Blockchain Papers

Issa Binda, Ahonankpon Hubert Frédéric Gbaguidi, Toussaint Vigninou

After a dozen years of implementing decentralization in Benin, local development actions remain timid because of the weak mobilization of financial resources. The overall objective of this research is to contribute to a better knowledge of the strategies for mobilizing own resources for the local development of the Municipality of Ouaké. The methodological approach adopted consisted in the collection of quantitative and qualitative data. These are demographic data, planimetric data and socio-economic data from population surveys. These various data collected from 91 people were analyzed and processed in order to arrive at the results. The results obtained show that the construction of socio-community infrastructures was made thanks to the financial and technical support of development partners and then the FADEC fund. The State, the Town Hall, the projects and the development associations of the municipality have financed the construction of several economic, socio-community infrastructures and other local development initiatives. The local communities have also participated in the development thanks to individual actions and the resources mobilized within the cooperative groupings and the local workforce. However, it should be noted a low rate of mobilization of budgetary resources, the average of which is 41% from 2018 to 2022. The average recovery rate of the 22 types of resources available to the municipality of Ouaké is below 50%. This shows that the actors have difficulties in mobilizing the municipality's own resources. It was thus devoted to these two lines only, for the nine years considered, an amount of 376,967,075 CFA francs out of a total operating expenditure of 555,625,774 CFA francs, i.e. more than 67.84% of operating expenses. From 2014 to 2022, four main investment lines absorb 851,979,521 CFA francs out of the total estimated investments of 1,179,157,828 CFA francs, or more than 72.25% of all investments made.

Essossinam Pali, Coffi Cyprien Aholou, François Paul Yatta

Since 2019, Togo has resolutely engaged in the decentralization process marked by communalization and elections of municipal councilors. Financial autonomy constitutes an essential lever for the free administration of municipalities, allowing them to ensure decision-making and the implementation of development projects. However, despite a legal and regulatory framework defining taxation specific to local authorities, Togolese municipalities are often perceived as needing more financial resources. This study aims to map the financing mechanisms for decentralization in Togo and analyze their contribution to municipal budgets. By adopting a quantitative approach combining documentary analysis and interviews with 188 experts and practitioners of local finance from various Togolese structures, four main financing mechanisms were identified: local, national, Community, and international. Among these mechanisms, own resources (in particular from the sale of products and services, fiscal and non-fiscal taxes) and state transfers via the Support Fund for Local Authorities emerge as the primary sources of financing for municipalities. However, the study reveals that several instruments of local mechanisms, although institutionally defined, still need to be updated in many municipalities, thus limiting their effectiveness in resource mobilization. These results highlight the importance of optimizing the management of local mechanisms to strengthen municipalities’ financial autonomy and support territories’ sustainable development.

N B Bertorello, F Minin, Sharon Viscardi, Constanza Rodríguez Junyent

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible nos invita a cuidar el planeta y asegurar la prosperidad para todos. Frente a los cambiantes patrones de producción y consumo en torno al agua, energía y alimentos, resulta de gran interés estudiar la disponibilidad alimentaria, con el fin de implementar acciones que lleven a garantizar las necesidades de la población, permitiendo el desarrollo sustentable sin comprometer las generaciones futuras1,2. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la proporción de alimentos de origen vegetal (AOV) en relación al suministro total de energía para Argentina, Chile y Uruguay e inspeccionar su evolución en los últimos 60 años. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, longitudinal. La proporción de AOV en la disponibilidad total de energía se consideró como el suministro de energía (kcal/persona/día) de los siguientes grupos de alimentos: cereales, tubérculos, legumbres, frutas, verduras, aceites, semillas, frutas secas y azúcar (excepto miel). Dicha información se extrajo de las Hojas de Balance de Alimentos (HBA), instrumento diseñado y elaborado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), a partir de información estadística confiable disponible desde su sitio web3. Se consideró el período de 1961, 1990 y 2020 de las HBA para Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. Se tomaron estos años como referencia por la existencia de información proveniente de estos años y tomando ciclos de 30 años para evaluar posibles cambios en la disponibilidad alimentaria. CONSIDERACIONES ÉTICAS: los datos fueron extraídos de fuentes secundarias, todas las bases de datos son de dominio público y no requiere evaluación de comité de ética. RESULTADOS: El suministro de energía promedio durante el 2020 en los tres países fue 3232 ±95,1 Kcal/persona/día. En relación a la proporción de energía proveniente de AOV, fue mayor en Chile y Uruguay (68%), mientras que Argentina presentó un porcentaje menor (65,1%). El grupo de los cereales fue el que aportó la mayor cantidad de energía de AOV. La contribución de AOV a la energía total, aumentó en Uruguay y en Argentina, 14,5% y 2,8% respectivamente y disminuyó en Chile 9,6% entre 1961 y 2020. CONCLUSIONES: Si bien se evidenciaría algún incremento de disponibilidad de AOV principalmente en Uruguay, se requiere continuar trabajando en nuevas estrategias que garanticen la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y permitan la conservación de recursos naturales.

