Blockchain Papers

AnQi Chi, Lin Bi, Gopal Verma, Xiaoqiang Di

No abstract is available for this record.

Weihong Wang, Tom Van Cutsem

In blockchain networks, so-called "full nodes" serve data to and relay transactions from clients through an RPC interface. This serving layer enables integration of "Web3" data, stored on blockchains, with "Web2" mobile or web applications that cannot directly participate as peers in a blockchain network. In practice, the serving layer is dominated by a small number of centralized services ("node providers") that offer permissioned access to RPC endpoints. Clients register with these providers because they offer reliable and convenient access to blockchain data: operating a full node themselves requires significant computational and storage resources, and public (permissionless) RPC nodes lack financial incentives to serve large numbers of clients with consistent performance. Permissioned access to an otherwise permissionless blockchain network raises concerns regarding the privacy, integrity, and availability of data access. To address this, we propose a Permissionless Accountable RPC Protocol (PARP). It enables clients and full nodes to interact pseudonymously while keeping both parties accountable. PARP leverages "light client" schemes for essential data integrity checks, combined with fraud proofs, to keep full nodes honest and accountable. It integrates payment channels to facilitate micro-payments, holding clients accountable for the resources they consume and providing an economic incentive for full nodes to serve. Our prototype implementation for Ethereum demonstrates the feasibility of PARP, and we quantify its overhead compared to the base RPC protocol.

Muhammad Iqbal, Kunal Raj, K.V. Narasimha Reddy, Mohd. Mudaseer Mazharuddin

In today's digital age, student academic data is still largely controlled by educational institutions, which creates major risks and limitations.Centralized systems are vulnerable to data loss due to natural disasters, political instability, or system failures.They also make it difficult for students to access or share their records when participating in exchange programs or pursuing lifelong learning across different platforms.To solve these issues, this paper introduces a decentralized approach where students have full control over their educational data.Using blockchain technology-specifically the Ethereum public network-and Web3 tools, we present DecentralEduChain, a framework that allows students to securely store and manage their academic records through smart contracts.Educational institutions can interact with these contracts via integrated Learning Management Systems (LMS), enabling both the reading and updating of student records without relying on centralized databases.This system not only enhances security and transparency but also empowers students with ownership of their data, making it easier to share academic credentials across institutions.The paper also outlines the practical steps for implementing the system, including smart contract creation and integration with LMS platforms, making it a promising solution for the future of educational data management.

Juan Alamrio Berrios Moya, John Ayoade, Md. Ashraf Uddin

Academic credential fraud presents a significant challenge to the global academic and labor markets, undermining the credibility of legitimate qualifications. In this paper, we introduce ZKBAR-V, a Zero-Knowledge Proof-Enabled Blockchain-Based Academic Record Verification System. This system is designed to provide a privacy-preserving, immutable, and secure framework for managing academic credentials. The proposed system leverages zkEVM smart contracts on a blockchain-based infrastructure that enables credential verification without exposing underlying data. The approach integrates Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) to standardize identity management while eliminating reliance on centralized authorities. We have used dual-blockchain, which separates public and private information, which can enhance both efficiency and privacy. In addition, this approach employs the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for decentralized and secure document storage. ZKBAR-V is designed as an open-source, interoperable solution with a standardized Application Programming Interface (API) for seamless integration. We implemented the system and conducted comprehensive testing, which demonstrates its capability to manage transactions securely, maintain privacy, and reduce costs compared to traditional Ethereum mainnet-based solutions. By combining advanced blockchain technologies, decentralized storage, and globally unique identifiers, ZKBAR-V offers a scalable, adaptable, and robust solution for academic credential management. This strategy can significantly enhance credential integrity, promote global student mobility, and provide institutions worldwide with a trustworthy and efficient verification system.

