The scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legal nature of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as objects of civil rights under the legislation of Ukraine. The relevance of the research is обусловed by the rapid development of the NFT market, the absence of specific legislative regulation, and the necessity of adapting Ukrainian civil legislation to the challenges of the digital economy. The paper analyzes the technical nature of NFTs as a prerequisite for their proper legal qualification. It examines the functioning of blockchain technology as a distributed ledger, the minting process, the role of smart contracts in automating the performance of contractual terms, and the distinctions between the ERC-721 and ERC-1155 standards. The article substantiates a critical thesis: an NFT does not constitute the digital object itself but rather represents a digital certificate of authenticity confirming ownership of the token as a digital asset. The position of NFTs within the system of objects of civil rights of Ukraine is determined. The study demonstrates the impossibility of qualifying NFTs as “things” in the classical sense or as securities, due to the absence of issuer obligations and the absolute uniqueness (non-fungibility) of tokens, or their limited fungibility exclusively within a single series governed by a unified smart contract. The most accurate legal qualification is recognized as a combination of the concepts of a “digital thing” (Article 179¹ of the Civil Code of Ukraine) and a “secured virtual asset” within the meaning of the Law of Ukraine “On Virtual Assets” (not yet in force), as NFTs meet the criteria of an intangible asset, constitute objects of civil rights, possess economic value, and are expressed as a set of data in electronic form. It is further established that a smart contract may be regarded as a civil law agreement in relation to an NFT token. Particular emphasis is placed on the fundamental distinction between ownership of an NFT and copyright in the underlying work. It is established that the acquisition of a token does not automatically entail the transfer of economic copyright. The transfer of such rights requires the conclusion of a separate written agreement in compliance with copyright legislation. The article also analyzes international regulatory approaches to NFTs, in particular the provisions of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) of the European Union. It is proposed to consider blockchain-based registration systems as evidence of the fact of creation of a work and the emergence of copyright. Finally, proposals are formulated for improving Ukrainian legislation in the field of NFT regulation.
The scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legal nature of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as objects of civil rights under the legislation of Ukraine. The relevance of the research is обусловed by the rapid development of the NFT market, the absence of specific legislative regulation, and the necessity of adapting Ukrainian civil legislation to the challenges of the digital economy. The paper analyzes the technical nature of NFTs as a prerequisite for their proper legal qualification. It examines the functioning of blockchain technology as a distributed ledger, the minting process, the role of smart contracts in automating the performance of contractual terms, and the distinctions between the ERC-721 and ERC-1155 standards. The article substantiates a critical thesis: an NFT does not constitute the digital object itself but rather represents a digital certificate of authenticity confirming ownership of the token as a digital asset. The position of NFTs within the system of objects of civil rights of Ukraine is determined. The study demonstrates the impossibility of qualifying NFTs as “things” in the classical sense or as securities, due to the absence of issuer obligations and the absolute uniqueness (non-fungibility) of tokens, or their limited fungibility exclusively within a single series governed by a unified smart contract. The most accurate legal qualification is recognized as a combination of the concepts of a “digital thing” (Article 179¹ of the Civil Code of Ukraine) and a “secured virtual asset” within the meaning of the Law of Ukraine “On Virtual Assets” (not yet in force), as NFTs meet the criteria of an intangible asset, constitute objects of civil rights, possess economic value, and are expressed as a set of data in electronic form. It is further established that a smart contract may be regarded as a civil law agreement in relation to an NFT token. Particular emphasis is placed on the fundamental distinction between ownership of an NFT and copyright in the underlying work. It is established that the acquisition of a token does not automatically entail the transfer of economic copyright. The transfer of such rights requires the conclusion of a separate written agreement in compliance with copyright legislation. The article also analyzes international regulatory approaches to NFTs, in particular the provisions of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) of the European Union. It is proposed to consider blockchain-based registration systems as evidence of the fact of creation of a work and the emergence of copyright. Finally, proposals are formulated for improving Ukrainian legislation in the field of NFT regulation.
As cross-chain interoperability advances, decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols enable illicit funds to be reorganized into uniform liquid assets that flow throughout the cryptocurrency market. Such operations can bypass monitoring targeted at individual blockchains and thereby weaken current regulatory frameworks. Motivated by these, we introduce UniDetect, a multi-chain cryptocurrency fraud account detection method based on large language models (LLMs). Specifically, we use domain knowledge to guide the LLM to generate general transaction summary texts applicable to heterogeneous blockchain accounts, which serve as evidence for fraud account detection. Furthermore, we introduce a two-stage alternating training strategy to continuously and dynamically enhance the multimodal joint reasoning for detecting fraudulent accounts based on both the textual evidence and the transaction graph patterns. Experiments on multiple blockchains show that UniDetect outperforms existing methods 5.57% to 7.58% in Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS). For cross-chain zero-shot detection, UniDetect identifies over 94.58% of fraudulent accounts. It also generalizes well to non-blockchain data, delivering a 6.06% improvement in F1 over existing methods. The dataset and source code are available at https://github.com/msy0513/UniDetect.
