As the interaction between companies becomes more and more complex, the problems of asymmetric information, weak traceability, and low collaboration efficiency in the traditional centralized supply chain are becoming increasingly prominent. To solve these problems, this paper designs a supply chain system based on blockchain. With the help of trade chain and information chain platforms, an overall framework of the supply chain system is constructed. By formulating platform interaction rules, the system information exchange format is standardized to ensure the stability and efficiency of system interaction. Smart contracts are used to manage supply chain system transactions and information interactions to achieve efficient and convenient information sharing, ensuring the security and reliability of supply chain information. The comprehensive performance of the system is evaluated through experiments. Experimental results indicate that while the system realizes the basic functions of the supply chain, it can promote the sharing of information between participants and improve its efficiency.
The development and adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHR) and health monitoring Internet of Things (IoT) Devices have enabled digitization of patient records and has also substantially transformed the healthcare delivery system in aspects such as remote patient monitoring, healthcare decision making, and medical research. However, data tends to be fragmented among health infrastructures and prevents interoperability of medical data at the point of care. In order to address this gap, we introduce BlockIoT that uses blockchain technology to transfer previously inaccessible and centralized data from medical devices to EHR systems, which provides greater insight to providers who can, in turn, provide better outcomes for patients. This notion of interoperability of medical device data is possible through an Application Programming Interface (API), which serves as a versatile endpoint for all incoming medical device data, a distributed file system that ensures data resilience, and knowledge templates that analyze, identify, and represent medical device data to providers. Our participatory design survey on BlockIoT demonstrates that BlockIoT is a suitable system to supplement physicians' clinical practice and increases efficiency in most healthcare specialties, including cardiology, pulmonology, endocrinology, and primary care.
In the last four years, the evolution and adoption of blockchain and, more generally, distributed ledger systems have shown the affirmation of many concepts and models with significant differences in system governance and suitable applications. This work aims to analyze distributed ledger technology (DLT) critically. Starting from the topical idea of decentralization, we introduce concepts and building blocks currently adopted in the available systems centering on their functional aspects and impact on possible applications. We present some conceptual framing tools helpful in the application context: a DLT reference architecture, off-chain and on-chain governance models, and classification of consensus protocols. Finally, we introduce the concept of process authenticity, reviewing tools and strategies for integrating DLT with the physical world and proposing a constructive scheme for the authentication of a physical resource through alphanumeric data.
Anggun Mugi Mabruroh, Favian Dewanta, Aulia Arif Wardana
Pada penelitian ini mengusulkan pembuatan perangkat Internet of Things yaitu smart energy meter dengan menerapkan sistem blockchain sebagai database. Internet of Things memiliki sistem penyimpanan secara terpusat pada database server, jika server down maka database tidak dapat digunakan dan data kemungkinan akan hilang. Terdapat sistem penyimpanan yang memiliki jaringan desentralisasi dan terdistribusi yaitu blockchain. Sistem blockchain pribadi dibuat menggunakan framework Ethereum. Data sensor akan dibaca oleh Raspberry Pi 4B dan dikirimkan ke node 1 melalui MQTT. Node 1 akan menyimpan data ke blok. Dua node akun Ethereum akan memvalidasi blok tersebut. Jika diterima maka blok akan disimpan pada blockchain dan membuat rantai blok baru. Dalam proses penyimpanan memiliki smart contract antar akun Ethereum yang dibuat menggunakan solidity dan diakses menggunakan web3 API. Data yang berhasil disimpan akan ditampilkan ke web pengguna. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran performa protokol MQTT dan sistem blockchain jika dibandingkan dengan database tradisional, maka blockchain kurang cepat dalam proses penyimpanan karena terdapat proses transaksi dan verifikasi data. Namun jika diterapkan pada data smart energy meter tidak masalah karena waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses penyimpanan maksimal 1 menit saja cukup. Jumlah node dan ukuran data atau blok tidak mempengaruhi kinerja algoritma konsensus proof of authority.