Zhen Chu, Wangjie Qiu, T. T. Lei, Jinchun He · 5 authors

The widespread adoption of emerging technologies in healthcare has led to an exponential increase in medical data generation. However, the security of healthcare data has not kept pace, with frequent breaches and unauthorized access posing substantial threats to patient privacy and the integrity of healthcare systems. Although existing access control frameworks offer partial solutions for secure data access, they fall short in authorization granularity, privacy preservation, and large-scale, high-frequency access. To bridge these critical gaps, we propose a novel role-based access control (RBAC) framework that enables secure and efficient management of large-scale, high-frequency data access. The framework first introduces a real-time access behavior analysis algorithm. It then integrates Ethereum smart contract technology with the RBAC model to construct high-performance, scalable access control contracts. Subsequently, the framework simulates the EMR interaction process in a representative healthcare scenario. Through rigorous security evaluations and experimental simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed framework enables robust accessor management, secure data sharing, and effective support for large-scale, high-frequency access while maintaining operational efficiency. This work offers a scalable and practical solution to healthcare data security in the era of big data and population aging.

T. Li, Liao, Taobo

We present a secure and efficient string-matching platform leveraging zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments of Knowledge) to address the challenge of detecting sensitive information leakage while preserving data privacy. Our solution enables organizations to verify whether private strings appear on public platforms without disclosing the strings themselves. To achieve computational efficiency, we integrate a sliding window technique with the Rabin-Karp algorithm and Rabin Fingerprint, enabling hash-based rolling comparisons to detect string matches. This approach significantly reduces time complexity compared to traditional character-by-character comparisons. We implement the proposed system using gnark, a high-performance zk-SNARK library, which generates succinct and verifiable proofs for privacy-preserving string matching. Experimental results demonstrate that our solution achieves strong privacy guarantees while maintaining computational efficiency and scalability. This work highlights the practical applications of zero-knowledge proofs in secure data verification and contributes a scalable method for privacy-preserving string matching.

Memoona J. Anwar, Asif Qumer Gill

Abstract Digital identity data management is a significant challenge for businesses and individuals who wish to interact online in the increasingly digital economy, government, and society. Most recently, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have been proposed as a solution to represent digital identities and underlying data. NFTs are stored on a blockchain based data management system and seem useful for representing digital identity data stored in independent data systems. The idea of using NFTs to represent digital identities and their associated data is promising, but it also raises significant concerns regarding data privacy and compliance. This article examines the NFT-enabled digital identity data representation and management, highlighting associated privacy risks and mitigation strategies. This study employs a qualitative desk research approach, reviewing industry reports, academic papers, and policy documents to analyze trends, technological advancements, and regulatory considerations. It concludes with recommendations for leveraging programmable privacy to address these challenges, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in privacy-preserving digital identity and NFT-enabled identity management.

Jefferson Celeiro Sousa, Bruno Evaristo, Antonio Mateus de Sousa, Ismael Ávila

Este artigo apresenta uma avaliação de performance de contratos inteligentes voltados à gestão de identidades digitais descentralizadas em redes blockchain baseadas em Ethereum. A análise foca em operações fundamentais do ciclo de vida de identidades, como criação, atualização, definição de esquemas de credenciais e controle de revogação, implementadas em contratos Solidity. Foram considerados dois contextos de execução: um ambiente com Hyperledger Besu operando em modo permissionado, e uma referência ao modelo tradicional Hyperledger Indy. Os testes foram conduzidos em rede privada simulando diferentes níveis de carga e configurações de consenso. As métricas avaliadas incluem tempo de resposta, vazão, uso de recursos (CPU e memória) e escalabilidade. Os resultados fornecem subsídios para a escolha de arquiteturas eficientes para soluções de identidade digital baseadas em SSI (Self-Sovereign Identity) e Ethereum, especialmente em cenários corporativos ou regulados.

P. V. G. D. Prasad Reddy

This paper explores the emerging paradigm of Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) and its implementation of distributed ledger technology in cloud environments. We examine the key characteristics, benefits, and challenges of BaaS platforms, analyze different architectural approaches and deployment models, and evaluate performance considerations for blockchain networks in the cloud. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis of existing BaaS offerings, we provide insights into the current state of the technology and identify promising research directions. Our findings indicate that BaaS has significant potential to accelerate enterprise blockchain adoption by reducing complexity and costs, but also faces hurdles related to security, scalability, and standardization that need to be addressed as the field matures.