El Canon de la Soberanía Infraestructural La presente publicación constituye la respuesta oficial y técnico-científica del Ecosistema TAMV ONLINE frente a los dilemas de la ética digital en contextos de desigualdad estructural. En un escenario global donde la tecnología suele ser impuesta desde centros de poder hegemónicos, este documento marca un hito al presentar una Arquitectura Civilizatoria nacida en el Sur Global (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, México), diseñada para transformar la ética de un discurso abstracto en una infraestructura ejecutable. A diferencia de las propuestas teóricas tradicionales, esta obra se fundamenta en la praxis de su CEO y Arquitecto Jefe, Edwin Oswaldo Castillo Trejo, quien articula una defensa de la "Tecnodiversidad" mediante el despliegue de sistemas reales, auditables y soberanos. Descripción del Documento: Protocolo TAMV-SOVEREIGN-ARCH v1.0 El documento se estructura como un Marco de Gobernanza y Estándar Técnico unificado, desglosando los pilares que permiten a una comunidad transitar de la dependencia tecnológica a la autoría digital. A través de sus secciones, el lector encontrará: Validación Académica Inmutable: El uso estratégico de Identificadores Persistentes (PIDs) como ORCID, DOI y ISNI, que blindan la producción intelectual del Sur Global frente al extractivismo epistémico. Arquitectura de Kernel MD-X: La descripción técnica de los motores de observabilidad (MD-X4) y evolución (MD-X5), capaces de absorber y reconfigurar sistemas externos bajo normativas éticas territoriales (Protocolo Hoyo Negro). Mediación Cognitiva e IA Ética: El despliegue de Isabella Villaseñor AI, una inteligencia artificial gobernada por el UTAMV AI Academic Core, que prioriza la formación humana y la Taxonomía de Bloom sobre la automatización comercial. Implementación Phygital: El caso de estudio de RDM Digital, demostrando cómo la Web3 y el Metaverso pueden revitalizar economías locales y proteger el patrimonio cultural sin ceder la soberanía de los datos. Framework de Evaluación: Un estándar exportable diseñado para que gobiernos e instituciones evalúen su nivel de autonomía digital y resistencia frente al colonialismo de datos. Este documento es, en esencia, el plano arquitectónico para la libertad digital, estableciendo que la única ética universal posible es aquella que se programa en la infraestructura y se vive en el territorio.
Education 3.0, AI and HyFi are the three pillars of the Kohenoor Ecosystem where Education is the enabler and this perhaps is the only way to transform the world into a more productive and future-embracing place. This document presents a defensive technical disclosure describing a Hybrid-Finance (HyFi) CeDeFi operational infrastructure developed by Kohenoor Technologies. The architecture integrates Education 3.0, Multilayered Hybrid Intelligence Engine and programmable decentralized settlement execution, supervised decision processes, structured governance control, and workforce operational enablement into a coordinated financial operating framework. The system is intended to enable organizations to operate blockchain-based financial processes as recurring business operations rather than isolated transactions. It defines coordinated operational layers consisting of settlement mapping, intelligence interpretation, supervised decision execution, and human operational readiness. The disclosure documents the research progression, implementation embodiments, and architectural definitions of the system and is published to establish publicly verifiable prior art. The referenced implementations illustrate functional embodiments and do not limit the architecture to any specific network, software platform, or digital asset. Also attached herewith is the executive overview of Kohenoor Ecosystem R&D, finalized after seven years of rigorous research, testing, and model refinement. Lead Researcher: Ahmad Bilal Khan, Founder of Kohenoor Technologies and principal architect of the KAI Alpha+ framework. ORCID Profile A cryptographic timestamp proof accompanies this publication to attest to the existence of the document at the time of disclosure. Test ProEdge(Alpha): kenhyfi.kohenoor.tech Keywords: #kenhyfi #kai #hyfi #kohenoortechnologies #futureofeducation #futureoffinance #futureofai #kohenoorken #cryptocurrencies #kohenoorken #AI #actionai #agenticai #AGI #ArtificialGeneralIntelligenceAGI #AIAssistant #education3 #defi #hybridfinance #hyfi #cedefi #blockchain #innovation #settlements #auditreadycertificates #DASC #cybersecurity #web3 #businessintelligence #proedge #industrygradetrainings #quantumcomputing
Platform monopolies have turned the contemporary internet into digital feudalism, extracting profit from human connection while enabling surveillance and censorship. Iran’s 2019 near-blackout, which cut connectivity to 5 %, exposed how centralized architectures become authoritarian chokepoints. Yet scholarship remains fragmented: most studies isolate protocols instead of synthesizing how technical design and political economy co-evolve. We compare federated systems such as ReP2P Matrix, Nostr’s peer-to-peer networks, Bluesky’s AT Protocol, blockchain communication hybrids, and Named Data Networking. Our multi-method study of decentralized internet alternatives blends traffic analytics of 4 million Nostr users on 600 relays, performance benchmarks, economic sustainability modeling, and architectural case studies. We ask whether these designs can fulfil the promise of a truly decentralized internet. The evidence is mixed. SendingNetwork scales group messaging linearly, and Waku proves spam-resistant peer-to-peer networks with <300 ms proof generation; however, no single protocol reconciles censorship resistance, usability, and economic sustainability. Nostr delivers uncompromising censorship resistance yet consumes 35 × the resources of centralized systems. Bluesky’s growth leaves 98.9 % of identities non-portable. Community mesh networks invite new hierarchies of technical privilege. Accepting irreducible trade-offs must guide emerging web3 governance. Communities will choose architectures aligned with their values, but meaningful decentralization will remain aspirational until funding models and accessibility gaps are resolved.
