Zhenyu Zhou, Bingchen Wang, Mianxiong Dong, Kaoru Ota
Smart grid has emerged as a successful application of cyber-physical systems in the energy sector. Among numerous key technologies of the smart grid, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) provides a promising solution to reduce the level of demand-supply mismatch by leveraging the bidirectional energy-trading capabilities of electric vehicles. In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient V2G energy trading framework by exploring blockchain, contract theory, and edge computing. First, we develop a consortium blockchain-based secure energy trading mechanism for V2G. Then, we consider the information asymmetry scenario, and propose an efficient incentive mechanism based on contract theory. The social welfare optimization problem falls into the category of difference of convex programming and is solved by using the iterative convex-concave procedure algorithm. Next, edge computing has been incorporated to improve the successful probability of block creation. The computational resource allocation problem is modeled as a two-stage: 1) Stackelberg leader-follower game and 2) the optimal strategies are obtained by using the backward induction approach. Finally, the performance of the proposed framework is validated via numerical results and theoretical analysis.
Blockchain technique, with the novelties of decentralization, smart contract, security and cooperative autonomy, is expected to play great effects on promoting the development of energy local networks (ELNs). This paper presents an automated demand response (ADR) framework for decentralized scheduling and secure peer-to-peer (P2P) trading among energy storage systems in ELNs. Different from most existing works that trade electricity over long distances and through complex meshes, this proposed work performs decentralized and automated demand response through energy sharing of P2P executors. We explore for the first time the benefits of a promising blockchain to conduct the overall ADR framework and increase the P2P trading security. To achieve decentralized scheduling without relying on a central entity, a price-incentive noncooperative game theoretic model is introduced to produce equilibrium solutions for energy storage systems. Moreover, we develop a schedulable ability evaluation system to match trading pairs involving buying and selling nodes. On this basis, a state-machine-driven smart contract mechanism is built to realize P2P trading without reliance on a trusted third party. To illustrate the implementation details of the ADR method, a distributed algorithm is designed. Case studies are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Distribution system operators (DSOs) are interested in demand side participation programs as an efficient and secure resource to manage electricity supply and demand. However, it is usually difficult for DSOs to aggregate demand response of large/small consumers. Thus, in some electricity markets, an entity called an aggregator is defined to aggregate the load response of consumers. In this paper a bilevel scheduling model is proposed to determine the long-term optimal contract price between the DSO and aggregator for executing direct load control in smart distribution systems. The DSO and aggregator are considered as two different agents with individual objectives in the proposed bilevel scheduling model. On the one hand, the aggregator maximizes its profit by bidding load reduction of the large consumers to the DSO by executing a direct load control (DLC) mechanism, and on the other hand, the DSO tries to minimize its overall cost to supply all consumers. The DSO has two options to follow the variation of its consumers' demand: purchasing energy from the electricity market and executing DLC programs. The bilevel programming formulation is transferred into an equivalent single level programming problem using its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions. Moreover, the uncertainties of the electricity market price, demand of consumers, and generation of a wind power plant are modeled via point estimate method. Two typical case studies are implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling model.
One of the pressing legal questions of the energy transition is how to integrate âprosumersâ, consumers who start producing electricity, in the electricity market. So far, their influence remains limited or fully absent because their role as independent market participants is barely or not facilitated as they are usually subject to regulated remuneration schemes. Blockchain technology offers changing the approach of âintegration in the marketâ into âbecoming the marketâ by enabling peer-to-peer transactions. Currently, transactions are facilitated by third parties, suppliers and system operators, whose main task is centrally compiling and coordinating information on loads and generation and contracting supply and distribution services. Instead, blockchain technology enables new ways of organising decentralised persons without the immediate need for one centrally connecting entity. This implies profound legal- and policy consequences. Based on information on first use cases of blockchain applications in the electricity sector, this article identifies those main policy implications for EU electricity law and thereby adds to the discussion how blockchain technology could facilitate âprosumersâ to develop as independent market participants in the electricity sector from an energy law perspective.
