Обушний, Сергій Миколайович, Прядко, Андрій Вячеславович
У статті розглянуто сучасні механізми функціонування фінтех-сервісів та децентралізованих фінансів (DeFi) як інструментів залучення й інвестування фінансових ресурсів домогосподарств. Визначено місце фінтех-інновацій у трансформації фінансового сектору України та їхню роль у формуванні нових каналів інвестування поза традиційною банківською системою. Особливу увагу приділено аналізу моделі P2P-кредитування, яка поступово перетворюється на один із ключових сегментів сучасної цифрової економіки. Узагальнено теоретико-методологічні засади функціонування платформи P2P-фінансування, охарактеризовано її переваги для інвесторів та позичальників, а також ризики, що супроводжують цей процес. На основі аналізу досвіду країн Європейського Союзу — Литви, Латвії, Естонії, Великої Британії — окреслено основні інституційні умови розвитку ринку децентралізованих фінансів, роль державних регуляторів та особливості нагляду за діяльністю фінтех-платформ. Визначено головні бар’єри, які стримують розвиток P2P-кредитування в Україні: недосконалість нормативно-правової бази, низький рівень довіри до цифрових фінансових сервісів, обмеженість платоспроможного попиту та відсутність системи захисту інвесторів. Запропоновано напрями державного регулювання, що передбачають створення сприятливого правового поля для легалізації децентралізованих фінансових платформ, розвиток національної системи фінансової грамотності населення, розбудову інфраструктури кібербезпеки та забезпечення прозорості транзакцій. Розкрито потенціал DeFi-технологій у формуванні альтернативних джерел фінансування малого бізнесу, стимулюванні інвестиційної активності домогосподарств і підвищенні рівня фінансової інклюзії. Результати дослідження мають прикладний характер і можуть бути використані у процесі формування національної стратегії розвитку фінтех-ринку, адаптації законодавства України до стандартів ЄС та розроблення інструментів підтримки інновацій у сфері цифрових фінансів.
Emerging digital technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), cryptocurrencies, and the metaverse have radically altered the landscape of industries worldwide. As these technologies continue to evolve, understanding how younger generations perceive and interact with them can offer valuable insights into future adoption trends. In this article, we present a detailed theoretical explanation of these technologies, paired with a comprehensive statistical analysis based on survey data from Romanian students. By applying advanced statistical methods such as correlation analysis, comparative analysis, and cluster segmentation, we aim to uncover not just familiarity and interest but also the underlying factors that shape students’ attitudes toward these groundbreaking technologies.
Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Generational Differences and Trends
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
The article is devoted to the analysis on a crypto assets smart contract in the civil law and common law jurisdictions and the implementation of the best practices into Ukrainian law. It is argued that the essence of a crypto assets smart contract is that it is a self-executing contract which is represented and executed by a computer program, remains unchanged and unstoppable after the creation of this contract, and its terms are included in the internal functions of a decentralized database which is not controlled by the databases of the parties to the contract or third parties. It is noted that a cryptoasset smart contract, like any contract, may be declared invalid if the will to conclude it does not meet the conditions for the validity of this transaction, regardless of the form in which this transaction is concluded, as in this case in the form of a computer code. It is also stated that the terms of a cryptoasset smart contract must be specific (clear, unambiguous), feasible (objective), legitimate, and capable of automation (no evaluative terms, such as “reasonable time,” may be used), exist within the blockchain platform (on which cryptoassets are currently transacted) and not involve obtaining and confirming information from outside (in this regard, the terms of force majeure are not specified in the smart contract). The study applies dialectical, comparative legal, formal and logical, and systemic and structural methods of scientific knowledge. It is proved that a smart contract is a contract which is represented and executed by a computer program, the components of which are a computer code, some or all of the terms of this contract which are fulfilled upon the occurrence of predefined events, are stored in an electronic register system which records the result of execution of this program, and the contract itself cannot be changed and is executed in accordance with the programmed instructions of the computer program. The author concludes that the determination of the person who is legally liable when a smart contract fails to perform the programmed function depends on the terms of the smart contract, and in their absence, the provisions of applicable law regarding the legal consequences of non-performance of the contract and liability for such non-performance should be used.