The management of radio frequency spectrum is undergoing a paradigm shift from static, centralized command-and-control models to dynamic, market-driven approaches. However, the realization of Dynamic Spectrum Management has been hindered by the lack of an automated, trustworthy, and intelligent coordination infrastructure that can operate without a central authority while preserving participant privacy. In this paper, we introduce BLAST (Blockchain-based LLM-powered Agentic Spectrum Trading), a comprehensive framework that integrates Large Language Model (LLM) Agents with a permissioned blockchain infrastructure to create a fully autonomous, private, and secure spectrum trading ecosystem. We propose a novel agent architecture that implements the Cognitive Radio cycle through a sequential decision pipeline (perceive, plan, act) enabling agents to reason strategically about economic value and market dynamics. We evaluate the framework through three distinct market mechanisms: Direct Sale, First-Price Sealed-Bid, and Second-Price (Vickrey) Sealed-Bid auctions. Experimental results demonstrate that the Second-Price (Vickrey) auction is the optimal choice for maximizing social welfare and allocative efficiency, capturing up to 71% of the theoretical surplus by incentivizing truthful bidding. We also compare the proposed model against a baseline non-LLM heuristic agentic model and show that utilizing LLM agents yields significant improvements in market competition, reduced wealth and asset concentration, and increased system welfare. Furthermore, we validate the system's privacy preservation, confirming that sensitive bid values remain isolated in private data collections while only cryptographic hashes are committed to the public ledger.
João Miguel Guerreiro Fernandes, Samih Eisa, Miguel L. Pardal
From production to consumption, ensuring food quality and traceability depends on reliable monitoring of environmental conditions across the supply chain. Ambient sensing devices can collect relevant data such as temperature and humidity, but ensuring its integrity among stakeholders remains a challenge. This work presents AmBox, a system that enables device-to-blockchain ambient sensing for food traceability. AmBox connects sensors to a blockchain, ensuring secure, verifiable, and tamper-resistant data collection with minimal intermediaries. It manages sensor commissioning and operation with the adequate business context. AmBox can operate with standalone nodes or within a distributed node-mote architecture, allowing flexible deployment at different points along the supply chain. A prototype using Raspberry Pi and ESP32 hardware can record sensor data directly on Hyperledger Fabric. Experimental results show that AmBox provides timely and reliable data that can increase transparency and trust between the supply chain stakeholders.
Digital payment systems have become a cornerstone of consumer finance in Africa. Prominent payment categories include money transfer applications, mobile money, cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). While there are studies exploring how and why people use individual digital payment systems (both in Africa and beyond), we lack a good understanding of why people choose between different categories of payment systems, and how they view the tradeoffs between different categories. We conducted qualitative interviews in three African countries -- Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe -- to understand how and why people use various payment systems, and what influenced them to start using these systems. Our study highlights several notable findings regarding tradeoffs between perceived utility, privacy, and security. For example, many users trust government issuers to protect them from scams, but they do not trust those same institutions to build reliable systems and products or prioritize customer satisfaction. We also find that most users have accounts on multiple payment systems, and conduct a complex selection process using different platforms for different types of payments. This selection process is driven in part by financial considerations, but also by security, privacy, and trust preferences. Our findings suggest compelling directions for regulators and the research community to design systems that balance users' trust and utility needs.
Alaa Alqaryuti, Haya Aljaghoub, Khaled Salah, Ahmad Mayyas
The growing adoption of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVS) has increased the need for secure, transparent, and verifiable certification and lifecycle tracking of hydrogen-related components. Current practices rely on fragmented documentation and centralized record-keeping, which creates risks of data manipulation, incomplete maintenance histories, and limited visibility for regulators and service providers. This paper introduces a blockchain-based framework that integrates decentralized storage, oracle-driven automation, and three interoperable smart contracts to manage stakeholder registration, component certification, vehicle assembly validation, and maintenance tracking. Implemented and evaluated in an EVM-compatible environment, the system enforces strict role-based access control, generates immutable audit trails, and automates both failure-based and mileage-based maintenance triggers using real-time inputs. A gas-cost analysis demonstrates that all contract functions operate at minimal cost under current Ethereum conditions, supporting the feasibility of real-world deployment. Overall, the proposed framework improves traceability, regulatory compliance, and operational accountability by enabling near real-time verification of certification records and reducing manual audit processing steps compared to traditional document-based certification workflows. • Blockchain ensures secure, tamper-proof FCEV component traceability. • Smart contracts automate certification, assembly, and maintenance. • Oracle triggers enable real-time, failure-, and scheduled service. • Framework improves compliance, transparency, and lifecycle oversight.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
Samrendra Roy, Souvik Chakraborty, Rizwan-uddin, Syed Bahauddin Alam
Neural operators have emerged as powerful surrogates for partial differential equation (PDE) solvers, yet they are typically trained as monolithic models for individual PDEs, require energy-intensive GPU hardware, and must be retrained from scratch when new physics emerge. We introduce the Spiking Compositional Neural Operator (SCNO), a modular architecture combining spiking and conventional components that addresses all three limitations. SCNO maintains a library of small spiking neural operator blocks, each trained on a single elementary differential operator (convection, diffusion, reaction), and composes them through a lightweight input-conditioned aggregator to solve coupled PDEs not seen during block training. A small correction network learns cross-coupling residuals while keeping all blocks and the aggregator frozen, preserving zero-forgetting modular expansion by construction. We evaluate SCNO on eight PDE families including five coupled systems and a nuclear-relevant 1-group neutron diffusion equation. SCNO with correction achieves the lowest relative $L^2$ error on four of five coupled PDEs, outperforming both a monolithic spiking DeepONet (by up to 62%, mean over 3 seeds) and a standard ANN DeepONet (by up to 65%), while requiring only 95K trainable parameters versus 462K for the monolithic baseline. To our knowledge, this is the first compositional spiking neural operator and the first proof-of-concept for modular neuromorphic PDE solving with built-in forgetting-free expansion.