Mary Subaja Christo, V. Elizabeth Jesi, Uma Priyadarsini, V. Anbarasu · 6 authors
Hospital data management is one of the functional parts of operations to store and access healthcare data. Nowadays, protecting these from hacking is one of the most difficult tasks in the healthcare system. As the user’s data collected in the field of healthcare is very sensitive, adequate security measures have to be taken in this field to protect the networks. To maintain security, an effective encryption technology must be utilised. This paper focuses on implementing the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) technique, a lightweight authentication approach to share the data effectively. Many researches are in place to share the data wirelessly, among which this work uses Electronic Medical Card (EMC) to store the healthcare data. The work discusses two important data security issues: data authentication and data confidentiality. To ensure data authentication, the proposed system employs a secure mechanism to encrypt and decrypt the data with a 512-bit key. Data confidentiality is ensured by using the Blockchain ledger technique which allows ethical users to access the data. Finally, the encrypted data is stored on the edge device. The edge computing technology is used to store the medical reports within the edge network to access the data in a very fast manner. An authenticated user can decrypt the data and process the data at optimum speed. After processing, the updated data is stored in the Blockchain and in the cloud server. This proposed method ensures secure maintenance and efficient retrieval of medical data and reports.
In this paper, we demonstrate the multiple points of innovation when combining blockchain technology with Internet of Things (IoT) and security frameworks. The deployment and use of IoT device networks in smart city environments has produced an enormous amount of data. The fact that those data are possessed by multiple sources that use independent systems for data collection, storage, and use impedes the exploitation of their value. Blockchains, as distributed ledgers, can be used for addressing the development of a universal system for data collection and distribution. Smart contracts can be used to automate all the processes of such a network, while at the same time, blockchain and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) protect sensitive data through anonymity and distributed storage. An innovative and open IoT blockchain market of applications, data, and services is proposed that: (i) provides the framework upon which objects and people can exchange value in form of virtual currencies, for assets (data and services) received; (ii) defines the motivation incentives according to social and business context for humans and smart objects to interact. The specific marketplace is piloted through a cross-border trial between Santander and Fujisawa, in the context of the M-Sec project, validating thus the interoperability, efficiency, and data protection principles.
As the world calls it, data is the new oil. With vast installments of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) infrastructure, data is produced at a rate like never before. Similarly, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) solutions are getting integrated to numerous services, making them “smarter.” However, the data remain fragmented in individual organizational silos inhibiting data value extraction to its full potential. Digital marketplaces are emerging to allow data owners to monetize these data. Yet concerns, such as privacy, security, and unfair payment settlement deter adoption of such platforms. In addition, the state-of-the-art platforms are under the control of large multinational corporations with no transparency between the buyer and seller in terms of payment details, listing, data discovery, and storage. In this work, a novel decentralized platform of a digital data marketplace for IoT data has been proposed. The platform leverages a decentralized data streaming network to host IoT data in a reliable and fault-tolerant manner. The platform ensures fair trading, data storage, and delivery in a privacy-preserving manner and trust metric calculation for actors in the network. In order to study the feasibility of the proposed platform, an opensource library is developed using Hyperledger Fabric and data network layer built on VerneMQ, the library is deployed on a real-time Google cloud platform. The library is tested and results are analyzed for throughput, overheads, and scalability.
Oluwashina Joseph Ajayi, Joseph Rafferty, José Santos, Matías García-Constantino · 5 authors
The scale of Internet of Things (IoT) systems has expanded in recent times and, in tandem with this, IoT solutions have developed symbiotic relationships with technologies, such as edge Computing. IoT has leveraged edge computing capabilities to improve the capabilities of IoT solutions, such as facilitating quick data retrieval, low latency response, and advanced computation, among others. However, in contrast with the benefits offered by edge computing capabilities, there are several detractors, such as centralized data storage, data ownership, privacy, data auditability, and security, which concern the IoT community. This study leveraged blockchain’s inherent capabilities, including distributed storage system, non-repudiation, privacy, security, and immutability, to provide a novel, advanced edge computing architecture for IoT systems. Specifically, this blockchain-based edge computing architecture addressed centralized data storage, data auditability, privacy, data ownership, and security. Following implementation, the performance of this solution was evaluated to quantify performance in terms of response time and resource utilization. The results show the viability of the proposed and implemented architecture, characterized by improved privacy, device data ownership, security, and data auditability while implementing decentralized storage.
