Blockchain Papers

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As a digital system that integrates cryptography, data management, networking, and incentive mechanisms to allow the verification, execution, and recording of transactions between parties, block chains are now firmly established.Block chain technologies have significant potential as a new basis for all types of transactions, even though its initial purpose was to support new kinds of digital currency enabling simpler and more secure payments.By using this technology as a platform to carry out "smart contracts" for transactions, particularly for high-value products, agribusiness stands to become a primary benefactor.Prior to further discussion, it is crucial to make a distinction between private digital currencies and the underlying distributed ledger and block chain technology.Since digital currencies like Bitcoin are dispersed and international in nature, central banks are unlikely to be able to effectively regulate their underlying protocols.Instead than being able to monitor and control the money itself, monetary authorities are more concerned with comprehending the "on-ramps" and "off-ramps" that make up the linkages to the conventional payments system.Contrary to the block chain's digital currency component, the distributed ledger feature has the potential to be widely used in agricultural and trade financing, particularly if processes involve several partners and there is no reliable central authority.

Oksana Yuryeva, Natalya Kovaleva, Olga Shukhova

The scientific article is devoted to the study of domestic and foreign experience in financing the digitalization of agribusiness. The purpose of the scientific research is a critical review and analysis of the best domestic and foreign practices for financing the digital reform of the agro-industrial complex and related problems and possible solutions. When preparing a scientific publication, general scientific methods (observation, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, the method of logical reasoning) and specific scientific methods (static analysis, peer review, graphical method) were used. Results: a critical review of domestic and foreign practice showed a significant role of private and corporate investors in the face of venture funds, endowment funds of specialized universities and active processes of intercompany cooperation between agribusinesses and IT companies. In the Russian Federation, the practice of financing the digitalization of the agro-industrial complex, on the contrary, is built on the high centralization of financial resources represented by the state regulator - the Ministry of Agriculture and its subordinate funds. This leads to the conclusion about the need for a deep revision of the mechanism for providing financing in favor of decentralizing tools and popularizing the work of private and corporate funds for financing agrotech, as well as developing the practice of online application through the developing virtual banking service for financing the APK "Smart- Contract".

Т.А. Мирошниченко, С.В. Подгорская

Существующие социально-экономические проблемы села обусловливают необходимость изменения государственных программ сельского развития и корректировки концептуальной модели финансово-экономического обеспечения устойчивого развития сельских территорий на принципах инклюзивного роста. В ходе исследования было установлено, что существующая модель финансово-экономического обеспечения сельского развития имеет целый ряд недостатков, обусловленных недостаточностью бюджетного финансирования, слабой диверсификацией сельской экономики и ограниченностью доступа сельского населения и малого бизнеса к финансовым ресурсам, что препятствует выполнению своих функций органами местного самоуправления и подрывает основу финансовой самообеспеченности села. Предлагаемая концептуальная модель финансово-экономического обеспечения устойчивого инклюзивного развития сельских территорий построена на принципах бюджетной децентрализации, финансовой самостоятельности местного самоуправления, обеспечения финансовой инклюзии и гражданского участия в управлении финансовыми ресурсами. Разработанные меры финансово-экономического обеспечения сельского развития направлены на интегрированное решение комплексных проблем, повышение значения местного самоуправления и роли гражданского участия в управлении финансовыми ресурсами бюджетов сельских поселений, а также на развитие сельской экономики. The existing socio-economic problems of the village determine the necessity to change the state programs of rural development and adjust the conceptual model of financial and economic support of sustainable development of rural areas on the principles of inclusive growth. The study found that the existing model of financial and economic support of rural development has a number of drawbacks due to insufficient budget financing, poor diversification of the rural economy and limited access of the rural population and small businesses to financial resources, which prevents local governments from fulfilling their functions and undermines the basis of financial self-sufficiency of the village. The proposed conceptual model of financial and economic provision of sustainable inclusive development of rural areas is based on the principles of budgetary decentralization, financial autonomy of local government, ensuring financial inclusion and civil participation in the management of financial resources. The developed measures of financial and economic provision of rural development are aimed at the integrated solution of complex problems, increasing the importance of local selfgovernment and the role of civil participation in the management of financial resources of budgets of rural settlements, as well as contributing to the development of rural economy.

J. Norman Reid, Reid, J. Norman

Governmental capacity consists of three major components. First, institutions at all levels, central, local, public, and private, must have sufficient authority to undertake their assigned roles. Second, adequate financing is necessary to implement governmental responsibilities. Third, good leadership is needed to assure that authority and resources are used wisely. Governments seeking to decentralize must consider many fundamental issues regarding allocations of authority and finances, the strength of local leadership, and the structuring of central institutions.