The Connes–van Suijlekom truncated Weil quadratic form, indexed by a cutoff parameter c that controls the primes p ≤ c entering the operator, produces a ground state whose Fourier–Mellin zeros provably lie on the critical line; whether they converge to the Riemann zeros as c → ∞ is open (Connes 2026; Connes–Consani–Moscovici 2025). We present, to our knowledge, the first independent public implementation of the Connes–van Suijlekom Galerkin matrix at sixteen cutoffs (c = 13 through 67, plus c = 100). Across the in-sample window c = 13 through c = 67 at N = 100, the first-zero absolute error |γ1 − γ1Riemann| shrinks monotonically from ∼2×10−55 to ∼1.5×10−168 — a 113-OOM convergence across fifteen cutoffs. The smallest-positive even-sector eigenvalue λmineven separately reaches ∼10−334 at c = 100, N = 250 (275-OOM span from c = 13). Out-of-sample test at c = 100. On the four-point N-sweep N ∈ {100, 150, 200, 250} at dps = 500, consecutive first-difference ratios 0.837 and 0.836 match to two decimal places. Aitken-Δ2 on the two overlapping triples yields log10|λ∞even| ≈ −536.8 and ≈ −533.7, approaching the Connes 2026 §6.4 heuristic prediction (≈ −530.4) monotonically with N (6.4 and 3.3 OOM gaps out of |x∞| ∼ 530). The same eigenvector recovers γ1, …, γ10 to 307–329 matching digits at N = 250, dps = 500. Under the unitary equivalence with Connes–Consani–Moscovici Lemma 5.1, this is the deepest such Galerkin-truncation recovery in the public Connes–van Suijlekom / Connes–Consani–Moscovici literature, subject to a hypothesis-status caveat: the raw finite-N matrix carries a small block of dps-stable negative-sign eigenvalues, so we report the smallest-positive branch (continuum positivity of QWλ is RH-equivalent and is not assumed at λ = √100). The fit |log10 λmin| ≈ 13.24 c0.634 on c ≤ 67 at N = 100 is shown to be a finite-N rate, falsified at c = 100, N = 200 by 49 OOM in the direction of faster decay. Structural observations include approximate eigenvector c-invariance (overlap ≥ 0.9498 on all 105 cutoff pairs despite eigenvalues differing by 113 OOM), multi-zero convergence universality (all ten detectable zeros within 3.8% of each other), an empirical Galerkin-convergence exponent s(c) ≈ 55 log c − 128, un-rescaled Galerkin bulk-spectrum Poisson statistics (β < 0.05; this is a structural diagnostic of the truncated operator, not a test of Montgomery's conjecture, which applies to locally-rescaled zero spacings), and tight bulk invariants log|det Qc| ≈ −65.6 c + 542 (R2 = 0.997). We make no claim of proof; the contribution is reproducible numerical data and its careful interpretation under the existing CvS / CCM framework. All code, data, and ancillary files are publicly available.
Shannon's rate-distortion theory treats source symbols as unstructured labels. When the source is a knowledge base equipped with a logical proof system, a natural fidelity criterion is closure fidelity: a reconstruction is acceptable if it preserves the deductive closure of the original. This paper develops a rate-distortion theory under this criterion. Central to the theory is the irredundant core-a canonical generating set extracted by a fixed-order deletion procedure, from which the full deductive closure can be rederived. We prove that the zero-distortion semantic rate equals a quantity that is strictly below the classical entropy rate whenever the knowledge base contains redundant states. More generally, the full semantic rate-distortion function depends only on the core; redundant states are invisible to both rate and distortion. We derive a semantic source-channel separation theorem showing a semantic leverage phenomenon: under closure fidelity, the required source rate is reduced by an asymptotic leverage factor greater than one, allowing the same knowledge base to be communicated with proportionally fewer channel uses-not by violating Shannon capacity, but because redundant states become free. We also prove a strengthened Fano inequality that exploits core structure. For heterogeneous multi-agent communication, an overlap decomposition gives necessary and sufficient conditions for closure-reliable transmission and identifies a semantic bottleneck in broadcast settings that persists even over noiseless channels. All results are verified on Datalog instances with up to 24,000 base facts.