Do Hai Son, Tran Thi Thuy Quynh, Tran Viet Khoa, Dinh Thai Hoang · 9 authors
A smart grid is an important application in Industry 4.0 with a lot of new technologies and equipment working together. Hence, sensitive data stored in the smart grid is vulnerable to malicious modification and theft. This paper proposes a framework to build a smart grid based on a highly effective private Ethereum network. Our framework provides a real smart grid that includes modern hardware and a smart contract to secure data in the blockchain network. To obtain high throughput but a low uncle rate, the difficulty calculation method used in the mining process of the Ethereum consensus mechanism is modified to adapt to the practical smart grid setup. The performance in terms of throughput and latency are evaluated by simulation and verified by the real smart grid setup. The enhanced private Ethereum-based smart grid has significantly better performance than the public one. Moreover, this framework can be applied to any system used to store data in the Ethereum network.
Roberto Saia, Alessandro Sebastian Podda, Livio Pompianu, Diego Reforgiato Recupero · 5 authors
In recent decades, modern societies are experiencing an increasing adoption of interconnected smart devices. This revolution involves not only canonical devices such as smartphones and tablets, but also simple objects like light bulbs. Named the Internet of Things (IoT), this ever-growing scenario offers enormous opportunities in many areas of modern society, especially if joined by other emerging technologies such as, for example, the blockchain. Indeed, the latter allows users to certify transactions publicly, without relying on central authorities or intermediaries. This work aims to exploit the scenario above by proposing a novel blockchain-based distributed paradigm to secure localization services, here named the Internet of Entities (IoE). It represents a mechanism for the reliable localization of people and things, and it exploits the increasing number of existing wireless devices and blockchain-based distributed ledger technologies. Moreover, unlike most of the canonical localization approaches, it is strongly oriented towards the protection of the users' privacy. Finally, its implementation requires minimal efforts since it employs the existing infrastructures and devices, thus giving life to a new and wide data environment, exploitable in many domains, such as e-health, smart cities, and smart mobility.
In recent years, blockchain networks have attracted significant attention in many research areas beyond cryptocurrency, one of them being the Edge of Things (EoT) that is enabled by the combination of edge computing and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this context, blockchain networks enabled with unique features, such as decentralization, immutability, and traceability, have the potential to reshape and transform the conventional EoT systems with higher security levels. Particularly, the convergence of blockchain and EoT leads to a new paradigm, calledBEoTthat has been regarded as a promising enabler for future services and applications. In this article, we present a state-of-the-art review of recent developments in the BEoT technology and discover its great opportunities in many application domains. We start our survey by providing an updated introduction to blockchain and EoT along with their recent advances. Subsequently, we discuss the use of BEoT in a wide range of industrial applications, from smart transportation, smart city, smart healthcare to smart home, and smart grid. Security challenges in the BEoT paradigm are also discussed and analyzed, with some key services, such as access authentication, data privacy preservation, attack detection, and trust management. Finally, some key research challenges and future directions are also highlighted to instigate further research in this promising area.
Bitcoin is an innovative and path-breaking technology that has influenced numerous industries across the globe. It is a form of digital currency (cryptocurrency) that can be used for trading and has the potential to replace fiat money, where the underlying infrastructure is called Blockchain. The Blockchain is an open ledger that provides decentralization, transparency, immutability, and confidentiality. Blockchain can be used in enormous applications, such as healthcare, logistics, supply chain management, the IoT, and so forth. Most of the industrial applications rely on the permissioned blockchain. However, the permissioned blockchain fails in some aspects, such as interoperability among different platforms. This paper suggests a sustainable system to solve the interoperability issue of the permissioned blockchain by designing a new infrastructure. This work has been tested in ethereum and hyperledger frameworks, which obtained a success rate of 100 percent.