Jesús Manuel Niebla Zataraín, Paola Jackeline Ontiveros Vázquez
Technology has reshaped the law. The Internet and derived technologies have led to the adaptation of traditional legal figures with the objective of bringing certainty to users and developers. A field that has been subject of constant technological development is contact law. This paper will address this scenario from the perspective of smart contracts, which allows not only a digital representation of the obligations agreed by the parties, but also the capacity to solve discrepancies to ensure operation. Finally, this joint approach offers compatibility with transactions that take place in digital scenarios, contributing to a safer and law compliant cyberspace.
The article explores the complexity and diversity of the crypto-asset space, examining the logic of its development, the dynamics of interactions within the ecosystem, and with the external world. It demonstrates how the open-source nature of crypto projects and the emergence of tools for simplified token creation on third-party blockchains have transformed the crypto-asset space into one of unlimited financial asset creation. The structure of the crypto-asset space is represented through a typology of crypto-assets based on technological, functional, and socio-economic characteristics. By studying thirty of the largest crypto-asset projects by market capitalization, several distinct groups that define the construction of crypto-asset space have been identified: bitcoin and ether as the poles of crypto space development; alternative to bitcoin payment cryptoassets; cryptocurrency based back-office solutions for traditional cross-border payments; stablecoins; coins of alternative blockchain platforms with innovative consensus mechanisms and scalability solutions (Layer 1 and Layer 2); crypto-assets of projects for scaling other blockchains and facilitating efficient interoperability between blockchains and the external world; crypto-assets of projects expanding existing successful virtual networks; crypto-assets of centralized cryptocurrency exchanges; DeFi project coins; meme coins; enhanced privacy coins; and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). The article reveals the ongoing development of the crypto-asset space in the following directions: solving the blockchain trilemma considering project goals; ensuring interoperability of decentralized networks; creating new forms of collaboration with traditional financial intermediaries and institutions (which often contrasts with the original cypherpunk ideology). It is argued that the space of decentralized interactions, mediated by crypto-assets, has become a domain of extreme volatility, hyper-financialization, and a space where it is difficult to separate technological value from speculative crypto markets. It also highlights the presence of centralized, opaque, and unregulated hyper-intermediaries, with no clear distinction between professional and non-professional participants in the crypto market. Furthermore, this space seeks additional sources of trust from the traditional world, including through sovereign currency-backed stablecoins, partnerships with traditional financial intermediaries, and regulatory lobbying. In the first article, the ideological foundations, basic technologies of the crypto- asset space, bitcoin and ether as the poles of development in this space, and the typology of crypto-assets are examined.
Annas Rasid Musthafa, Rifda Yussriyyah Putri, Alfaiza Akbar Farizki, Shafanissa Aulya Alma
The development of smart contract in a decentralized blockchain system raises various problems in the legal field marked by cases of smart contract violations such as the DAO, Parity Wallet, and PlayDapp cases. The breach of smart contract in the blockchain system affects the application and enforcement of conventional law in a virtual world that has no geographical jurisdiction. The limitations of conventional law in regulating the virtual world gave birth to various new legal concepts such as lex cryptographia and virtual state. This research aims to examine the expansion of law in blockchain systems and smart contract, especially in cases of breach of smart contract and the birth of new governance. This research uses doctrinal research methods with a case study approach and literature research. Based on the results of this research, the existence of smart contracts affects the legal expansion of their legitimacy and application as contracts that have legal force. Smart contract that have no ties to territorial jurisdiction give the parties to the smart contract complete freedom to regulate the settlement of contract violations, so that smart contracts become law, legal procedures, and punishment itself in carrying out its functions. In addition, the existence of smart contracts in the blockchain system also gave birth to lex cryptographia as a new law and a blockchain-based virtual state as a new governance model that is not limited by geographical areas.
The rapid advancement of technology in the 21st century has brought intellectual property [IP] to the forefront as a critical asset in the tech industry.Licensing agreements, essential for fostering innovation and collaboration, face significant challenges in efficiency, transparency, and enforcement.Traditional licensing processes are often plagued by inefficiencies, including lengthy negotiations, manual documentation, and disputes arising from ambiguous terms.This paper explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence [AI] and blockchain-based smart contracts in automating and enforcing IP licensing agreements.Smart contracts, programmable agreements executed on blockchain platforms, offer unprecedented opportunities for ensuring transparency, reducing administrative burdens, and automating royalty payments.When integrated with AI, these contracts can analyse vast datasets, predict licensing trends, and provide tailored recommendations, enabling more informed decision-making for licensors and licensees.Furthermore, the immutable nature of blockchain enhances trust by recording transactions securely and transparently, reducing the likelihood of disputes and fraud.This study also addresses challenges associated with adopting these technologies, including interoperability, scalability, legal implications, and ethical considerations in data use.It presents case studies from the tech industry, illustrating successful implementations of AI-powered smart contracts for IP licensing.By combining AI's predictive capabilities with blockchain's transparency and automation, companies can create robust frameworks for managing complex licensing agreements.The paper concludes that integrating AI and blockchain in IP licensing has the potential to revolutionize the tech industry by enhancing efficiency, fostering trust, and driving innovation.However, strategic implementation and stakeholder collaboration are crucial for realizing these benefits.