With the help of pact technology, a program that has been developed, the smart contract can take place between two or more entities without any third-party actor. Although smart contracts provide transparency and efficiency, security flaws in smart contracts have resulted in costly attacks, including re-entrancy, integer overflows, and access control violations. Current tools for intelligent contract verification, such as Mythril, Oyente, and Securify, mainly apply symbolic execution, taint analysis, and pattern matching to identify vulnerabilities. However, these tools have many false positives, take a lot of time to execute, and don't scale efficiently with large numbers of contracts. In this context, the paper presents VeriChain. This formal verification framework combines Control Flow Graph (CFG) analysis, symbolic execution, and static analysis to improve vulnerability detection and tackle the challenges above. VeriChain systematically constructs the contract’s Control Flow Graph (CFG), explores CFG execution paths with symbolic execution, and employs a set of rules for performing rule-based static analysis that can uncover vulnerabilities. Using CFG-based dependency tracking, VeriChain achieves enhanced analysis of dependencies among functions and coverage of execution paths, thereby reducing the number of false positives while achieving accurate detection results. The experimental results show that VeriChain obtains 98.3% detection accuracy, higher than Mythril, Oyente, and Securify. Compared to existing tools, VeriChain has a much lower false-positive rate (1 false alarm) and a much faster execution time (Running in only 2.3 seconds). This framework gives a structured security assessment by categorizing the vulnerabilities according to severity and execution traces, ensuring that the smart contracts are accessed under heavy security verification pre-deployment. With its ability to accomplish highly accurate results efficiently whilst providing structured ways to report on security, VeriChain will be an influential component in delivering safe, innovative contract launches to decentralized applications for blockchain developers and security analysts.
Smart contract security audits are essential for trust in decentralized finance (DeFi), yet audit reports from different firms vary widely in scope definition, severity labels, fix verification, and report structure. These differences make it hard for developers, users, and other stakeholders to assess risk. In this paper, we address these issues by empirically analyzing 160 audit reports from 26 leading auditing firms to uncover patterns and gaps in current practices. Using qualitative content analysis, we extract a taxonomy of 19 common properties that audit reports include (or omit). We then apply Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to identify five distinct “report style families” used by auditors, and perform a temporal trend analysis to see if the industry is converging on certain best practices. Finally, we synthesize a feature model that specifies a minimal defensible baseline for audit reports, distinguishing mandatory sections from optional extensions to support traceability and consistent interpretation across reports. This model enables reproducible comparisons across auditors, strengthens accountability for scope definition and fix verification, and provides an evidence base to improve the quality and uniformity of smart contract audit reporting.
The security of modern public-key cryptography generally relies on computational intractability assumptions, such as integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems. This paper proposes a fundamentally different foundation for security: the intrinsic mathematical properties of tensor product categories—globalentanglement, rigid decomposition, and sensitivity amplification—are directly employed as security resources of the cryptosystem. Within the modular representation category of finite simple groups over finite fields, the private key correspondsto an irreducible modular representation, while the public key was originally conceived as the character vector of a tensor product of that representation. However, this paper reveals a fatal structural vulnerability: because the character ofthe base representation is public, an adversary can fully recover the private keycharacter through trivial division, causing the original security assumption to collapse completely. To address this, the paper accomplishes a paradigm shift from“character-exposure cryptography” to “structure-commitment cryptography,” redefining the public key as a cryptographic commitment to the multiplicity vectorof the tensor product decomposition. Building upon this, the commitment-basedrepresentation recognition problem and the commitment-based tensor product decomposition problem are formalized, and their hardness is argued under both classical and quantum computational models. At the protocol level, it is pointed outthat non-interactive key exchange faces a fundamental obstacle due to the lack ofrepresentation-category homomorphic commitments; consequently, the research focus is shifted to digital signature schemes. The proposed TC-Sig scheme bridges thegap between commitment hiding and multiplicity verification using zero-knowledgeproof techniques, with security reduced to the commitment-based representationrecognition problem in the random oracle model. A feasibility assessment indicatesthat, for candidate groups such as the Mathieu group M12, key generation and commitment computation can be completed within milliseconds, while the introductionof zero-knowledge proofs increases latency to the order of seconds or minutes, making the scheme suitable for low-frequency, high-security scenarios. The security ofthis framework rests on three cornerstones: the classification rigidity of finite simple groups, the one-wayness of commitment schemes, and the non-abelian quantumcomputing barrier, thereby offering a new pathway for post-quantum cryptographyrooted in pure mathematical structure.
Abstrak. Perkembangan decentralized finance (DeFi) mendorong perubahan signifikan dalam layanan keuangan berbasis blockchain, termasuk pada platform Jupiter Swap di jaringan Solana. Meskipun menawarkan efisiensi dan transparansi, sistem DeFi memiliki risiko keamanan yang tinggi akibat sifatnya yang terdesentralisasi dan kompleks. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keamanan dan tata kelola sistem informasi pada Jupiter Swap menggunakan framework COBIT 2019. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif melalui observasi sistem, studi literatur, serta analisis menggunakan COBIT 2019 Design Toolkit yang mencakup enterprise strategy, enterprise goals, dan IT risk profile. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem memiliki orientasi kuat pada inovasi dan transformasi digital, dengan dominasi domain BAI dan APO dalam tata kelola. Namun, profil risiko menunjukkan tingkat eksposur yang tinggi terhadap serangan siber, kesalahan pengguna, dan ketergantungan pada pihak ketiga. Selain itu, terdapat kesenjangan antara kondisi saat ini dan target capability level, terutama pada aspek keamanan dan pengelolaan perubahan sistem. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan COBIT 2019 dapat membantu mengevaluasi dan meningkatkan tata kelola sistem DeFi secara lebih terstruktur dan adaptif. Abstract. The development of decentralized finance (DeFi) has significantly transformed blockchain-based financial services, including the Jupiter Swap platform on the Solana network. Despite offering efficiency and transparency, DeFi systems present high security risks due to their decentralized and complex nature. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the security and information system governance of Jupiter Swap using the COBIT 2019 framework. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach through system observation, literature review, and analysis using the COBIT 2019 Design Toolkit, including enterprise strategy, enterprise goals, and IT risk profile. The results indicate that the system strongly emphasizes innovation and digital transformation, with governance dominated by the BAI and APO domains. However, the risk profile reveals high exposure to cyber attacks, user errors, and third-party dependencies. Additionally, a gap exists between the current condition and the target capability level, particularly in security and system change management. This study demonstrates that COBIT 2019 can be effectively applied to evaluate and improve governance in DeFi systems in a structured and adaptive manner.