The proliferation of electric vehicles and active distribution network has brought many uncertainties to the power system. If the power system involves battery-swap stations of electric vehicles, it is difficult to ensure the data security during the distributed scheduling. To solve the problem, this paper sets up a collaborative optimization model for distributed scheduling based on blockchain consensus mechanism, considering the battery-swap stations. The power system was divided into three levels: the transmission network level, the distribution network level and the battery-swap station level. Next, the objective functions were constructed to minimize the generation cost and daily load variance on each level, and the optimal scheduling plan for the power system was solved through multi-level collaborative optimization. The blockchain consensus mechanism was adopted to verify the accuracy of the transaction data, and the production data of all entities were encoded by hash function before storage, such that the data are tamper resistant and traceable. The example analysis shows that our model can effectively reduce the generation cost, lower the daily load variance, and enhance system stability. The research findings shed new light on maintaining the optimization efficiency and data confidentiality of modern power network.
As a neoteric high-tech product, electric vehicles (EVs) can effectively solve the problems of energy shortages and environmental pollution. On the one hand, EV can relieve the peak load of a smart grid and improve the electricity system operation. On the other hand, EVâs electricity trading information can provide useful data for vehicle management departments to electricity scheduling. However, hackers can easily obtain data from the central database to simulate both parties involved, which leads to the receiver getting unauthorized information. For these challenges, we propose a novel secure electricity trading and incentive contract model based on the basic rules of Chinaâs electricity market. The digital signature technology adopts elliptic curve bilinear pairing to guarantee the reliability and integrity of the transaction information. Energy blockchain is utilized for encryption and distributed storage of energy data with the possession of tamper-proof and traceability. The consistency part of the data block applies a practical Byzantine fault-tolerant (PBFT) algorithm, which not only increases transaction throughput but also reduces transmission delay. The incentive contract based on revenue rewards can promote the benign interaction of EVs. The security analysis reveals that this scheme can achieve better results. Compared with other schemes, our scheme saves about 64.55% of the communication overhead and validates the same number of signed messages in a shorter time. Incentive contracts based on game theory can facilitate EV electricity trading through energy coin rewards. This mechanism makes EV more willing and active to participate in transactions that guarantee the activity and stability of the network.
Haiqing Liu, Yan Zhang, Shiqiang Zheng, Yuancheng Li
In order to realize peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions between electric vehicles (EVs) in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) networks, we propose an EV power trading model based on blockchain and smart contract. Firstly, based on the blockchain and smart contract technology, a decentralized power trading model is proposed to realize the information equivalence and transparent openness of power trading. Then, considering the randomness and uncertainty of EV charging and discharging, the EV trading parties use the reverse auction mechanism based on dynamic pricing strategy to complete the transaction matching, which can not only improve the profit of the less competitive power seller, but also it can reduce the cost of the electricity purchaser. Finally, in order to verify the feasibility of our proposed scheme, V2G's EV power trading smart contract was designed, and the smart contract was released to Ethereum and simulated experiments were carried out. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by simulation experiments and comparison with traditional power trading schemes.
Charging piles are used for charging electric vehicles and are directly accessible to users in an energy internet entrance, while playing an important role in energy consumption. Currently, each enterprise constructs the center of operation and maintenance of their systems independently, along with their respective APP payment programs. This results in high operating costs, poor user experience, and low utilization rate of the pile, which limits the promotion and popularization of electric vehicles. To overcome this limitation, there is a need for a multi-center, fair, and transparent consortium blockchain, which can conform to the application requirements of a unified payment system and accommodate a range of diverse enterprise charging piles. In this paper, the design for a consensus and incentive program for consortium blockchain is presented. First, the application status of blockchain in an energy internet is described. Then, the logical structure and hierarchical model of the consortium blockchain are analyzed. Next, multicycle accounting and limiting the amount of accounting nodes in each round is presented to ensure the overhead of consensus remain constant. Finally, the accounting incentive mechanism and the bidding encouragement strategy based on "electric beans" are designed.