The purpose of the research is to provide an overview of the legality and enforceability of smart contracts. The research aims to examine the legal implications of the use of smart contracts in agreements. The study used qualitative research. The type of this study is normative. The second primary legal are from journals, books, and news. The recognition of the validity of smart contracts can be achieved through the setting of special clauses in contracts that recognize their validity, especially in cross-border transactions that require the addition of choice of law and choice of jurisdiction clauses. Smart contracts offer a great opportunity to revolutionize business transactions and contract law with greater efficiency and autonomy. However, for this technology to be well integrated in the legal framework, it requires the development of regulations that address the challenges of legal validity, enforceability, jurisdiction, and data security. In Indonesia, although smart contracts are permitted, legal uncertainties in various jurisdictions indicate the need for more dynamic legal adaptation to support the development of this technology.
Blockchain-based digital contracts have greatly energised multiple fields with their advantages of speed, effectiveness, openness, and security. In synergy, smart contracts provide frictionless transactions and further ensure supply chain integrity. A sum of these efficient, trustworthy agreements, therefore, transforms business and fosters creativity in a real-world demonstration with enhanced transparency, streamlined processes, and reduced reliance on intermediaries. This paper aims to analyse, from a legal domain, the applications of smart contracts within blockchain technology, as their future use, shall impact supply chain management, financial services, healthcare, Internet of Things (IoT) and various other areas. Data privacy, jurisdictional challenges, interoperability and migration from previous systems etc involve revamping or modification the laws, in order to reduce the scope of potential financial and systemic frauds, and environmental hazards to make the usage of the system more consumer-safe. Thus there is a significant gap in understanding their legal implications, particularly concerning enforceability, jurisdiction, and regulatory compliance. This research is conducted based on the Doctrinal Approach. The paper aims to analyze and provide an overview of legal implications in order to create public awareness and mitigate potential future risks. As industries increasingly adopt blockchain solutions, understanding the potential of smart contracts becomes crucial for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
Smart contracts are programming programs that, without any involvement of a reliable authority, can be reliably carried out by an internet of mutually distrusting nodes. Smart contracts, which are integrated into block chains, allow an agreement's terms to be automatically enforced without the need for a third party to be contacted. The advancement of technology has been continuing for a while. Technology's advancement has made it possible for it to enter the legal sector and, with it, the complementary conflict resolution sector. Given this, the writing aims to accomplish three goals. It starts by discussing the arbitral framework, which does not categorically prohibit the use of new technology during arbitral procedures. Second, it looks at how arbitration and new technologies like block chain technology, intelligent contracts, large-scale data, intelligent machines, and crypto currency work together. It suggests that whereas advances in technology improve and expedite the resolution of disputes, the arbitration process offers protection to the tech sector and these developing technologies. The key characteristics of block chain technology that make it one of the most revolutionary technologies today are its decentralization, self-control, peer-to-peer relationships, fixed records, and time stamps. This article, therefore, focuses on the use of block chain technology and its crucial role in the digitalization of land records within the context of India. However, the lack of widespread adoption of smart contracts is primarily due to users' lack of clarity about whether they could enforced as relationships under state contract laws nowadays in operation.