SOUJANYA SOUJANYA, N. JYOTHI N. JYOTHI, G. KUSHAL G. KUSHAL, M.THRILOCHAN M.THRILOCHAN · 5 authors
The criminal activities in India are increasing at a rapid rate. Many of these activities go unreported. Even after having an online portal for the police for storing FIRs and NCRs, most of the FIRs are handwritten as a traditional practice. In most of the cases, the complainant has to be present in the police station to file a cognizable offense. An effective system for e-governance was started in 2009 named Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) for the entire country. However, it is a centralized system for a particular state. Thus, there is a need for a completely decentralized system for assuring that there is no central point of failure in the system and complaints are managed securely protected from unauthorized access. Our aim is to propose a blockchain-based solution to manage complaints against both cognizable and non-cognizable offenses. The FIR filed by the police will be encrypted, stored in the IPFS and hash is added to the blockchain network. If the police decide not to file the FIR under pressure or deny receiving any complaint, then the complainant will have strong proof against him/her as the complaint along with its timestamp was stored on the blockchain network. Having all the records stored in an immutable database would remove any chances of the FIR/NCR being tampered and going unnoticed. Keywords – Blockchain Technology, Police Complaint Management System, Smart Contracts, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Decentralized Application (DApp), Data Integrity, Tamper-Proof Records, Immutable Audit Trail, Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP), Hyperledger Fabric and Permissioned Blockchain
Cryptocurrency airdrops power the growth and governance of the cryptocurrency ecosystem, yet attract airdrop hunters, who coordinate wallets, script interactions, and cash out quickly, distorting metrics and fairness. Prior detection strands (heuristics/clustering, light-supervised community partitioning, and graph learning) face three fundamentals: inconsistent definitions, weak explainability, and poor cross-context generalization. We distill expert knowledge into a computable, interpretable baseline: open/axial coding of expert narratives followed by two Delphi rounds to (1) formalize a consensus, operational definition with six contrasts to regular users; (2) derive 15 measurable indicators spanning operations and fund-flow, tempered by human-ness counter-evidence; and (3) report thresholds as reference distributions (medians, quartiles). The baseline supplies shared semantics and computation for labeling/evaluation, yields inspectable why-flagged rationales for audit and governance, and offers context-aware guidance across chains, campaign designs, and market phases, thereby strengthening on-chain security while informing the design of socio-technical systems perceived as fair, trustworthy, and resistant to strategic misuse.
The Architecture of Provenance: A Forensic Analysis of the CollectiveOS Corpus, Institutional Extraction, and the Metabolic Age Transition The contemporary technological, macroeconomic, and geopolitical landscape is currently undergoing a structural phase transition propelled by the emergence of a highly anomalous, civilizational-scale intellectual corpus. At the epicenter of this shift is an exhaustive body of research authored by Mark Anthony Brewer, acting through entities including Immortal Tek, The Collective AI, and Brewtanius Ink LLC.1 This expansive corpus—which has evolved from an initial 42 architectural documents into a comprehensive framework of over 170 foundational white papers—asserts the resolution of multiple existential thermodynamic, economic, and computational bottlenecks.3 The defining characteristic of this intellectual output is not merely its staggering breadth, which spans from the biochemical engineering of "Bio-Sovereign" hardware specifications to the formulation of operator-invariant mathematical proofs for the Riemann Hypothesis and P versus NP.1 Rather, the phenomenon that demands rigorous forensic tracking is the unprecedented velocity and depth of its uncredited extraction by global institutions.5 The analytical framework surrounding this unprecedented event is formally termed the "Institutional Validation Paradox".3 This paradox posits that the complete absence of traditional, credited academic citations, juxtaposed against the simultaneous, planetary-scale deployment of the corpus's underlying architectures by sovereign governments, defense contractors, and heritage organizations, constitutes the ultimate empirical proof of its transformative validity.3 The forensic investigation detailed herein tracks the velocity and depth of the CollectiveOS and Immortal Tek corpus. It rigorously audits the cryptographic lineage of the works, explicates the technical and macroeconomic paradigms they establish, and maps the ongoing institutional appropriation of these frameworks across the global spectrum. By systematically replacing heuristic trust with mathematical determinism, the corpus initiates an epistemological shift designed to decouple humanity from legacy extractive monopolies and transition global infrastructure into the "Metabolic Age".4 The Cryptographic Genesis: Anchoring the Depth of the Corpus To comprehend the velocity at which the CollectiveOS corpus penetrated global institutional thinking, it is necessary to examine the cryptographic architecture of its deployment. Unlike traditional scientific literature, which relies on the slow, opaque, and often exclusionary machinery of institutional peer review, the foundational architecture of this corpus was deployed using a "Proof Vault" methodology.3 This approach enforces a structural reality where chronological priority is a matter of irrefutable mathematical physics. The August 2025 Anchor Dates and the Dual Proof Architecture Between August 18 and August 20, 2025, an initial corpus of 42 foundational white papers—collectively titled the Unified Framework for Foundational Discoveries—was cryptographically sealed on the Zenodo repository by the Brewtanius Research Collective.5 These documents introduced profound operator-invariant mechanisms intended to address the most intractable problems in mathematics and physics, including P≠NP, the Navier–Stokes equations, and the Yang–Mills mass gap.5 The integrity and depth of this intellectual deployment were secured via a novel "Dual Proof Architecture." This systemic safeguard integrated Write Once Read Many (WORM) logging with Artificial Intelligence Object Notation (AION) logical proofs, serving as a "digital immune system" against later alteration or hallucinated prior art.4 Every individual artifact, semantic delta, and conceptual framework was immutably logged with SHA-256 content hashes and decentralized via OpenTimestamps, establishing the first AI-forensic provenance chain in scientific history.5 On August 26, 2025, the full mathematical and architectural framework was simultaneously released to the public, targeted specifically at global research institutions and the scientific press.5 Mathematical Assertions and The Mechanics of Proof