Cong Nam Truong, Michael Schimpe, Uli BĂŒrger, Holger C. Hesse · 5 authors
This article proposes a basic concept for the multi-use of stationary battery storage systems with multiple stakeholders to improve the economic value of battery storage systems. An auction market is suggested, where segments of the energy storage system and rights of use are auctioned. The blockchain technology is incorporated to develop a generic, low-cost concept that enables distinct obligations between the stakeholders caused by the technical operation of the battery storage system. Smart contracts allow flexible sharing of the battery storage system and increase the systemâs utilization ratio in the presence of prediction uncertainties.
The growing adoption of photovoltaic panels on roof-tops increases the pressure on grid operators for offsetting surplus or deficiency in generation. A multi-carrier energy system allows energy to be converted and stored using different energy carriers, thus relieving the stress from grid operators. However, these systems require efficient operation to unfold their full potential. This paper proposes a novel blockchain-enabled process to coordinate, allocate, and settle intra-day energy transactions in a district multi-carrier energy system with electricity and heating sub-networks. An incentive mechanism is designed for an optimal allocation of local green energy generation. The mechanism is implemented for the Ethereum blockchain and operates fully on-chain. The design leaves energy producers the freedom to choose their preferred pricing strategy for profit maximization while restricting them to behavior favoring the common good. We test three pricing strategies, with different levels of knowledge on usersâ pricing behaviors, that energy producers may adopt. The price-availability-based allocation system guarantees consumers the lowest possible cost.
The smart community (SC), as an important part of the Internet of Energy (IoE), can facilitate integration of distributed renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs) in the smart grid. However, due to the potential security and privacy issues caused by untrusted and opaque energy markets, it becomes a great challenge to optimally schedule the charging behaviors of EVs with distinct energy consumption preferences in SC. In this paper, we propose a contract-based energy blockchain for secure EV charging in SC. First, a permissioned energy blockchain system is introduced to implement secure charging services for EVs with the execution of smart contracts. Second, a reputation-based delegated Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm is proposed to efficiently achieve the consensus in the permissioned blockchain. Third, based on the contract theory, the optimal contracts are analyzed and designed to satisfy EVs' individual needs for energy sources while maximizing the operator's utility. Furthermore, a novel energy allocation mechanism is proposed to allocate the limited renewable energy for EVs. Finally, extensive numerical results are carried out to evaluate and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme through comparison with other conventional schemes.
The proliferation of electric vehicles has spurred the research interest in technologies associated with it, for instance, batteries, and charging mechanisms. Moreover, the recent advancements in autonomous cars also encourage the enabling technologies to integrate and provide holistic applications. To this end, one key requirement for electric vehicles is to have an efficient, secure, and scalable infrastructure and framework for charging, billing, and auditing. However, the current manual charging systems for EVs may not be applicable to the autonomous cars that demand new, automatic, secure, efficient, and scalable billing and auditing mechanism. Owing to the distributed systems such as blockchain technology, in this paper, we propose a new charging and billing mechanism for electric vehicles that charge their batteries in a charging-on-the-move fashion. To meet the requirements of billing in electric vehicles, we leverage distributed ledger technology (DLT), a distributed peer-to-peer technology for micro-transactions. Our proof-of-concept implementation of the billing framework demonstrates the feasibility of such system in electric vehicles. It is also worth noting that the solution can easily be extended to the electric autonomous cars (EACs).