According to the author, the current trend of digitalization of relations in the field of finance, which is observed today, entails the need to revise approaches to the essence of financial legal relations. Public relations on the formation, distribution and use of financial assets should be regarded as financial and subject to criminal law protection. At the same time, these legal relations do not necessarily develop with the participation of the state and are characterized as public law and state power. The expansion of the list of financial assets fixed by the author allows substantiating the conclusion that in the conditions of the modern information society in cyberspace, not only redistribution takes place, but also the creation of a social product. At the same time, the current legislation in this area lags behind the dynamically developing social relations. In support of this, the author cites a technology for creating digital documents that has not yet been formalized by law through the use of the capabilities of non-fungible NFT tokens. The author emphasizes that the opportunities provided by cyberspace are actively used by attackers for criminal purposes. Documents that define the strategy for the development of the Russian state and ensuring national security, as well as the doctrine of criminal law, adequately assess the threat of financial crimes in cyberspace. The tasks of the criminal law protection of financial legal relations outlined in the criminal law, contrary to the positions expressed in the scientific literature, also quite fully reflect the role of criminal law in combating crime of this type. Contrary to the approach prevailing in the doctrine of criminal law, whose supporters focus on the method of committing financial crimes, the author connects the prospects for studying the identified issues with an analysis of the specifics of cyberspace as a special area for committing such crimes. In this regard, the scientific article highlights the signs of financial legal relations in cyberspace.
In recent years, security incidents stemming from centralization defects in smart contracts have led to substantial financial losses. A centralization defect refers to any error, flaw, or fault in a smart contract's design or development stage that introduces a single point of failure. Such defects allow a specific account or user to disrupt the normal operations of smart contracts, potentially causing malfunctions or even complete project shutdowns. Despite the significance of this issue, most current smart contract analyses overlook centralization defects, focusing primarily on other types of defects. To address this gap, our paper introduces six types of centralization defects in smart contracts by manually analyzing 597 Stack Exchange posts and 117 audit reports. For each defect, we provide a detailed description and code examples to illustrate its characteristics and potential impacts. Additionally, we introduce a tool named CDRipper (Centralization Defects Ripper) designed to identify the defined centralization defects. Specifically, CDRipper constructs a permission dependency graph (PDG) and extracts the permission dependencies of functions from the source code of smart contracts. It then detects the sensitive operations in functions and identifies centralization defects based on predefined patterns. We conduct a large-scale experiment using CDRipper on 244,424 real-world smart contracts and evaluate the results based on a manually labeled dataset. Our findings reveal that 82,446 contracts contain at least one of the six centralization defects, with our tool achieving an overall precision of 93.7%.
Reducing crime rate in a country is the most important concern of developing robust systems to automate the criminal record-obtaining process. Generally, the criminal record is managed manually, which makes the information collection from other criminal records very difficult. Therefore, investigations that could be carried out using criminal records to understand the purpose of crime and countering it are outdated. However, the integrity, security, and traceability of data exchange, especially for the judicial sector are the most frequent issues faced by information systems of public organizations. In this paper, we present a study of using blockchain technology and smart contracts to design a new architecture for a decentralized system to manage criminal record storage. This proposed architecture automates the process of getting a criminal record by moving past the techniques employed in developing traditional systems of data management such as centralized systems. In this study, blockchain technology is used to ensure data security, integrity, and traceability as well as ensure timely access to criminal records, and smart contracts are used to allow traceability and authenticity. This architecture will significantly reduce the impact of corruption in law enforcement by eliminating fraud cases, which will revolutionize E-governance in the Moroccan country.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, blok zinciri teknolojisi ve akıllı sözleşmelerin uluslararası ticaret bağlamında mevcut ve potansiyel etkilerini incelemek, ayrıca ilgili teknolojinin dış ticaretin finansmanında potansiyel kullanım alanlarını ortaya koymaktır. Kâğıt belgelere olan bağımlılık ve karmaşıklık, geleneksel ticaret süreçlerini engelleyerek maliyetlerin artmasına ve verimliliğin azalmasına neden olabilmektedir. Yüksek komisyon ücretleri ve çoğunlukla emek yoğun süreçleri içeren ticaret finansmanında blok zinciri teknolojisi ve akıllı sözleşmelerin kullanılması; üçüncü taraflara olan ihtiyacı ortadan kaldırarak, verimsiz bürokratik işlemleri azaltılmasını, sürecin hızlanmasını ve maliyetlerin düşürülmesini mümkün kılabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, blok zinciri çözümlerinin benimsenmesi, yüksek düzeyde standardizasyon ve düzenleyici çerçevelerin oluşturulmasını gerektirmektedir. Blok zinciri teknolojisi ve ticaretin finansmanında kullanımını konu alan güncel çalışmalardan hareketle; blok zinciri ve akıllı sözleşmelerin ticaret süreçlerine sağladığı avantajlar, güvenlik, şeffaflık ve verimlilik açısından değerlendirilmiş ve ilgili teknolojinin gelişime açık yönleri ve çözüm önerileri aktarılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın, blok zinciri teknolojisi ve akıllı sözleşmelerin dış ticaret finansmanında kullanımına ilişkin mevcut bulguların derlenmesi yoluyla, bu alanda yapılacak gelecekteki araştırmalara rehberlik edecek bir kaynak oluşturması amaçlanmaktadır.
