandemia como un fenomeno social que repercutio en las imagenes digitales y potencializo lo que en anos anteriores ya se venia desarrollando y que denominamos como mercado digital.
Marçal Sintes Olivella, Enric Xicoy-Comas, Elena Yeste
We are in an era marked by misinformation, fake news, and a journalistic crisis. To the economic crisis that has resulted in the disappearance of jobs and numerous conventional media, especially in the printed press sector, one must add an intense crisis of trust. Among the options to escape from this situation, several communication theorists and some companies believe that blockchain technology offers new opportunities for high-quality journalism. Blockchain has its origin in electronic currencies, but it is increasingly being used in digital communication and journalism. This article is dedicated to the case of Civil, the first blockchain platform for journalism, which hosted tens of media, all accepting the commitment to respect the ethical standards imposed by the organization. This case study focuses on the following aspects: the mission and objectives of the Civil project, its origin and history, the structure and governance system of the organization, the role of the cryptocurrency itself, and the ethical principles and professional standards that govern the so-called Civil Community. In order to study Civil, we not only looked at the documents on its website and existing literature, but also carried out interviews with project members, some of them at its headquarters in New York. Likewise, we interviewed the person in charge of the first media that adopted blockchain technology through this platform. Resumen Nos encontramos en una era marcada por la desinformación, las fake news y la crisis del periodismo. A la crisis económica, que ha provocado la desaparición de puestos de trabajo y numerosos medios de comunicación convencionales, especialmente en el sector de la prensa impresa, hay que sumar una intensa crisis de confianza. Entre las opciones para intentar salir de esta situación, varios teóricos de la comunicación y algunas empresas consideran que la tecnología blockchain ofrece nuevas oportunidades al periodismo de calidad. La cadena de bloques tiene su origen en la moneda electrónica, pero cada vez está siendo más utilizada en la comunicación digital y el periodismo en particular. Este artículo está dedicado al caso de Civil, la primera plataforma de blockchain para periodismo, que alojaba a decenas de medios de comunicación que habían adquirido el compromiso de respetar las normas éticas impuestas por la organización. El presente estudio de caso centra su atención en los siguientes aspectos: la misión y objetivos del proyecto Civil, su origen e historia, la estructura y el sistema de gobernanza de la organización, la función de la criptomoneda propia y los principios éticos y normas profesionales que rigen la llamada Comunidad Civil. Para estudiar Civil no sólo nos hemos fijado en los documentos de su web y en la bibliografía existente, sino que llevamos a cabo entrevistas a miembros del proyecto, algunas en su sede de Nueva York. Asimismo, entrevistamos a la responsable del primer medio de comunicación que adoptó la tecnología blockchain a través de esta plataforma.
Leidy Catherinne Sánchez Ascanio, John A. Arredondo
Globalization and new technologies have incentivized the growth of the cryptocurrency market, which has meant that they are included in the usual trading assets. Since so far its market value has been wrapped in a cloak of speculation and volatility, we must ask ourselves, can we anticipate in a short and long time, the market value of a cryptocurrency? Under this premise, in this article we will perform the analysis of the prices of Bitcoin, the most capitalized digital currency in the market, applying the basic principles of the Elliott waves technique. We will observe that this technique yields a margin of effectiveness in prediction quite acceptable, and given the simplicity of its structure, it will be a tool that can be used by any person interested in the cryptocurrency market.
Cryptocurrencies have slowly managed to take their place in the panorama of global economic transfers, thanks to the advantages offered by traditional financial systems. By focusing on Bitcoin we can see that this cryptocurrency is global, without political, economic or social barriers. since it is based on a "person to person" system, allowing the exchange of value through the Internet without the need for a central institution or human interaction for its operation, it also has almost imperceptible transaction costs, depends on the internal movements of the platform of supply and demand, then seen in this way Bitcoin could change the current way of doing business in the world.
Resumen: El dinero debe ser una de las creaciones humanas más exitosas en términos de extensión y masividad. Sus formas, sin embargo, son múltiples. Por ejemplo, hoy presenciamos un boom de criptomonedas que amenaza con dejar obsoleto al dinero físico. Pero, tal como agudamente muestra este texto, sin importar cuan digital sea una criptomoneda, su creación sí tiene efectos físicos a gran escala, especialmente en términos de consumo energético y huella de carbono.