We consider users which may have renewable energy harvesting devices, or distributed generators. Such users can behave as consumer or producer (hence, we denote them as prosumers) at different time instances. A prosumer may sell the energy to other prosumers in exchange of money. We consider a demand response model, where the price of conventional energy depends on the total demand of all the prosumers at a certain time. A prosumer depending on its own utility has to select the amount of energy it wants to buy either from the grid or from other prosumers, or the amount of excess energy it wants to sell to other prosumers. However, the strategy, and the payoff of a prosumer inherently depends on the strategy of other prosumers as a prosumer can only buy if the other prosumers are willing to sell. We formulate the problem as a coupled constrained game, and seek to obtain the generalized Nash equilibrium. We show that the game is a concave potential game and show that there exists a unique generalized Nash equilibrium. We consider that a platform will set the price for distributed interchange of energy among the prosumers in order to minimize the consumption of the conventional energy. We propose a distributed algorithm where the platform sets a price to each prosumer, and then each prosumer at a certain time only optimizes its own payoff. The prosumer then updates the price depending on the supply and demand for each prosumer. We show that the algorithm converges to an optimal generalized Nash equilibrium. The distributed algorithm also provides an optimal price for the exchange market.
This article studies the emergence of Share&Charge, a German platform that organizes the sharing of charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) and the billing for the energy transactions. Share&Charge follows a peer-to-peer fashion, enabling direct transactions between charging station owners and EV drivers. On the demand side, the platform, with its interactive map, makes it possible for EV owners to find a charging station in the most suitable location, for instance, at their place of work or where they live. On the offer side, Share&Charge enables station operators (private individuals or companies) to rent their charging stations and eventually to sell the electricity they produce. Charging tariffs within the charging station network are determined by the charging station operators themselves, but the platform provides indicative tariffs. Launched in September 2017, Share&Charge follows other initiatives, such as the French platforms Wattpop and ChargeMap, and the Swedish Elbnb. Share&Chargeâs network is already proven to be successful with German citizens. Share&Charge adds certain elements of value at different stages of EV utilization. First, this model allows for a co-financing of charging infrastructures by individuals and businesses in the private sector by sharing the infrastructure costs among EV drivers. Besides the purchase price of EVs, the implementation of charging infrastructures and their financing represent a significant barrier to the rise of e-mobility. Share&Charge helps remove this obstacle without adding a further burden on the governmental budget. In addition, this approach follows the âuser pays principle,â which engages in fair and effective financing. Second, the platform increases decentralized production value and facilitates its expansion. It also helps in avoiding grid congestion and energy loss, as well as increasing flexibility within the electricity market. Third, data use enables the optimization of energy demand and supply, and the optimal determination of tariffs, although these remain facultative. Models like Share&Charge could thus positively impact energy policy by tackling several upcoming obstacles associated with the development of EVs and decentralized energy production capacities. However, new forms of network structures (decentralized networks, sharing economy) and new actors (prosumers, platforms, etc.) also raise regulatory challenges. This article presents some of the legal issues associated with the development of models like Share&Charge. In particular, we study the tax framework applicable to this model, assuming that as such, it would be introduced into the Belgian market.