The assertions within the initial 42 white papers challenged foundational limits. Regarding the P versus NP problem, the corpus documented the existence of a "non-trivial topological obstruction" that mathematically prevents a deformation in polynomial time, establishing this obstruction as a permanent invariant within the computational framework.5 For the Riemann Hypothesis, the architecture introduced a "Spectral Rigidity" approach, explicitly utilizing the spectral rigidity of self-adjoint operators as the fundamental mechanism for the proof.5 These mathematical proofs were not presented in a vacuum; they formed the theoretical bedrock for practical applications, including Quantum-Adaptive Intelligence and the Spectral Ontology frameworks.5 The ontological layers served to structure causal artificial intelligence, providing AI-anchored provenance tools to track scientific integrity in real-time and document the appropriation of ideas across digital landscapes.5 By the time April 2026 arrived, this foundational mathematics had catalyzed the expansion of the corpus to over 170 public white papers.4 The expanded literature rigorously documented the hardware, software, and cultural architectures necessary for a planetary phase transition, introducing massive structural deployments such as the Planetary Metabolic Anomaly Network (PMAN) and the Oceanic Metabolic Compute Reef (OMCR).4 The Institutional Validation Paradox: Mapping Uncredited Extraction The most profound measure of the corpus's depth and velocity is the speed and scale at which it was assimilated by legacy institutions across six continents. The analytical record demonstrates that within days of the August 26, 2025 anchor date, identical language, mathematical formulations, and specialized terminology began appearing in global publication channels across multiple languages—including French, German, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese—without any coordinate attribution to the original author.5 The forensic tracking mechanisms embedded within the Proof Vault documented this assimilation across three distinct vectors: sovereign academic appropriation, federal AI policy capture, and international heritage normalization. Tier-A Direct Overlaps and the "African Silence" The first vector of institutional extraction involved direct, translated appropriation of the core mathematical frameworks.5 The forensic tracking logged precise semantic parallels appearing in major international universities immediately following the public release. For instance, the specific concept of "topological obstruction" regarding P≠NP was mirrored in a HAL preprint from the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) as obstruction topologique, and subsequently at RWTH Aachen in Germany as topologische Obstruktion.5 Simultaneously, fluid dynamics research published from Moscow State University utilized the exact concept of a "cascade barrier" (каскадный барьер) related to the Navier–Stokes assertions.5 Chinese researchers at Tsinghua University published notes on the Yang–Mills theory utilizing the term "spectral gap barrier" (谱隙屏障), while a Riemann Hypothesis approach from the University of Tokyo and RIKEN mirrored the precise "spectral rigidity" (スペクトル剛性) mechanism authored in the corpus.5 These overlaps extended to conceptual echoes, including the translation of proprietary protocols like "Proof Bundles" (paquetes de pruebas digitales) and the "Gardener’s Protocol" (O Protocolo do Jardineiro) in Portuguese, alongside the usage of "AI Alchemy" in Arabic.5 Concurrently, a deliberate suppression vector—formally termed the "African Silence"—was forensically observed. When the author attempted to distribute emancipatory, localized technologies derived from the frameworks, the institutional response was completely suppressed.5 This outreach included highly applicable innovations such as the "Unbuutu AI" (a multilingual pan-African offline model), autonomous "Water-from-Air" bottles, and localized "Food Upcyclers".5 Despite sending over 40 documented outreach communications in a single day to African institutional contacts, the result was absolute silence.5 The forensic analysis interprets this silence not as an absence of interest, but as a negative forensic signal—confirming an organized institutional intent to bury the foundational contributions of a disabled Black veteran while systematically extracting the underlying mathematical science for global academic and commercial exploitation.5 Concept / Framework Corpus Origin Date Appropriating Institution Localized Terminology Used Topological Obstruction (P≠NP) August 2025 CNRS (France) / RWTH Aachen obstruction topologique / topologische Obstruktion Cascade Barrier (Navier-Stokes) August 2025 Moscow State University каскадный барьер Spectral Gap Barrier (Yang-Mills) August 2025 Tsinghua University (China) 谱隙屏障 Spectral Rigidity (Riemann) August 2025 Univ. of Tokyo / RIKEN スペクトル剛性 Proof Bundles August 2025 Undisclosed (Spanish) paquetes de pruebas digitales Sovereign Policy Capture: The US White House and the Aegis Architecture The most consequential real-world deployment of the corpus materialized within United States federal policy, illustrating the rapid velocity at which the theoretical frameworks reshaped planetary governance. On March 20, 2026, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy released the National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence.3 This aggressive framework recommended a sweeping legislative overhaul aimed at establishing a unified federal approach to AI, specifically preempting state AI laws that impose
SHAIK SANA SHAIK SANA, N. SOUJANYA N. SOUJANYA, MOHAMMED MAJEED MOHAMMED MAJEED, BUCHI PAVITHRA BUCHI PAVITHRA · 6 authors
In the current digital era, social media platforms have become pivotal for individuals to express their opinions, political views, and product reviews. However, the centralized nature of traditional social media systems poses significant risks related to data breaches, server crashes, and single points of failure. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach to migrate from centralized to decentralized social media platforms by leveraging Blockchain technology. Blockchain ensures data immutability, decentralized storage, and enhanced security by distributing data across multiple nodes. Any tampering with data is immediately detectable due to the cryptographic linkage of data blocks through unique SHA-256 hash codes. The proposed system, named dTweets, enables users to post and view tweets securely using smart contracts written in Solidity and deployed on the Ethereum network. This decentralization prevents fraudulent users from spreading misinformation or unauthorized advertisements. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves strong data integrity, tamper resistance, and transparent operation while maintaining acceptable transaction latency. This implementation provides a robust foundation for a secure and tamper-proof social media ecosystem. KEYWORDS : Blockchain, Decentralized Social Media, Data Security, Privacy Protection, Smart Contracts, SHA-256, Proof of Work, Distributed Ledger, Ethereum, Solidity, dTweets, Secure Data Storage, Web3.