Abstract In recent times, advanced developments in healthcare sector result in the generation of massive amounts of electronic health records (EHRs). EHR system enables the data owner to control his/her data and share it with designated people. The vast volume of data in the healthcare system makes it difficult for data to ensure security and diagnostic processes. To resolve these issues, this paper develops a new hyperledger blockchain enabled secure medical data management with deep learning (DL)-based diagnosis (HBESDM-DLD) model. The presented model involves distinct stages of operations such as encryption, optimal key generation, hyperledger blockchain-based secure data management, and diagnosis. The presented model allows the user to control access to data, permit the hospital authorities to read/write data, and alert emergency contacts. For encryption, SIMON block cipher technique is applied. At the same time, to improve the efficiency of the SIMON technique, a group teaching optimization algorithm (GTOA) is applied for the optimal key generation of the SIMON technique. Moreover, the sharing of medical data takes place using multi-channel hyperledger blockchain that utilizes a blockchain for storing patient visit data and for the medical institutions to record links for the EHRs saved in external databases. Once the data are decrypted at the receiving end, finally, variational autoencoder (VAE)-based diagnostic model is applied to detect the existence of the diseases. The performance validation of the HBESDM-DLD model takes place on benchmark medical dataset and the results are inspected under various performance measures. The experimental results proves that the HBESDM-DLD methodology is superior to state-of-the-art methods.
Blockchain technology is fast becoming the most transformative technology of recent times and has created hype and optimism, gaining much attention from the public and private sectors. It has been widely deployed in decentralized crypto currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Bitcoin is the success story of a public blockchain application that propelled intense research and development into blockchain technology. However, scalability remains a crucial challenge. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum are encountering low-efficiency issues with low throughput, high transaction latency, and huge energy consumption. The scalability issue in public Blockchains is hindering the provision of optimal solutions to businesses and industries. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the public blockchain scalability issue and challenges. The scope of this SLR includes an in-depth investigation into the scalability problem of public blockchain, associated fundamental factors, and state-of-art solutions. This project managed to extract 121 primary papers from major scientific databases such as Scopus, IEEE explores, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The synthesis of these 121 articles revealed that scalability in public blockchain is not a singular term. A variety of factors are allied to it, with transaction throughput being the most discussed factor. In addition, other interdependent vita factors include storages, block size, number of nodes, energy consumption, latency, and cost. Generally, each term is somehow directly or indirectly reliant on the consensus model embraced by the blockchain nodes. It is also noticed that the contemporary available consensus models are not efficient in scalability and thus often fail to provide good QoS (throughput and latency) for practical industrial applications. Our findings exemplify that the Internet of Things (IoT) would be the leading application of blockchain in industries such as energy, finance, resource management, healthcare, education, and agriculture. These applications are, however, yet to achieve much-desired outcomes due to scalability issues. Moreover, Onchain and offchain are the two major categories of scalability solutions. Sagwit, block size expansion, sharding, and consensus mechanisms are examples of onchain solutions. Offchain, on the other hand, is a lighting network.
Lik‐Hang Lee, Tristan Braud, Pengyuan Zhou, Lin Wang · 9 authors
Since the popularisation of the Internet in the 1990s, the cyberspace has kept evolving. We have created various computer-mediated virtual environments including social networks, video conferencing, virtual 3D worlds (e.g., VR Chat), augmented reality applications (e.g., Pokemon Go), and Non-Fungible Token Games (e.g., Upland). Such virtual environments, albeit non-perpetual and unconnected, have bought us various degrees of digital transformation. The term `metaverse' has been coined to further facilitate the digital transformation in every aspect of our physical lives. At the core of the metaverse stands the vision of an immersive Internet as a gigantic, unified, persistent, and shared realm. While the metaverse may seem futuristic, catalysed by emerging technologies such as Extended Reality, 5G, and Artificial Intelligence, the digital `big bang' of our cyberspace is not far away. This survey paper presents the first effort to offer a comprehensive framework that examines the latest metaverse development under the dimensions of state-of-the-art technologies and metaverse ecosystems, and illustrates the possibility of the digital `big bang'. First, technologies are the enablers that drive the transition from the current Internet to the metaverse. We thus examine eight enabling technologies rigorously - Extended Reality, User Interactivity (Human-Computer Interaction), Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Computer Vision, Edge and Cloud computing, and Future Mobile Networks. In terms of applications, the metaverse ecosystem allows human users to live and play within a self-sustaining, persistent, and shared realm. Therefore, we discuss six user-centric factors -- Avatar, Content Creation, Virtual Economy, Social Acceptability, Security and Privacy, and Trust and Accountability. Finally, we propose a concrete research agenda for the development of the metaverse.