The study aimed to identify key challenges in the field of legislative harmonisation and to outline the prospects for developing cryptocurrencies in the European Union, the United Kingdom and Ukraine. The study used hermeneutical, comparative and historical methods. The study defined crypto asset, its concept and content, in particular, the types into which it is divided (asset-linked token, electronic money token, and service token). The study analysed cryptocurrency regulations in the jurisdictions of the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine. At the same time, the study addressed the trends and prospects for legal regulation of virtual assets in these countries. The study established that the fragmented regulatory approach applied in the UK has led to uncertainty, which has had a negative impact on innovation and investment in the cryptocurrency sector. The study revealed significant differences in the regulation of cryptocurrencies in different countries, which create substantial obstacles to the harmonisation of legislation and further development of the market. At the same time, there is a general tendency to tighten the regulation of cryptocurrencies to prevent their use for illegal activities, such as money laundering and terrorist financing, and to ensure investor protection. This study emphasises the importance of enacting the Law of Ukraine “On Virtual Services”, which will become the only legal act in Ukraine that will regulate relations in the field of crypto assets
The blockchain space is evolving rapidly, yet regulatory compliance and oversight remain significant challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for embedding legal protocols into blockchain smart contracts, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards across diverse sectors such as finance, supply chain, and healthcare. By executing protocols mandated by legal authorities, blockchain applications can achieve new levels of conformity, transparency, and accountability. The concept introduces innovative routers for real-time monitoring, automated legal enforcement, and a hybrid legal-tech infrastructure that strengthens trust in decentralized financial ecosystems. These protocols are designed to function similarly to ERC standards, offering a standardized and scalable approach to regulatory compliance across multiple blockchain platforms. Furthermore, the importance of regulatory protocols for virtual machines (VMs) is emphasized, with particular focus on ensuring secure and compliant operation in decentralized environments. The proposed framework promotes proactive compliance, enhanced transparency, and improved trust in blockchain-based systems. This paper explores the technical and legal implications, potential challenges, benefits, and future adoption strategies for this revolutionary approach, aiming to align the blockchain ecosystem with the requirements of modern regulatory frameworks.
This scientific article outlines the current provisions of the legal regulation of smart contracts, the relevance of which will grow as such contracts spread in various spheres and areas of life. Thus, the main problem of regulating relations on the use of a smart contract is the ambiguity of its legal essence, the lack of regulation in legislation, including in the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same time, some advantages of a smart contract are clearly shown by examples, which will help facilitate the process of concluding, changing, terminating and executing contracts. The main advantages of a smart contract are also discussed in detail, such as automation, transparency, security, efficiency, low intermediary costs, decentralization, flexibility and programmability. In the research, the authors touched upon the problems of fulfilling obligations in debt relations, the potential advantages and assistance of a smart contract in enforcement proceedings. The result of the exploration is a formulated definition of a smart contract and the identification of specific potential advantages of this type of non-traditional contracts. The authors summarize the results, noting the absence of a legal definition of a smart contract in the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the exclusively declarative nature of its legal regulation; the ambiguity of the range of public relations where contracts in this form are applicable, which does not allow the widespread dissemination and use of a smart contract.
This paper examines the legal nature and classification of smart contracts within the context of cryptocurrency exchanges, exploring the challenges they pose to traditional contract law. As blockchain technology continues to evolve, smart contracts have emerged as a novel form of agreement execution, blurring the lines between code and legal obligations. This study analyzes the unique characteristics of smart contracts, including their self-executing nature, immutability, and decentralized structure, and how these features interact with established legal principles. The research investigates the potential gaps in current legal frameworks and the difficulties in applying traditional contract law concepts such as offer, acceptance, consideration, and breach to smart contracts. Furthermore, it explores the jurisdictional and enforcement issues that arise in the decentralized and borderless realm of crypto exchanges. By synthesizing legal theory, technological understanding, and practical implications, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on how to effectively regulate and integrate smart contracts into existing legal systems, while addressing the specific challenges they present in the dynamic landscape of cryptocurrency exchanges.