Erika Pani is Research Professor at El Colegio de México’s Centro de Estudios Históricos, where she has taught since 2009. She is the author of Para mexicanizar el Segundo Imperio: El imaginario politico de los imperialistas (El Colegio de México, 2001) and Para pertenecer a la gran familia mexicana: Procesos de naturalización en el siglo XIX (El Colegio de México, 2015), and co-editor, with Ariel Rodríguez Kuri, of Centenarios: Conmemoraciones e historia oficial (El Colegio de México, 2012). In today’s world … the market is king, and it demands technicians, not humanists. “Can you figure out the price of a call option by using the Black-Scholes formula? You can’t, but you have read all of the University of Chicago’s Great Books? Congratulations. Please leave your résumé with the secretary, and we will call you if there is an opening in another department that calls for knowledge of Plato or Spinoza.” Leo Zuckermann1 To the pessimist, Mexico seems to embody the dire consequences of the “worldwide crisis in education” that Martha Nussbaum, among others, has decried. Despite its proud tradition in literature and the arts—Juana Inés de la Cruz and Octavio Paz, Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo—numbers suggest that Mexico has become a cultural wasteland. Studies assessing student performance show consistently poor results: the country ranked 107th out of 108 in UNESCO’s reading index, with a per capita average of 2.8 books read a year, and reading is a “life-long habit” for no more than 2 percent of the population.2 Those dismayed by this “silent catastrophe” see it as a scourge of the times, a product of the decline of education, of a growing “Internet culture,” and of neoliberalism’s “massive” disdain for the humanities and its myopic obsession with efficiency, usefulness, and public spending cuts.3 In a country in which the last ten years have been marred by unimpressive economic performance, drug-related violence, and political gridlock, some argue that non-scientific, non- professionalizing disciplines such as literature, philosophy, history, and the arts are frivolous luxuries of yesterday’s spendthrift state. Others see the “crisis” of the humanities, despite its transnational nature, as another symptom of the nation’s declining health. The polemic surrounding the humanities needs to be placed in historical perspective. This cursory survey of the situation in Mexico is woven around the words and perceptions of those who, for almost two hundred years, have thought about and fought over the humanities as academic disciplines, cultural expressions, and symbolic battlegrounds. In clarifying what is at stake today, it is less important to put out the alarmists’ fires than to understand the part that the humanities have played in the densely intertwined, contentious debates over education and culture, the role of the state, and the future of the nation that have punctuated Mexican history. For more than three centuries, the humanities were the foundation of higher education in New Spain. Courses of secondary education built around Latin grammar as a model for good writing, clear thinking, and elegance of expression formed the core preparation, under the purview of ecclesiastical institutions, for all men of letters and science: clergymen, lawyers, doctors, and artists. When, in the eighteenth century, enlightened Europe wrote about the barbarism and degeneration of the New World, the creole letrados of New Spain could point to the vigor and sophistication of their humanist tradition as proof that the Americas enjoyed a degree of civilization equal, if not superior, to that of the Old World.4 At the end of the colonial period, conceptions of the humanities’ importance began to shift under the pressure caused by the fear of imperial decline and the struggle for modernity.5 Half a century later, they would fall victim to fierce political strife. After the break with Spain in 1821, Mexico’s politicians hailed education as the key to a more modern, civilized, prosperous nation. Projects for universal basic education inevitably fell short in the face of chronic instability and insufficient funds, but the modernizers fared better in the realm of higher education. The new constitutional governments—which needed well-trained young men who would be responsive to local interests, not the ambitions of the former viceregal capital—founded and funded “literary institutes” or “institutes of arts and sciences” in various state capitals. It was, nonetheless, control rather than content that distinguished the colonial system from the new approach. The institutos’ programs differed little from those of their predecessors; they continued to include Latin grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, Church history, civil and canon law, and theology, even as new subjects such as mathematics, experimental sciences, and modern languages were introduced. Religious education, on the other hand, did not remain entrenched in the old ways, and seminaries were eager to buy the latest textbooks and scientific apparatus.6 Nevertheless, as the striving for “material progress” and a lack of funds and qualified teaching personnel bolstered the growing conviction that other types of knowledge were more practical and useful than the old humanist core, the more traditional—and more religious—elements progressively fell away. Theology gave way to secular history, if cast in a providential mold and “universal” rather than national in scope, with