Den europeiska energisektorn genomgĂ„r numera en viktig övergĂ„ng frĂ„n en centraliserad elkraftförsörjning till distribuerad elproduktion frĂ„n förnybara kĂ€llor. Dessutom leder utfasningen av fossila brĂ€nslen till en ökning av antalet elfordon (hĂ€r EV). Höga penetrationsnivĂ„er för bĂ„de EV och förnybara energin pĂ„ distributionsnivĂ„n kan orsaka ytterligare belastning pĂ„ elnĂ€tet, vilket kan leda till avbrott i strömförsörjningen och försĂ€mring av strömkvaliteten. I detta examensarbete undersöktes möjligheterna att lösa detta problem i Tyskland. Den föreslagna lösningen Ă€r ett förvaltningssystem för EV-laddning och lokal förnybar elproduktion/-koppling i realtid. Tre anvĂ€ndningsfall utvecklades för att analysera denna lösning. Det första anvĂ€ndningsfallet âhyresgĂ€sternas elâ Ă€r baserat pĂ„ den nya tyska förordningen som infördes 2017 och frĂ€mjar att anvĂ€nda solenergi âbakomâ elmĂ€taren i flerbostadshyrehus. I detta fall, genom att erbjuda en EV-laddningstjĂ€nst, kan hyresvĂ€rden uppnĂ„ en högre konsumtionsnivĂ„ under solskenstimmarna nĂ€r hyresgĂ€sterna Ă€r pĂ„ jobbet, och dĂ€rmed fĂ„ en bĂ€ttre ersĂ€ttning. Betalningsperioden för en 11 kW laddsstation, som skulle anvĂ€ndas tillsammans med en PV av 26 kWp, berĂ€knades vara cirka 5 Ă„r om laddstationen Ă€r upptagen 30-40 % av den möjliga dagsljustiden. Om laddstationenen har installerats pĂ„ grund av andra Ă€ndamĂ„l kan âhyresgĂ€sternas elâ-modellen bli en extra inkomstkĂ€lla. De andra tvĂ„ anvĂ€ndningsfallen beror pĂ„ möiligheten att införa en âminskad elnĂ€tavgiftâ. HĂ€r mĂ„ste man nĂ€mna att insatser att föra EV-laddningen pĂ„ tid och plats för förnybar elproduktion mĂ„ste motiveras. Numera Ă€r elpriset fast i Tyskland för smĂ„förbrukare som betyder att det inte finns nĂ„gon orsak för en beteendeförĂ€ndring av EV-förare. En minskad elnĂ€tsavgift kunde bli en Ă„tgĂ€rd för att frĂ€mja âEV-laddning + lokal förnybar elproduktionâ-kopplingen; den kan beviljas av en distributionssystemoperatör (DSO) ifall denna EV-laddning skulle hjĂ€lpa att undvika stockningar och avkortning i elnĂ€tet. Det andra anvĂ€ndningsfallet innebĂ€r att införa en sĂ„dan minskad elnĂ€tavgift för EV-laddning med lokal sol- (PV) eller vindel, som inför dynamisk prissĂ€ttning. I det hĂ€r fallet ska lokala elproducenter behöva sĂ€jla el till lokala laddstationer pĂ„ ett peer-to-peer (P2P) sĂ€tt. Enligt gĂ€llande regelverk Ă€r ren P2P-handel inte möjlig; den skulle behöva inrĂ€ttning av lokala energimarknader och ytterligare balansering. Vad man kan göra kallas direktmarknadsföring, vilket Ă€r en elmarknadsmodell som utförs av en aggregator. AnvĂ€ndningen av blockchain som ett verktyg skulle bli vĂ€lgörande för bĂ„da fallen eftersom det skulle tilllĂ„ta realtids - frĂ€mja âEV-laddning + lokal förnybar elproduktionâ-kopplingen med dynamisk prissĂ€ttning. Ifall man gör P2P-handel möjligt, skulle blockchain ocksĂ„ bli anvĂ€ndbar för betalningar, medan införandet av blockchainbaserade betalningar konstaterades att inte vara genomförbart under den direktmarknadsföringsmodell som existerar idag. Det tredje anvĂ€ndningsfallet innebĂ€r âsjĂ€lvkonsumptionâ/âframmeâ-elmĂ€taren, nĂ€r PV / (vindkraftverk)-Ă€garen och EV-Ă€geren Ă€r samma person; sĂ„ nĂ€r hen laddar sin bil samtidigt med elploduktionen, skulle hen inte behöva betala för kilowattimmar och, beroende pĂ„ distansen mellan de tvĂ„ elanslutningspunkterna, skulle hen dĂ€rmed kunna fĂ„ rabatt pĂ„ elnĂ€tavgiften. För det hĂ€r fallet konstaterades det att enligt den nuvarande direktmarknadsföringsmodellen, dĂ€r aggregatorn och laddstationsleverantören tillhör samma företag, skulle ett sĂ„dant anvĂ€ndningsfall tveklöst kunna genomföras pĂ„ grund av gemensam bokföring. Ett sĂ„dant fall kan bli ett attraktivt erbjudande, sĂ€rskilt för PV-Ă€gare som inte fĂ„r inmatningsavgiften. P2P-handelns slutsatser liknar det tidigare anvĂ€ndningsfallet. För det andra och tredje anvĂ€ndningsfĂ€llet upptĂ€cktes det att i den situationen dĂ„ P2P-handel Ă€r möjlig, skulle EV-laddningen inte uppfylla "försĂ€ljningsbehovet" för producenter eftersom den inte Ă€r fullt förutsĂ€gbar. DĂ€rför mĂ„ste urvalet av P2P-köpare utvidgas till stationĂ€ra konsumenter; d.v.s. att bredda det föreslagna systemets funktionaliteter frĂ„n bara EV-laddning till fullstĂ€ndig P2P-handel. Eftersom EV-laddningen skulle behöva göras i realtid, vara flexibel för laddningsförhĂ„llanden, uppfylls behov av flera andelsĂ€gare och att vara manipulationssĂ€kert, föreslĂ„s distribuerad ledgerteknik (DLT) som implementeringsverktyg. Av tvĂ„ olika DLT, Ethereum och IOTA, drogs slutsatsen att teknikurvalet för att implementera det föreslagna systemet beror pĂ„ implementeringstiden. FrĂ„n och med idag ligger Ethereum i ett högre stadium i utvecklingen , vilket prioriterar Ethereum för omedelbar implementering. Samtidigt Ă€r IOTA en mycket lovande teknik i ett lĂ€gre löptidstillstĂ„nd. NĂ€r de löser ett antal kontroversiella problem blir IOTA ett vĂ€rdefullt verktyg.