George Lăzăroiu, Tom Gedeon, Elżbieta Rogalska, Katarína Valášková · 17 authors
Research background: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms support industrial Internet of Things (IoT)-based big data and enterprise asset management in multiphysics simulation environments by industrial big data processing, modeling, and monitoring, enabling business organizational and managerial practices. Machine learning-based decision support and edge generative AI sensing systems can reduce persistent labor shortages and job vacancies and power productivity growth and labor market dynamics, shaping career pathways and facilitating occupational transitions by skill gap identification and labor-intensive manufacturing job automation by path planning and spatial cognition algorithms, furthering theoretical implications for management sciences. Generative AI fintech, machine learning algorithms, and behavioral analytics can assist multi-layered payment and transaction processing screening with regard to authorized push payment, account takeover, and synthetic identity frauds, flagging suspicious activities and combating economic crimes by rigorous verification processes. Purpose of the article: We show that edge device management functionalities of cloud industrial IoT and virtual robotic simulation technologies configure plant production and route planning processes across cyber-physical production and industrial automation systems in multi-cloud immersive 3D environments, leading to tangible business outcomes by reinforcement learning and convolutional neural networks. Labor-augmenting automation and generative AI technologies can impact employment participation, increase wage and wealth inequality, and lead to potential job displacement and massive labor market disruptions. The deep learning capabilities of generative AI fintech in terms of adaptive behavioral analytics and credit scoring mechanisms can enhance financial transaction behaviors and algorithmic trading returns, identify fraudulent payment transactions swiftly, and improve financial forecasts, leading to customized investment recommendations and well-informed financial decisions. Methods: Machine learning-based study selection process and text mining systematic review management software and tools leveraged include Abstrackr, CADIMA, Colandr, DistillerSR, EPPI-Reviewer, JBI SUMARI, METAGEAR package for R, SluRp, and SWIFT-Active Screener. Such reference management systems are harnessed for methodologically rigorous evidence synthesis, study selection and characteristic extraction, predictive document classification, machine learning-based citation and record screening, bias assessment, article retrieval automation, and document classification and prioritization. Findings & value added: Industrial IoT and 3D augmented reality technologies can create business value by streamlining virtual product and remote asset management across extended reality-based navigation and robotic autonomous systems in smart factory environments by generative AI and machine learning algorithms, articulating business organizational level and theory of management implications. 3D simulation and operational modeling tools can execute and complete complex cognitive task-oriented and knowledge economy jobs, producing first-rate quality outputs swiftly while leading to unemployment spells, labor market disruptions, job displacement losses, and reduced earnings by machine learning clustering and spatial cognition algorithms. Generative AI decentralized finance, interoperable blockchain networks, cash flow management tools, and asset tokenization can mitigate fraud risks, enable digital fund and crypto investing servicing, and automate treasury operations by integrating real-time payment capabilities, routing and configurable workflows, and lending and payment technologies.
In modern blockchain systems, smart contracts are one of the most critical components for ensuring the automated execution of agreements without the need for intermediaries. However, smart contracts written in languages like Solidity may contain vulnerabilities that can be exploited by malicious actors to steal funds or manipulate assets. Given the increasing number of attacks on smart contracts, the development of effective methods for detecting such vulnerabilities is crucial. Traditional approaches to detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts include symbolic execution, fuzzing, formal verification, and pattern matching. These methods have their advantages but face several challenges, such as high resource consumption, limitations in detecting new types of vulnerabilities, and difficulties in scaling to large contracts. As a result, there is a need to introduce new approaches, such as natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning, which can address these challenges more effectively. In this study, an NLP-based method was explored, using Word2Vec to convert smart contract code into vector representations, allowing for better analysis of the semantic relationships between elements of the code. These vector representations are then fed into a bidirectional recurrent neural network with GRU blocks and an attention mechanism. This approach allows the model to focus on the most important parts of the code and improve the accuracy of vulnerability detection. The comparative analysis showed that NLP-based methods significantly outperform traditional approaches in all key metrics. In particular, the GRU model with an attention mechanism demonstrated high results in accuracy, recall, and F-measure, making it effective for detecting complex vulnerabilities such as reentrancy. Furthermore, the NLP-based approach is capable of adapting to new types of attacks thanks to training on large datasets. Thus, the integration of NLP and machine learning represents a promising direction for enhancing the security of smart contracts. Future research can focus on improving these approaches, particularly through the implementation of advanced models such as transformers.