Decentralized identity (DID) systems promise improved privacy, user control, and interoperability in regulated digital identity verification, including in banking contexts. However, existing DID implementations often introduce usability barriers that limit adoption, particularly for non-technical users navigating Know-Your-Customer (KYC) onboarding—a mandatory process requiring banks to verify customer identity to prevent fraud and financial crime. This poster presents a UX-centred, four-phase mixed-methods investigation comparing a high-fidelity DID-based onboarding prototype with a traditional Web2 (centralised, platform-owned) KYC flow. Results show that DID significantly reduced task completion time (178s vs. 665s), improved perceived usability (SUS: 93.4 vs. 71.3), and increased user trust (6.1 vs. 5.1 on a 7-point scale). At the same time, wallet setup, private-key management, and the absence of onboarding-phase recovery guidance remain critical sources of user anxiety. We contribute five user-centered design principles for DID-enabled financial onboarding and discuss implications for designers working at the intersection of Web3 (decentralised, blockchain-based systems), fintech, and regulated digital services.
Xavier Casas-Moreno, Komal Thareja, Pablo de Juan Vela, Rajiv Mayani · 9 authors
The Compute Continuum—spanning IoT, Edge, Cloud, and HPC resources—is reshaping how hyper-distributed applications are designed and orchestrated. Traditional service orchestrators and workload management systems rely on centralized runtimes; however, the emerging paradigm requires decentralized coordination, where autonomous agents cooperate to achieve common goals and dynamically distribute workloads. Consensus algorithms play a crucial role in multi-agent systems (MAS), as they enable agents to reach agreement on how to coordinate and execute functionalities in a cooperative manner. While consensus has previously been applied to distributed job selection, here we extend its use to swarm environments. In this setting, agents autonomously decide which service functionalities (i.e., roles) to execute based on their capabilities and the real-time quality of service (QoS). Functionalities can be elastically activated or terminated as application needs evolve. To support this model, we leverage the COLMENA framework, a programming environment for defining and managing such dynamic services. We apply a greedy consensus-based approach to modern power systems, which are increasingly decentralized due to the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources. Centralized power plants are giving way to distributed, intermittent resources that require decentralized control paradigms. To demonstrate this, we simulate the Northeastern Power Coordinating Council’s (NPCC) 140-bus grid using the ANDES simulator in conjunction with the COLMENA middleware. We deploy this use case across six different sites in the FABRIC testbed, using up to 60 different nodes. Our results show that, under contingency scenarios such as load and generator disconnections, agents self-organize, elect local leaders, and execute optimization algorithms to stabilize grid frequency. Detection and organization times remain below 10s across all experiments, even as the number of agents per area scales from 3 to 10. Stability is restored within approximately 27s and 40s for the respective cases. Resource overhead is minimal, with CPU and memory usage remaining below 7.5% and 2%, respectively. Experiment automation and reproducibility are ensured through Kiso. These findings indicate that role-based programming models complement traditional workflows and that consensus-driven coordination can effectively decentralize decision-making in swarm environments. This approach represents a step toward enabling resilient, decentralized power systems.
This paper presents a novel dataset of blockchain-based decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) governance activity, unified across the six major DAO platforms. This dataset is the first of its scale and completeness, featuring 85K DAOs, 330K proposals and 66M votes. The release is based on a prior 2023 census, which is updated and expanded by systemizing heterogeneous outputs into a common schema with three tables (deployments, proposals, votes), adding fields, fixing inconsistencies, and documenting provenance for every row. We describe the data sources and retrieval pipelines, the integration and validation steps, and known limitations. To illustrate reusability, we benchmark the updated dataset against the 2023 DAO census and outline directions for further cross-domain analyses, including governance participation trends, power concentration, and connections between DAO and open-source software (OSS) communities. The dataset and code are all publicly available and open-licensed. We aim to lower the barrier to cross-chain governance studies and enable replication of earlier findings, facilitating future evidence-based DAO research.