Jan 1, 2018·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Hua Song, Ence Zhou, Bingfeng Pi, Jun Sun · 6 authors
Battery swapping is a solution of electric vehicle (EV) battery refueling. For EV owners, the battery information and transactionâs correctness, openness, traceability and immutability is difficult to get guarantee in traditional centralized system. The trust lacking between EV owners and swapping station is caused, and becomes a big challenge to EVâs rapid development. An objective mechanism based on decentralized blockchain system is proposed to manage battery swapping and solve the trust lacking issue. With this solution, both batteryâs life-cycle information and all operations histories are permanently saved in blockchain network. All key logics are driven by smart contracts, the battery price calculation and the digital currency exchange between EV owners and station are realized by smart contracts automatically and accurately. A primary prototype based on Ethereum is analyzed and implemented to illustrate the feasibility of managing battery swapping and refueling based on blockchain system to solve the trust lacking issue.
Global energy consumption is expected to increase over the course of this century. Continued generation with the current energy mix is expected to further threaten climate tipping points. In order to meet emissions reduction targets, there has been a global push by governments to increase their share of renewable energy sources (RESs). Adoption has grown across scales, in addition to demand for new market models which allow for more flexible energy distribution. Liberalization of energy markets has expanded the number of actors involved, further contributing to the complexity of the issue. Adapting management systems and market models to better incorporate distributed energy sources poses a unique challenge to current energy system actors. \nInformation and communication technologies (ICT) are increasingly explored as a means of increasing efficiency and enabling more dynamic markets. Among these is distributed ledger technology (DLT), a decentralised, immutable, and cryptographically secured record of transactions which proponents claim can enable peer-to-peer energy trading. As of November 2018, DLT-enabled energy trading remains in an experimental phase. The question of governance has repeatedly been raised without clear strategic visions set for integration into future energy systems. \nThis research is a single case study which employed participatory foresight methods to understand how governance arrangements, actor networks, and innovation policies can be shaped over the first half of the 21st century in order to facilitate a sustainable energy system transformation enhanced by distributed ledger technology. The foresight methods used are visioning, driver mapping, scenario design, and policy-stress testing. Participants came from various levels, roles, and competencies within the energy sector. Several DLT application areas were identified, along with drivers of change, which were used to frame scenario narratives applied later in policy stress-testing. \nResults show that while DLT is not deemed a necessary part of a sustainable energy system transformation, an interactive mode of governance would be most conducive to a future in which it would have a role. Further, results suggest that there are ample opportunities for DLT and/or innovation policies to be co-opted by vested interests and locked into a non-transformative pathway. The importance of data-sharing in enabling sociotechnical change and, moreover, the legitimacy debate surrounding data collection methods is another key insight. This research enriches the robustness of contemporary knowledge on the arrangement and planning for transformative governance structures which can promote opportunities for sustainable development provided by novel technologies such as DLT, in addition to the role of foresight exercises in anticipatory governance.