Abderahman Rejeb, Karim Rejeb, Steven J. Simske, John G. Keogh
Blockchain can function as a foundational technology with numerous applications in smart cities. The objective of this paper is twofold. First, it provides a detailed overview of the extant literature on blockchain applications in smart cities; second, it reveals the trends and suggests future research directions for scholars who wish to contribute to this rapidly growing field. We conducted a bibliometric review using a keyword co-occurrence network and article co-citation analysis. The analysis includes the assessment of 148 articles published between 2016 and 2020 in 76 academic journals. The review results demonstrate that the number of articles devoted to the study of blockchain applications and smart cities has increased exponentially in recent years. More importantly, the research identifies some of the most influential studies in this area. The paper discusses trends and highlights the challenges related to the deployment of blockchain in smart cities. To the authors' best knowledge, this represents the first study to review the literature from leading journals on blockchain applications in smart cities using bibliometric techniques.
Mohiuddin Ahmed, Nour Moustafa, A. F. M. Suaib Akhter, Imran Razzak · 8 authors
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is creating a massive impact in a wide range of applications. In addition, with the forthcoming 5G and 6G technologies, vehicular ad-hoc networks will have pioneer advancements. However, security concerns are not well addressed, as vehicular networks should be deployed at a large scale. To address the security concerns, especially to ensure secure emergency message transmission, a blockchain-based protocol is proposed in this paper, where one of the blockchains is to store the authentication information of the vehicle, and another one to store and distribute blockchain services. Experimental analysis revealed that the proposed blockchain-based protocols are superior than the existing ones in terms of several metrics.
Blockchain technology appears to be the ideal solution for storing data in a transparent and decentralized manner. It also allows open access to data and enhances its immutable nature. This technology has helped prove its usefulness in several industries so far, however, distributed ledger technology does not work as a pure database. Therefore, some problems occur in accessing data. Querying data in the blockchain leads to performance and bandwidth problems. This primarily occurs because the blockchain does not have a primary query language, unlike regular databases. The distributed nature of the blockchain is in this case an obstacle. In this paper, a safe and fast method will be proposed to retrieve consistent data from the blockchain-based on the smart contract that will be opened after completing the transaction procedures. All nodes will sign the proposed transaction (by adding a special hash to each node resulting from the transaction information and node data). Upon completion of Transaction procedures, A smart contract will be opened (in which a QR is placed) resulting from converting the signatures in the transaction to QR When the smart contract data is retrieved, the QR for each transaction will be used All node signatures and transaction data will be extracted. The data will be retrieved by the QR generated for each transaction after it is stored in all nodes servers participating in the system. A new method was proposed to generate a hash for each node present in the system. The proposed method was tested in terms of time and complexity, and the algorithm was statistically analyzed, and all the results proved successful.
Beatriz Soret, Lam Duc Nguyen, Jan Seeger, Arne Bröring · 10 authors
An Intelligent IoT Environment (iIoTe) is comprised of heterogeneous devices that can collaboratively execute semi-autonomous IoT applications, examples of which include highly automated manufacturing cells or autonomously interacting harvesting machines. Energy efficiency is key in such edge environments, since they are often based on an infrastructure that consists of wireless and battery-run devices, e.g., e-tractors, drones, Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)s and robots. The total energy consumption draws contributions from multiple iIoTe technologies that enable edge computing and communication, distributed learning, as well as distributed ledgers and smart contracts. This paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of these technologies and illustrates their functionality and performance, with special attention to the tradeoff among resources, latency, privacy and energy consumption. Finally, the paper provides a vision for integrating these enabling technologies in energy-efficient iIoTe and a roadmap to address the open research challenges.