Mohammad Asad Hussain

This article presents a comprehensive framework for applying blockchain technology to secure data integration challenges in multi-cloud and hybrid-cloud environments. This article examines how distributed ledger technology creates a trust layer that addresses key vulnerabilities in traditional integration approaches while maintaining performance characteristics suitable for enterprise deployments. This article's architecture leverages permissioned blockchain networks, smart contracts, and cryptographic verification mechanisms to ensure data integrity, enforce governance policies, and provide immutable audit trails across heterogeneous cloud platforms. Our performance evaluation demonstrates viable throughput and latency characteristics compared to traditional integration methods, while offering enhanced security properties. Through case studies in financial services, healthcare, supply chain, and critical infrastructure protection, we illustrate practical implementations and quantifiable benefits. Despite challenges in scalability, energy consumption, legacy system integration, regulatory compliance, and organizational adoption, the architecture shows promising results for high-value data workflows. The research contributes to the emerging intersection of blockchain and multi-cloud computing by providing both theoretical foundations and practical implementation guidance for organizations seeking to enhance security posture across distributed cloud environments.

Aryan A Ayare, Vaishnavi A Jadhav, Mustafa K Banatwala, Shashank V Changlere · 6 authors

Blockchain is a decentralized and distributed ledger technology that ensures data security, transparency, and immutability, making it a promising solution for academic record management. Currently, academic records are managed through centralized databases controlled by educational institutions, relying on manual processes, institutional servers, and third-party services. These systems are prone to inefficiencies, data breaches, and authentication challenges, often requiring time-consuming verification processes vulnerable to fraud. Blockchain technology addresses these limitations by offering a decentralized, tamper-proof framework that enhances security, accessibility, and trust in academic credential verification. This study reviews various blockchain platforms, consensus mechanisms, and scalability solutions, with a focus on Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum, assessing their applicability in educational contexts. Furthermore, off-chain storage techniques like InterPlanetary File System, consensus algorithms, and access control mechanisms are analyzed to optimize the efficient and secure management of sensitive academic data. By integrating blockchain technology, educational institutions can modernize record-keeping, streamline verification processes, and enhance trust in academic credentials, ultimately creating a more secure and transparent academic record management system. Statistical analysis further highlights blockchain's growing adoption in education, demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing fraud, improving accessibility, and ensuring data integrity.

Flavio Bertini, Alessandro Benetton, Danilo Montesi

Information disorder has become a major societal challenge, impacting public discourse and democracy. This phenomenon has been exacerbated by the spread of social media platforms, affecting various areas, ranging from national elections to public health. Addressing fake news through a manual approach (e.g., human fact-checking) is unfeasible due to the rapid production of textual content. At the same time, applying automatic tools is equally challenging, primarily due to the ambiguity of natural language. In this paper, we addressed online information disorder from a different perspective by proposing a platform that supports trustworthy and reputable news producers and enhances awareness among readers across various social media. Specifically, the proposed platform enables news producers to automatically embed a unique watermark in the text they create, ensuring that the news cannot be manipulated or misattributed. The watermarking is embedded in a fine-grained way, allowing even small extracts of the news to be shared while preserving traceability. Additionally, the association between the watermark and the news item is recorded in a distributed ledger, preventing further manipulation that could arise from centralised management. The aim is to enable readers to make more informed decisions about the content they encounter, even when engaging with excerpts of the original document, minimising reliance on external fact-checking organisations.

G. Sharmila, K. Neha, M. Kaviya, M. Juhe Sherin · 5 authors

Blockchain technology is a cutting-edge advancement in information technology. Bitcoin, as one of its initial uses, has attracted considerable attention as a cryptocurrency. Alongside Ethereum, which emphasizes blockchain-driven smart contracts, these technologies lie at the heart of modern cryptocurrency innovation. Off-chain transactions offer a scalable solution for blockchain networks, reducing congestion, lowering transaction fees, and improving processing efficiency without compromising decentralization. However, existing off-chain solutions often face security and flexibility challenges, particularly in environments with high latency and unstable connectivity. The proposed system leverages the Hardhat blockchain framework with Ethereum to enable secure peer-to-peer transactions from user wallets, ensuring seamless fund transfers even in offline conditions. Additionally, it integrates blockchain-based email functionality, allowing encrypted messages to be sent securely over a decentralized network, thereby enhancing data privacy and security. To further strengthen data integrity, the system incorporates the Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) for decentralized file storage, reducing reliance on centralized servers and minimizing data loss risks. By combining off-chain transactions, blockchain-based email, and IPFS storage, the system enhances efficiency, security, and reliability, offering a robust decentralized solution for financial transactions and secure communication. The data is distributed across all cryptocurrency users within the network. This ensures that when a user initiates a transaction, data mining processes are conducted.