Chao Liu, Kok Keong Chai, Xiaoshuai Zhang, Eng Tseng Lau · 5 authors
The electric vehicle (EV) charging scheme can reduce the power generation costs and improve the smart grid resilience. However, the huge penetrations of EVs can impact the voltage stability and operating costs. In this paper, a novel EV participation charging scheme is proposed for a decentralized blockchain-enabled smart grid system. Our objectives are to minimize the power fluctuation level in the grid network and the overall charging cost for EV users. We first formulate the power fluctuation level problem of the smart grid system that take into accounts of EV battery capacities, charging rates, and EV users charging behavior. And then, we propose a novel adaptive blockchain-based electric vehicle participation (AdBEV) scheme that uses the Iceberg order execution algorithm to obtain an improved EV charging and discharging schedule. The simulation results show the proposed scheme outperforms the scheme that applying genetic algorithm approach in term of lowering the power fluctuation level and overall charging costs.
Xiaohong Huang, Cheng Xu, Pengfei Wang, Hongzhe Liu
The Internet of Energy (IoE) provides an effective networking technology for distributed green energy, which allows the connection of energy anywhere at any time. As an important part of the IoE, electric vehicles (EVs), and charging pile management are of great significance to the development of the IoE industry. Previous work has mainly focused on network performance optimization for its management, and few studies have considered the security of the management between EVs and charging piles. Therefore, this paper proposes a decentralized security model based on the lightning network and smart contract in the blockchain ecosystem; this proposed model is called the lightning network and smart contract (LNSC). The overall model involves registration, scheduling, authentication, and charging phases. The new proposed security model can be easily integrated with current scheduling mechanisms to enhance the security of trading between EVs and charging piles. Experimental results according to a realistic infrastructure are presented in this paper. These experimental results demonstrate that our scheme can effectively enhance vehicle security. Different performances of LNSC-based scheduling strategies are also presented.
Recently, various business models collect and store data generated from events using the Internet and various sensors and use them effectively. It is changing smartly into a convenient and safe new business model. In this paper, we present directions through experiments to understand and develop evolving types of business models by collecting data using various sensors in a test bed environment. We implement and experiment with technologies using Bigdata in addition to IoT(Internet of Things) technology. Renewable energy projects are attracting attention due to environmental issues such as global warming. In this paper, we introduce energy prosumer service model applying blockchain technology. This allows various energy sources to be connected to various users and producers. Also, we try to improve energy efficiency by analyzing energy pattern of users. We propose a transaction model that can collect, utilize, and process data more efficiently by combining the above technologies.
We compare two Demand Side Management (DSM) mechanisms, introduced\nrespectively by Mohsenian-Rad et al (2010) and Baharlouei et al (2012), in\nterms of efficiency and fairness. Each mechanism defines a game where the\nconsumers optimize their flexible consumption to reduce their electricity\nbills. Mohsenian-Rad et al propose a daily mechanism for which they prove the\nsocial optimality. Baharlouei et al propose a hourly billing mechanism for\nwhich we give theoretical results: we prove the uniqueness of an equilibrium in\nthe associated game and give an upper bound on its price of anarchy. We\nevaluate numerically the two mechanisms, using real consumption data from Pecan\nStreet Inc. The simulations show that the equilibrium reached with the hourly\nmechanism is socially optimal up to 0.1%, and that it achieves an important\nfairness property according to a quantitative indicator we define. We observe\nthat the two DSM mechanisms avoid the synchronization effect induced by non-\ngame theoretic mechanisms, e.g. Peak/OffPeak hours contracts.\n