This article is dedicated to the study of the theory of transformation of intellectual property legal regimes through blockchain technologies on an international scale. It focuses on three thematic blocks: firstly, defining the essence of blockchain technologies; secondly, analysing international blockchain technology standards; and thirdly, exploring variations in the use of blockchain technologies for the registration of intellectual property objects. The subject of the study is the social relations in the field of intellectual property and the mechanisms for their regulation. Methodology. The article employs scientific methods of cognition and doctrinal resolution of issues related to the use of digital tools in the regulation of social relations. This encompasses formal-logical and dialectical methodologies. A variety of empirical techniques, including synthesis, deduction, and statistical analysis, were employed. Results. The study reveals the absence of a direct indication of the use or intent to use distributed ledger technology, otherwise known as blockchain technology. The study demonstrates the significance of utilising blockchain technology in maintaining the customs register to account for intellectual property objects protected by law. This ensures the impossibility of unauthorised alteration or deletion of information about intellectual property objects, as provided by distributed ledger technology. These legal relations emerge in the course of entering information into the aforementioned registers, making modifications (updates), and providing information to interested parties. The use of blockchain technologies in the formation of the register of issued certificates of state registration of copyright for a work is justified.
Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
To achieve sustainable development of social systems, it is necessary to modernize the legal system, which is the foundation of any society, to increase the efficiency of resources and simultaneously optimize the performance of the environment and society. The immutable and timestamped features of blockchain offer a robust solution for tracking and authenticating digital copyright evidence, thereby enhancing the integrity and transparency of judicial systems. This ensures that the integration of blockchain into legal systems not only advances technological efficiency but also promotes environmental consciousness. Through comprehensive analyses that integrate questionnaires, interviews, case studies and legislative assessments, this research reveals that there are still problems in the application of blockchain evidence in China’s judicial practice, such as insufficient and stable credibility, inadequate database storage, deficient original rights mechanisms, and the imperfect application of rules of evidence. These problems can be solved by enhancing correspondence legal systems, such as establishing an officially trusted copyright certificate blockchain, creating a blockchain copyright certificate technology supervision system and formulating specific laws and regulations on the application and identification of blockchain evidence. As such, our study contributes to aligning blockchain with judicial records, supporting the sustainable development goals of social systems, fostering institutional justice and social progress.
This research examines the impact of blockchain intelligent contracts on the arbitration rate and the mediator's function of settling disputes in supply and logistics contracts. The quantitative approach for the study and the involvement of 202 legal professionals acquainted with blockchain, the investigation explores the relationships of using smart contracts, trust, and speed of the arbitration process. The research results show that using smart contracts based on blockchain technology significantly improves the arbitration process's speed, efficiency, and transparency and strengthens the parties' trust. They can benefit policy-makers, lawyers, arbitration players, and enthusiasts by helping them grasp the potential of smart contracts in the arbitration system.
Today, we are witnessing the increasing growth of financial technologies in the insurance industry.Undoubtedly, smart contracts can be considered one of the most important financial technologies.A limited number of researchers in the insurance industry have investigated the effect of the introduction of smart contracts on the performance of this industry; But what should be emphasized in the meantime is that when faced with any new and unknown phenomenon such as the Internet in previous years, the necessities, requirements and effects of using that technology should be fully investigated.The present study tries to evaluate the various aspects of the implementation of smart contracts in the insurance industry, to calculate its effects on the insurance processes in the insurance industry, and to determine the best type of design and use of this contract in the insurance industry, in order to accelerate and facilitate the insurance processes.introduce the benefit of the insurer and the insured; In the present research, firstly, with a descriptive-analytical approach based on theoretical and library studies, through theoretical study and referring to specialized reports in this field, various aspects of the implementation of smart contracts in the insurance industry have been analyzed.In the continuation of the research, using the SWOT matrix, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the impact of smart contracts on the insurance industry have been evaluated by 30 experts and managers in the insurance field, and the main strategy has been determined.After classifying the existing sub-strategies, the QSPM matrix was used to assign an attractiveness score to each strategy and prioritize them.The results of the SWOT matrix indicate that the best main strategy will be an offensive strategy.Also, the QSPM matrix introduces the hard smart contract design strategy as the best sub-strategy in the design and use of smart contract basic technologies in the insurance industry; The purpose of implementing smart contracts in the insurance industry is to speed up and facilitate insurance processes in addition to increasing security (reducing fraud); All the actors involved in this process, especially the insurer and the insured, can benefit from smart contracts in their insurance activities.