Julia Loiseau

11,9 milliards de dollars, c’est le montant engendré en 2021 par le marché des NFT appliqué à l’art1, l’un des nombreux cas d’application de cette technologie. Les NFT, ou « non fungible token », sont devenus un nouveau media qui compte dans le marché de l’art et, plus généralement, un segment prépondérant du « Web3 », l’Internet décentralisé.Mais la distinction entre

Abodou Athanase Adomon

Between 2000 and 2011, the military-political and civil crises undermined the implementation of various local development projects in Côte d’Ivoire. After crises, funding difficulties became even more acute. Decentralized communities, which have already been faced with shrinking budgets since 1980, are struggling to meet the needs expressed by local people. Faced with such a reality, decentralized cooperation would seem to be an effective and appropriate approach. However, this approach remains unknown and unexplored by the majority of elected officials in Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of the article is to show that in the Abidjan District Municipality of Yopougon, decentralized cooperation has made it possible to finance and implement development projects at the local level.

Asaduz Zaman

During the past 20 years, substantial efforts were made to improve irrigation Management-Operation & Maintenance (MOM) through introduction of participatory irrigation management (PIM). PIM proved generally successful on small and medium schemes but it has yielded limited results on large schemes. Stakeholder engagement in irrigation system shapes hydrosocial territories: (1) by reducing tension between stakeholders, (2) by redirecting regional planning and strategy, (3) by highlighting water crises, (4) by decentralizing water responsibilities and (5) by integrating values and beliefs from different stakeholders (Sandra Ricart, et.al, 2018). Privatization started to become politically fashionable in the late 1980. In this context privatization means off-loading government ownership or responsibility for operation into the private sector, either to the farmers themselves or to an intermediate private subcontractor. But is it just a means of off-loading responsibility from a government line management system that can't cope, or is it really to benefit the farmers? (Adrian Laycock, 2011). Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) is an autonomous authority. The BMDA does not require external finance and sustainable finance to operate the irrigation project. There are around 16,000 deep tube wells and surface lift pumps covering around 0.6 million hectares (round the year) under BMDA management. BMDA is managed by a board chaired by an appointee of the government. There are three other members representatives from farmers including other relevant department's representatives. BMDA has introduced innovative concept for prepayment for water; this was started using a system of using electronic prepaid meters. There are no formal WUOs established instead keeps a very close liaison with the farmers and the communities through their field offices, this approach appears to be effective. The chief executive of a successful irrigation project should have a clear idea about people, land and water.

Thomas Barrier, Azzedine Hajji

The article looks at the proving process in mathematics from a didactic perspective. The study seeks to identify what metamathematics knowledge is at stake when mathematicians produce proof of implications with universal quantifiers. For this reason, we propose a modelling of the proof process – from the manipulation of examples to the finished product – based on dialogic logic tools. This modelling leads us to a characterization of the enunciative position which is needed to elaborate proofs. The results are derived from two cases: one in arithmetic integers, another in plane geometry. Their comparison allows us to discuss the limits of a transversal approach to this meta-mathematical knowledge without taking into account the specificity of mathematical fields.

Abodou Athanase Adomon, Gogbe Téré, Koffi Lazare Atta

Since 1980, municipalities are in the center of decentralization policy in Côte d'Ivoire. More than thirty years later, the elected representatives are still in search of strategy to satisfy needs for the populations. In spite of the difficulties of financing, investments were realized. These boosted the local development to Alépé through the metamorphosis of the urban landscape, the dynamism of economic activities, the increase of infrastructures and equipments, etc. But, they do not take into account concerns of the populations. Where from their disappointment.