authors such as Thucydides and Herodotus being unavoidable references. Latin and Greek were replaced by the “cultivated languages of Europe.”7 The institutos also provided ambitious and talented young men unconnected with traditional elites—such as future president Benito Juárez and the noted journalist, politician, and novelist Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, who were both born poor in remote Indian communities—with an alternative to the seminary as a vehicle for social mobility, giving them the social capital and credentials that enabled them to enter the political fray, usually as liberals intent on shaking up the old order.8 On the other hand, history, geography, literature, and the arts came out of academic cloisters and the tertulias of wise men, finding their way into newspapers, literary associations, and private homes. Those yearning for an efficient modern state also sought to fashion the emotional underpinnings of a national community, united by love of country and elevated by “culture.” With the commitment and sense of urgency of those who hoped their periphery would be seen as part of the center, they held up “the public’s” knowledge and good taste in literature, music, and painting as the most convincing proof that Mexico was a “civilized” nation.9 Prominent public figures published literary reviews with the hope of instilling in Mexico’s youth— particularly its young women—knowledge of the country’s territory, history, architecture, resources, and population, through “picturesque, curious, and instructive amenidades [amenities].”10 The music scene was equally vibrant. In 1854, in the midst of the rebellion that would eventually bring an end to Antonio López de Santa Anna’s seventh and final term as president, opera buffs in Mexico City attended eighty performances.11 “Although the Mexican people’s degree of civilization could not be described as perfect,” the influential liberal ideologue José María Luis Mora wrote with great optimism in 1836, there had been tremendous improvement. With the proliferation of newspapers and theater groups, and a piano in every middle-class parlor, “the elemental principles of the sciences, arts, and trades have become all too common … Understanding, imagination, sentiment, and language have all been enriched.”12 The great conflagration that split the country in two at mid-century (1855–1867) confirmed the de-centering and opening up of the humanities. In 1855, at the fall of Santa Anna’s dictatorship, the young liberals who moved to center stage in national politics embarked on the task of destroying the country’s colonial legacy. They wanted to get rid of corporate privileges, outdated forms of taxation, and cumbersome forms of property. They also sought to break the Church’s hold over Mexicans’ hearts, minds, and destinies through education. The Royal and Pontifical University, founded in 1551, was closed; the 1857 constitution proclaimed freedom of education and established that the conditions and prerequisites of professional degrees were a matter of federal law. This radical project was condemned by the Church, and triggered the fierce opposition of conservatives, militant Catholics, some regional strongmen, and most officers in the standing army. The country sank into civil war. The coalition that rose up in arms against the constitution was defeated on the battlefield at the end of 1860. The monarchical experiment on which conservatives had pinned their last hope disappeared with the exceptional circumstances that had engendered it—the U.S. Civil War and Napoleon III’s project for a French protectorate in North America. In many ways, Mexico’s Second Empire showed that, at least on some fronts, the conservatives’ battle had already been lost. The imperial government, impelled both by the hopes of the Mexican imperialistas and by the inclinations of the emperor, Maximilian von Hapsburg, envisioned a vigorous system of national public education, conceived in opposition to the old “Spanish” humanist model. It would train fewer priests and lawyers and more engineers.13 Also, considering, perhaps, that “national culture” was too important to be left solely in the hands of civil society, the imperial government undertook wide-ranging projects for artistic and scientific development. It put up statues to insurgent leaders, designed museums, commissioned historical paintings, founded an Imperial Academy of Sciences and Literature, and enacted a conciliatory version of Mexican history in public celebrations.14 Most of these projects remained on the drawing board at the time, but would be taken up later, recast in decidedly liberal tones, by the governments of the last third of the nineteenth century. 