Kashif Mehboob Khan, Junaid Arshad, Waheed Iqbal, Sidrah Abdullah · 5 authors
Abstract Cloud computing is an important technology for businesses and individual users to obtain computing resources over the Internet on-demand and flexibly. Although cloud computing has been adopted across diverse applications, the owners of time-and-performance critical applications require cloud service providers’ guarantees about their services, such as availability and response times. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are a mechanism to communicate and enforce such guarantees typically represented as service level objectives (SLOs), and financial penalties are imposed on SLO violations. Due to delays and inaccuracies caused by manual processing, an automatic method to periodically verify SLA terms in a transparent and trustworthy manner is fundamental to effective SLA monitoring, leading to the acceptance and credibility of such service to the customers of cloud services. This paper presents a blockchain-based distributed infrastructure that leverages fundamental blockchain properties to achieve immutable and trustworthy SLA monitoring within cloud services. The paper carries out an in-depth empirical investigation for the scalability of the proposed system in order to address the challenge of transparently enforcing real-time monitoring of cloud-hosted services leveraging blockchain technology. This will enable all the stakeholders to enforce accurate execution of SLA without any imprecisions and delays by maintaining an immutable ledger publicly across blockchain network. The experimentation takes into consideration several attributes of blockchain which are critical in achieving optimum performance. The paper also investigates key characteristics of these factors and their impact to the behaviour of the system for further scaling it up under various cases for increased service utilization.
Victor Takashi Hayashi, Felipe Valencia de Almeida, Andrea E. Komo
This paper describes a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) testbed that enables Bitcoin experimentation in real-time with energy consumption. The Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure enables practical activities considering a remote lab paradigm to allow students and enthusiasts to obtain a deep understanding of Blockchain technology, considering higher cognitive domains according to the Bloom taxonomy. The proposed solution is validated with an open-source Bitcoin miner implementation in Verilog, mobile, and web interfaces for energy consumption monitoring. This testbed may be used to foster Verilog design challenges for FPGA devices that provide a suitable solution considering performance and energy consumption metrics.
Binary Attestation (BA) ist ein Sicherheitsmechanismus, der schon lange zur Sicherstellung der Integrität der auszuführenden Software auf einem Computerssystem verwendet wird. Dies wird durch die Anwendung der Konzepte von Trusted Computing Technologie erreicht. Die Konzepte der Trusted Computing Technologie sind: Trusted Platform Module (TPM), measured/trusted boot und Linux Integrity Measurement Architecture (IMA). Damit die Vertrauenswürdigkeit des Betriebszustandes des Systems überprüft werden kann, wird eine Logdatei erstellt. Diese enthält den Dateinamen und die Hash-Summe der Softwarekomponenten, welche an das TPM gebunden wird. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt kann eine entfernte Partei (Verifier) die Evidenz verifizieren, um zu sehen, ob der Betriebszustand des Systems vertrauenswürdig ist. Dies wird als Remote Attestation (RA) bezeichnet.Auf den Systemen im Bereich der Cyber-physische Systeme (z. B.: Energie Netze und Kernkraftwerke) und im Bereich der Verkehrsmittel (z. B.: Züge und Automobil Fahrzeuge) laufen mehrere Anwendungen von verschiedenen Herstellern. Bei bisherigen Ansätzen der BA, werden alle Einträge der Logdatei von allen laufenden Anwendungen aller Hersteller während der RA an die entfernte Partei preisgegeben. Daher gewährleistet die Binary Remote Attestation keine Privatheit. Diese Masterarbeit adressiert die genannte Schwäche von der Binary Remote Attestation indem es eine Privacy-Preserving Remote Attestation Ansatz erstellt. Im Kern der Arbeitsteht die Konzeptionierung eines Ansatzes, welches den Trusted Computing Sektor mit Privacy-Enhancing Technologie verknüpft. Der Ansatz bewahrt die Privatheit, indem alle Logeinträge verschleiert werden. Dabei werden dem Verifier nur die jeweilig zugehörigen Einträge offengelegt. Dadurch kann der Attester dem Verifier durch die Anwendung des Schnorr Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proofs über eine elliptische Kurve (Schnorr-Signatur) beweisen, dass es sich bei den ausgeblendeten Einträgen um die tatsächlich laufende Anwendung auf dem System des Attesters handelt, ohne die anderen Einträge preiszugeben. Dieser Ansatz wird in dieser Arbeit als Proof-of-Concept umgesetzt. Die Leistung und die Privatheit des Proof-of-Concepts wurden in dieser Arbeit analysiert. Hierdruch wird gezeigt, dass die Privatheit gegenüber der entfernten Partei gewährleistet wird, während die Integrität und Authentizität des Betriebszustands des Systems vom Attester sichergestellt wird. Die Gewährleistung der Privatheit geht allerdings mit einem Anstieg der benötigten Ressourcen einher.