Serigne DIOP, François Joseph Cabral

The objective of this article is to analyze the tie between the financings of the Decentralized Financial System (DFS) and the agricultural growth in Senegal. We use a linear equation model. The survey covers the active period of 1999 to 2013. Results show that the Decentralized Financial System has a positive and significant impact on the agricultural GDP in Senegal.

A Bertrand, Sigrid Aubert, P. Montagne, AC Lohanivo · 5 authors

Les auteurs dressent une rétrospective de la mise en oeuvre de la politique environnementale et forestière 1990-2013 qui repose sur quatre lois, à savoir la Charte de l’environnement (loi 90-033 du 21 décembre 1990), la GELOSE (loi 96-025 du 30 septembre 1996), la loi forestière (loi 97-017 du 8 août 1997) et le Code des Aires protégées (loi 2001-005 du 11 février 2003). Vingt ans après l’adoption de la Nouvelle Politique Forestière, un bilan est possible. Ces textes ont connu un début d’application avec un bilan décevant dans un contexte surtout marqué par une extension de la superficie des aires protégées. Dans le même temps, des évolutions importantes et positives sont apparues. Avec la décentralisation, l’.é.tat de droit s’est construit quotidiennement au niveau des communes à travers les guichets fonciers, les contrats de transferts de gestion et les expériences positives de contrôle forestier décentralisé. Ont également été réalisées des expériences concluantes de valorisation économique des ressources forestières exploitées dans le cadre des transferts de gestion : bois d’oeuvre, bois énergie, raphia, huiles essentielles. Il est donc possible, en novembre 2013, d’envisager de façon réaliste une relance vigoureuse de la politique forestière en tenant compte des invariants comme les faibles effectifs de l’administration et la modicité des financements extérieurs aléatoires. Il est d’abord nécessaire de répondre aux urgences : décrets à publier et à appliquer ; mise en oeuvre systématique des avantages économiques prévus pour les communautés de base signataires des contrats de transfert de gestion. . . . ; sécurisation des espaces communs sous contrats de transfert de gestion. Il faut enfin et surtout faire de la valorisation conservatoire des ressources des produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux le moteur du développement local.This paper presents a retrospective on the implementation of Malagasy environmental and forest policy between 1990 and 2013 on the basis of four laws, namely the Environmental Charter (Law 90-033 of 21 December 1990), GELOSE (Law 95-025 of 30 September 1996), the Forest Law (Law 97-017 of 8 August 1997) and the Protected Areas Code (Law 2001-005 of 11 February 2003). Twenty years after the adoption of the new forest policy, an assessment is possible. These texts have started to be applied but with disappointing results, primarily centered on the increase of protected area coverage. Nevertheless, important and positive changes have occurred. With decentralization, the reach of the law has increased day by day in communes through land offices, management transfer contracts, and positive experiences of decentralized forest control. Successful experiences of the economic valorization of forest resources (such as timber, fuelwood, raphia palm and essential oils), have also been gained within management transfers. It is therefore possible, in December 2013, to realistically envisage a strong revival of forest policy, even accounting for permanent constraints such as the weakness of the forest administration and the uncertainty of external funding. It is first necessary to respond to urgent needs; to publish and apply un-finalized decrees, to systematically establish the economic benefits anticipated for the community signatories of management transfer contracts, and to secure common property areas within management transfers. Most importantly, the sustainable economic valorization of woody and non - woody forest products should be used as a tool for local development.