Shamim Akhtar, Muhammad Taimoor, Ghulam Fatima, Hurma Islam

This research explores the transformative role of blockchain technology in ensuring secure and trustworthy digital transactions. With the increasing reliance on digital platforms across industries such as finance, healthcare, and supply chains, blockchain has emerged as a solution to the challenges posed by traditional centralized systems, including data breaches, fraud, and lack of transparency. The study investigates blockchain's decentralized structure, cryptographic security features, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts to evaluate how it enhances data integrity and trust in digital transactions. A qualitative approach was employed, utilizing case studies and a comprehensive review of existing literature. The results show that blockchain’s decentralization significantly reduces single points of failure, while its consensus mechanisms and smart contracts increase trust and automate transactions. However, challenges such as scalability, energy consumption, and regulatory concerns remain. The research highlights blockchain’s potential for transforming digital transactions but calls for further innovation to address these issues. The findings suggest that blockchain has the capacity to revolutionize secure transactions across various sectors but requires continued development to achieve widespread adoption and scalability.

Ramanan Hariharan

As more organizations move to use the multi-tenant cloud infrastructure, the perimeter-based security model is insufficient for the concept of zero-trust security states. Thatently, curing this complex environment, It has “never trust, always verify”. Completely contradicting the conventional models, Zero Trust continually promotes authentication and validation of every access request (inside or outside the network perimeter). As they try to understand how to protect the isolation of tenants, stop alteration movements, and support identity cross services, the paper investigates the challenges and parts of zero trust taking effect in the multi-tenant cloud. Everything must always be authenticated, no matter the connection status, to ensure the user (only the user) has permission to do all the things they need. Further, it shows that Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies can highly enhance the detection of threats and adaptive access control. It shall see an exhibited case study of a SaaS provider going from providing limited risk mitigation against these risks, such as credential stuffing, API abuse, and insider data leakage, to Zero Trust security. This paper discusses decentralized identity (DID), post-quantum cryptography, blockchain as immutable audit trails, and AI-led autonomous zero trust systems as some of the future emerging trends. As the world reaches the multi-tenant cloud architecture, they are ready to enhance cloud security further.

Aashish Kumar Jha, Mohammed Nihar N R, J Sankalpa, Chetana Prakash

ABSTRACT: As statistics is the backbone of the digital financial system dependence on centralized cloud storage structures makes users prone to troubles concerning statistics breaches operational price and lack of control this paper examines the deployment of a decentralized cloud storage DCS framework with the use of interplanetary file system IPFS and Ethereum blockchain clever contracts to triumph over those drawbacks the gadget proposed here improves protection and information availability by incorporating aes-256 encryption sharding of records and decentralized metadata control by the introduction of a working prototype based on react.js, Ethereum wallet, ether.js and solidity this mission illustrates the viability of a decentralized statistics garage whilst resolving troubles with latency user adoption and value effectiveness experimental consequences affirm enhancements in safety and availability establishing a strong platform for additional research on decentralized storage architectures

Sukruthi Reddy Sangannagari

Explosion-proof apparatus is a must in hazardous areas especially in anindustrial setting where certification is required to meet certain safety levels.Conventional certification mechanisms tend to be slow, non-transparent and vulnerable to forgery of documents and delays, particularly in the context of cross border transactions.This article presents the architecture of a blockchain-based certification platform, which could contribute to transparency, traceability, and efficiency in the certification lifecycle of explosion-proof equipment.It includes Ethereum smart contracts, IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) to store the comprehensive test reports on a decentralized platform, and a role-based web application interface for different kinds of users such as manufacturers, testing labs, certification bodies, and field auditors.Smart contracts are responsible for generating, revoking and handling certificate access control, all certification metadata and file hashes are suitably safeguarded on the blockchain, allowing records to remain tamper-proof and verifiable.A working prototype was implemented in Goerli Ethereum testnet and developed as React application.js frontend, Web3.js, IPFS and Architecture for a Blockchain-based Certification Platform for Explosion-Proof Devices https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCET499