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In to them to the Mexican academic and the of the the of the and up a of at other academic that for almost The the of a young cultural de and en la gave of In the de El Colegio de México, an to teaching and it was to Mexico’s it was that it would on the humanities, “the for the social The for and the of this for a for and their of letters up as has their and for the of almost an for for the to a state that was and at the through and were to a and to for and were for in the of the of in both and and by the in young of the surrounding Mexican In the realm of philosophy, the of the José who had over the University of undertook to particularly to its and its as had the of public education and on “universal” had for for the in and and in the and young by They in their of that was an in a world with no over They wrote about the of being about the and that a of and had the national eventually its in the words of of its more the is a could be with a engendered of the most books in Mexican literature, Octavio El de la perhaps, this also about the of an old tradition that had been from for almost a century of its to the in Antonio and that had and a the of the Mexico’s even as and were hailed as the nation’s and the humanities remained on the of higher education. the of Paz, and it was a rather of For the most these had With the of philosophy, the of the world was not the of the The humanities in a country where those a education were already a percent of those at the University in were of the their had to percent by In they percent of in education in the the state that had also that Mexico’s future in of the humanities, future to be almost to education, were in a market that knowledge and rather than liberal both and the humanities to be rather than The humanities’ the was to their market and lack of among but perhaps, to the way they were conceived by In a in for the time, being a could be a it was for those who wanted to the humanities to their or the humanities imagination, good but no of scientific in the words of José Luis did for El de la the humanities’ them to the and the as in the way that a figure inevitably of the of the that could about of and To for their the humanities needed to be bolstered by the of “the most and and the of the century, and a professional academic but it has remained and Mexico’s public In to literature, philosophy, and history their confirmed their The that the humanities could become the core of a education that would with common of a of cultural as had in the U.S. War University, was envisioned in The about by the did to those The student which was by the government, the more of the This to a of higher education, in both of and of with to this of and but did not its basic The humanities, as disciplines in of and remained the purview of the even if their were and The but of higher education in Mexico the of the if that it was in the of a and its in the were by economic and political crisis in the For more than a federal government in higher education by an average of percent a the of the century, the of economic and in world and a to calls for the of public education. In with the of Latin a state that no to its sought to the and of higher to and the and efficiency, and to of To it sought to and of that were and was the of have been and their They have not been to the humanities. The and by disciplines are not even by or in percent of were in humanities in the of many have and for or are designed around the that Mexican they are to the core are taught by the and a The importance to has for the Nevertheless, the of the state with academic the for and founded in to the has to the of both with those in the its are on on and its on for by the of the sciences, and over over and over and over and over the and social percent of the of of in the they have had to the of their disciplines in an with a language that is not their It is that the men and who most the most and of language and thought have been in the of their At they have the of the those not the of that the of the but not particularly convincing that the humanities better who on the that them … and and and who, the midst of the crisis and of time, be a little At these have the on the humanities as the product of a by that against … on and to market and the of such as the In the over the of in secondary education, by a that did not include it as a in have their of the with the of corporate and other humanities be taught by of by the country’s and public of and the and José “the of all thought the humanities were and tradition the the humanities have many important to in In at the University of Luis for the in against those who thought of it as and outdated hoped to the that the education of as with the of the humanities, did not of or a but established an did not the of or but the to for their They provided for which that there was for every that was on In of the humanities, that, as has about the they are both and than academic disciplines, which their In two hundred years, the humanities in Mexico from the foundation for all higher education to its despite the of an artistic and literary tradition public importance has been since the nineteenth century. After Mexico’s Church and state to the and to the humanities’ being out as for higher they were replaced by the more and more useful After the in the of a state that Octavio described as a the humanities were seen as for the of the and as for its They the of a and culture, and from the and of academic even as their to their as The history of the humanities has been by their as as by academic and the for the humanities’ in debates about education, and also for their useful as an expression of the nation’s its its as a put the of the into perspective. The humanities are the key to they have both a practical and a to and and and elegance of the humanities to from a that is and the and of in an in which become they a to and to the humanities to and the and literary and will have a to this if they not on their and they to their as more than and what has described as the opposition the practical and the will be if they remain in yearning for a the state was less and more and to be as good but the to for and to Ariel Rodríguez Kuri, and the