Brice Kombo

La nécessaire lutte contre la pauvreté découle d'un constat troublant : la richesse combinée des quinze personnes les plus riches de la planète est supérieure à la valeur annuelle cumulée de la production de biens /services de l'ensemble des pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne. 20% de la population mondiale consomme plus de 80% des ressources disponibles sur la surface de la terre. Ce double constat révèle l'ampleur des efforts à accomplir pour répondre au défi des objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD). La responsabilité des Etats est évidemment engagée mais les solutions sont plus à rechercher au niveau des villes et des territoires. Au plus proche des habitants, les autorités locales peuvent et doivent jouer un rôle de catalyseur du développement. Il revient aux citoyens des territoires confrontés aux problèmes de sous-développement d'imaginer et de proposer ces solutions locales. La coopération décentralisée contribue à la recherche et à l'invention de telles politiques territoriales : cadre de dialogue privilégié entre gouvernements locaux. Définie comme un partenariat entre autorités locales de nationalités différentes, cette coopération décentralisée permet un partage d'expériences – micro finance, décentralisation, bonne gouvernance etc. En clair, tous les espoirs peuvent s'inviter dans la symbiose « Coopération décentralisée et Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement», en tenant compte de leurs enjeux et perspectives dans l'espace francophone subsaharien.

Demba Niang

Decentralization in Senegal and its most visible pillar, municipalization, give rise to several issues. A<br />strong general sentiment exists that, once political quitus acquired, elected officials seem to content<br />themselves with the representative democracy that brought them to local power. In particular, these<br />issues are manifested by the populations' distrust of local public action and by social divisions, in which<br />underdevelopment remains very visible.<br />Several attempts at reform have been carried out between 1966 and 1996 with the laws on regionalization.<br />Local government authorities have conducted several experiments, often with foreign impetus,<br />particularly as a result of decentralized cooperation. Although it soon becomes clear that a considerable<br />part of this impetus comes from abroad, the experiment carried out in Saint Louis, with the help of<br />decentralized cooperation in the form of the Lille-Saint-Louis Partnership, demonstrated that it is possible<br />for local development to become a reality. Despite constraints faced by the city and its Institution, local<br />politicians expressed a willingness to relay outside impetus.<br />What lessons can be learned from this process?<br />To what extent do the funding and construction of infrastructures, mainly financed by foreign sources,<br />help strengthen the vision and abilities of elected officials to conduct development policy, while taking<br />into account the point of view and expectations of different social groups? On a more general level, how<br />do the systems set up in Saint Louis (Agence de Développement Communal or Municipal Development<br />Agency, and Conseils de Quartier or Neighbourhood Councils) encourage democratic, efficient and<br />transparent management by local government?<br />In examining these questions through a thesis, the goal was, on one hand, to build upon ten-years' field<br />experience in an academic framework and, on the other hand, to gain sufficient perspective in order to<br />problematize the various development practices induced by this experiment, in a context characterized<br />by an exceptionally complex game and system of actors. Working toward these two aims led to further<br />questioning of the transformations which Saint Louis has undergone and their impact on the ability of the<br />municipality to maintain control over communal development projects as contracting owner, which, along<br />with the strengthening of local democracy, seem essential foundations for a municipalization worthy of<br />such a name.

Bernard Vanlauwe, K.E. Giller

No abstract is available for this record.

Paula Donnelly-Roark, Karim Ouedrago

The note focuses on the leading role of&#13;\n local level institutions (LLIs) in Burkina Faso, in rural&#13;\n decentralization, and poverty eradication, to enhance&#13;\n equitable prosperity. It is based on the study undertaken by&#13;\n the National Decentralization Commission in Burkina Faso,&#13;\n which draws on case studies in Sanmatenga, Sissili, Houet,&#13;\n and Yatenga, and, presents sociological evidence that&#13;\n certain high-performing LLIs contribute to equitable&#13;\n economic development. Economic findings support this,&#13;\n showing that both lower inequality levels, and lower poverty&#13;\n levels, are linked to a high degree of internal village&#13;\n organization. Contextually, LLIs surround, connect, and&#13;\n manage communities, incorporating many different kinds of&#13;\n indigenous organizations, and functions. Three categories of&#13;\n institutions active at the local level are identified: value&#13;\n institutions, which focus on activating, and maintaining the&#13;\n stability of local governance, and values of the society;&#13;\n production institutions, focused on accessing resources from&#13;\n the national government, so as to increase productivity;&#13;\n and, service-asset management institutions, which integrate&#13;\n productivity, and growth values, focused on managing, and&#13;\n expanding local assets for sustainable development. External&#13;\n aid will need to map these LLIs to guide pro-poor&#13;\n investment, and financing of community driven development,&#13;\n and encourage local governments to formalize participation.