Mrs. S. Sri Sayelakshmi, Randhir Kumar, M Harini, B Oviya

In modern cloud computing environments, data is often stored on cloud servers in the form of ciphertext to ensure security and confidentiality. Access to this encrypted data typically requires a third party to provide an access key to the consumer. However, the existing use of the SHA-256 encryption method has limitations, as it leaves the data vulnerable to tampering. To address this issue, a Proof of Stake (PoS) algorithm is proposed as a more secure alternative. In this approach, data is encrypted using a robust encryption algorithm, and all transactions are recorded on a blockchain using the PoS algorithm. This method not only enhances data security by making tampering more difficult but also ensures the integrity of transactions by securely storing them in blocks. The proposed system offers a more resilient and tamper-resistant solution for cloud data storage and access, managing sensitive information in the cloud. Additionally, it reduces dependency on third-party key providers, further minimizing security risks.

Aakash Rampal

Abstract— The swift uptake of cloud computing services has brought with it new complexities in tracking and billing for resource usage, frequently resulting in disagreements between customers and service providers as a result of unclear pricing models. This study investigates the use of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to improve transparency, trust, and accuracy in cloud resource billing. By taking advantage of the distributed and immutable aspect of distributed ledgers, bill records can be recorded, stored, and audited in real-time by anyone involved in an immutable manner. This removes dependence on centralized bill authorities and reduces tampering and manipulation of the data. Our proposed blockchain framework tracks resource consumption metrics, such as compute time, storage, and bandwidth used, directly on a distributed ledger. Smart contracts eliminate manual billing computations and payments, providing consistency and fairness. With this system, users obtain verifiable information on their billing history, while providers enjoy fewer operational disagreements and higher customer trust. Our paper presents the system architecture, principal technical challenges, possible performance overheads, and feasible solutions for deployment at scale. Finally, this research illustrates how the convergence of distributed ledger systems with cloud billing systems presents a revolutionary entry point to the development of an increasingly open and responsive cloud economy. Keywords— Ledger, Blockchain, Billing , software.

Hiba Belfqih, Abderrahim Abdellaoui

The increasing interconnectivity of devices on the Internet of Things (IoT) introduces significant security challenges, particularly around authentication and data management. Traditional centralized approaches are not sufficient to address these risks, requiring more robust and decentralized solutions. This paper presents a decentralized authentication protocol leveraging blockchain technology and the IPFS data management framework to provide secure and real-time communication between IoT devices. Using the Ethereum blockchain, smart contracts, elliptic curve cryptography, and ASCON encryption, the proposed protocol ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive IoT data. The mutual authentication process involves the use of asymmetric key pairs, public key registration on the blockchain, and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange algorithm to establish a shared secret that, combined with a unique identifier, enables secure device verification. Additionally, IPFS is used for secure data storage, with the content identifier (CID) encrypted using ASCON and integrated into the blockchain for traceability and authentication. This integrated approach addresses current IoT security challenges and provides a solid foundation for future applications in decentralized IoT environments.

Mayur Patel, Aditya Vishwakarma, Mohammad Kaif, Shahan Ali

Abstract: Online blockchain-based certificate generation and validation represent a crucial advancement in enhancing transparency, security, and efficiency within government operations. This system enables government organizations to securely issue, verify, and manage certificates, ensuring the integrity of essential documents such as birth certificates, educational diplomas, business licenses, and other critical records. The integration of blockchain technology into certificate management systems can significantly streamline government services while safeguarding against fraudulent activities, document tampering, and administrative errors.In recent years, however, blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to address these issues, offering a decentralized, tamper-proof system for the generation and validation of certificates. Blockchain, which is essentially a distributed ledger, stores data across a network of nodes, making it virtually immutable and highly resistant to alterations. Each record or transaction on the blockchain is cryptographically secured, ensuring that once a certificate is issued and recorded, it cannot be modified or deleted without detection

Shunqing Wu, Lifei Wei, Sean M. Wu, Lei Zhang

While blockchain’s immutability ensures data integrity, it also poses significant challenges when dealing with illegal or erroneous data that require modification. The concept of redactable blockchain has emerged, utilizing Chameleon Hash (CH) and subsequent Policy-based Chameleon Hash (PCH) for controlled data editing. However, current redactable blockchain implementations exhibit significant limitations, particularly in their inability to separate data editing from policy modification and their insufficient support for decentralized management of diverse editing operations. To address these issues, this paper initially introduces the concept of Flexible Policy Chameleon Hash (FPCH), which integrates PCH with non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs to enable enhanced policy management flexibility. Moreover, this paper proposes a Redactable Blockchain Framework with Fine-grained Access Control (RBFAC) based on FPCH. The RBFAC framework employs a hybrid cryptographic approach to separate the right of data editing from policy modification. The framework also provides essential functionalities, including editing accountability, key tracking and revocation mechanisms, and policy privacy protection. Finally, experimental evaluations demonstrate that the RBFAC framework maintains acceptable performance overhead while delivering these advanced features. The results indicate that the proposed solution addresses the limitations of existing redactable blockchain systems, offering a more flexible and secure approach to controlled data editing in blockchain environments.

Sudheer Obbu

Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) offers a critical security framework for AI-powered cloud systems, replacing traditional perimeter-based defenses with the principle of "never trust, always verify." As organizations deploy increasingly sophisticated AI workloads in distributed cloud environments, they face unique and acute security challenges including model poisoning, adversarial attacks, and extraction attempts targeting valuable intellectual property. ZTA addresses these challenges through continuous authentication, least privilege access, micro-segmentation, and ongoing monitoring specifically calibrated for AI systems. Implementation requires balancing security with performance considerations, managing complexity, addressing skill gaps, and overcoming technical debt in legacy systems. Emerging approaches including AI-powered security tools, zero-knowledge proofs, hardware-based security measures, and standardized frameworks for autonomous systems are shaping the future of AI security in cloud environments, enabling organizations to realize the benefits of AI innovation while maintaining robust protection.

Harsh Kumar Verma

With the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), maintaining data integrity, confidentiality, and authentication is now an imperative challenge. Most conventional cryptographic solutions cannot satisfy the specific constraints of IoT environments, which include limited computational resources, energy efficiency, and scalability. This study proposes a lightweight hybrid cryptographic framework combining Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) and Verifiable Random Functions (VRF) with Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). The hybrid framework is intended to offer robust data integrity, secure authentication, and efficient encryption mechanisms with minimal computational overhead. Our solution makes use of AEAD (AES-GCM or ChaCha20-Poly1305) in order to establish both confidentiality and integrity within a single encryption process and with much less processing time than in traditional approaches such as AES-CTR with HMAC. Use of VRF guarantees that cryptographic algorithms result in verifiable randomness that increases replay attack and unauthorized entry security. ECDSA is utilized for lightweight digital signatures, providing non-repudiation without the computational overhead being higher than RSA-based integrity mechanisms. To ensure the efficacy of our methodology, we performed thorough benchmarking tests comparing AEAD + VRF + ECDSA with conventional cryptographic methods like AES-CTR + HMAC and integrity verification based on RSA. It is revealed by our benchmarks that our hybrid solution considerably cuts down encryption time, minimizes CPU utilization, and maximizes memory usage, thus being very suitable for resource-poor IoT devices. In contrast to AES-CTR + HMAC, which needs independent encryption and authentication phases, AEAD's hybrid approach has the least storage footprint and computational overhead. Furthermore, avoiding a dedicated verification step (necessary in HMAC-based designs) adds to system responsiveness. Our work adds to the literature through a scalable, effective, and secure cryptographic framework optimized for IoT use cases such as secure messaging, sensor data encryption, and access control in distributed systems. Real-world deployment in IoT platforms, post-quantum cryptographic augmentation, and implementing zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) for improved privacy-preserving authentication are next steps. By solving major problems in IoT security, our hybrid approach provides an efficient yet reliable alternative to state-of-the-art cryptographic solutions to guarantee end-to-end data confidentiality and integrity within contemporary IoT infrastructures.