Blockchain Papers

Julião Braga, Francisco Regateiro, Itana Stiubiener, Juliana Cristina Braga

This paper is a proposal to develop a study on governance of artificial intelligence algorithms and data from a comparative study of proposals available in the literature and experiences from Internet governance. Complementarily these studies will be made available for discussions in a Decentralized Autonomous Organization to be implemented, especially for this purpose, in the environment called web3 or Decentralized Finance (DeFi).

Julião Braga, Francisco Regateiro, Itana Stiubiener, Juliana Cristina Braga

This paper is a proposal to develop a study on governance of artificial intelligence algorithms and data from a comparative study of proposals available in the literature and experiences from Internet governance. Complementarily these studies will be made available for discussions in a Decentralized Autonomous Organization to be implemented, especially for this purpose, in the environment called web3 or Decentralized Finance (DeFi).

Dan Sheridan, James S. Harris, Frank Wear, Jerry Cowell · 6 authors

The inability of a computer to think has been a limiter in its usefulness and a point of reassurance for humanity since the first computers were created. The semantic web is the first step toward removing that barrier, enabling computers to operate based on conceptual understanding, and AI and ML are the second. Both semantic knowledge and the ability to learn are fundamental to web3, as are blockchain, decentralization, transactional transparency, and ownership. Web3 is the next generational step in the information age, where the web evolves into a more digestible medium for users and machines to browse knowledge. The slow introduction of Web3 across the global software ecosystem will impact the people who enable the current iteration. This evolution of the internet space will expand the way knowledge is shared, consumed, and owned, which will lessen the requirement for a global standard and allow data to interact efficiently, no matter the construction of the knowledge. The heart of this paper understands the: 1) Enablement of Web3 across the digital ecosystem. 2) What a Web3 developer will look like. 3) How this alteration will evolve the market around software and knowledge in general.

Nikos Kefalakis, Aikaterini Roukounaki, John Soldatos, Mauro Isaja

This chapter presents a dynamic and programmable distributed data analytics solution for industrial environments. The solution includes an edge analytics engine for analytics close to the field and in line with the edge computing paradigm. Each edge analytics engine instance is flexible and dynamically configurable based on an Analytics Manifest (AM). It is also based on distributed ledger technologies for configuring analytics tasks that span multiple edge nodes and instances of the edge analytics engine. In particular, it leverages ledger services for synchronizing and combining various AMs in factory wide analytics tasks. Based on these mechanisms, the presented distributed data analytics infrastructure is therefore flexible, configurable, dynamic and resilient. Moreover, it is open source and provides Open APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that enable access to its functionalities. These features make it unique and valuable for vendors and integrators of industrial automation solutions.

Saleem Malik, Mehmood Chadhar, Madhu Chetty, Savanid Vatanasakdakul

Blockchain (BCT) is an emerging technology that promises many benefits for organizations, for instance, disintermediation, data security, data transparency, a single version of the truth, and trust among trading partners. Despite its multiple benefits, the adoption rate of BCT among organizations has not reached a significantly high level worldwide, thus requiring further research in this space. The present study addresses this issue in the Australian context. There is a knowledge gap in what specific factors, among the plethora of factors reported in the extant literature, affect the organizational adoption of BCT in Australia. To fill this gap, the study uses the qualitative interpretative research approach along with the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework as a theoretical lens. The data was mainly drawn from the literature review and semi-structured interviews of the decision-makers and senior IT people from the BCT adopter and potential adopter organizations in Australia. According to the findings, perceived information transparency, perceived risks, organization innovativeness, organization learning capability, standards uncertainty, and competition intensity influence organizational adoption of BCT in Australia. These factors are exclusively identified in this study. The study also validates the influence of perceived benefits and perceived compatibility on BCT adoption that are reported in the past studies. Practically, these findings are helpful for the Australian government and public and private organizations to develop better policies and make informed decisions for the organizational adoption of BCT. The findings would guide decision-makers to think about the adoption of BCT strategically. The study also has theoretical implications explained in the discussion section.

Malin Picha Edwardsson, Walid Al-Saqaf

A core concept within journalism is the demand for correctness and the ability to double-check news and its sources (Kovach & Rosenstiel, 2014). In this paper, we reflect on the development of a prototype to study the possible use of blockchain technology to create a global secure database of fact-checks that is open to the public. The prototype utilized Hyperledger fabric to create a permissioned blockchain that stores fact-checks created by its users. Through automated processes using smart contracts (chain code applications), we aimed to create a solution that would improve the reliability of fact-checking and keep track of each fact-checking process for digital content, including pictures and videos. Our conclusion is that it is indeed possible to create a blockchain-based system that allows the establishment of a network of fact-checkers that could collectively build and maintain a globally accessible fact-checking database. However, based on technical developments and the evaluation performed by the professional fact-checkers and data journalists in our study, we conclude that the cost, complexity, and rapid technological changes required in this domain indicate that blockchain technology is not yet ready to be directly applied to fact-checking processes in a real-world scenario.

Amanpreet Kaur, Ritu Sharma, Pooja Mishra, Atasi Sinhababu · 5 authors

The present study aims to highlight the features of Connected Papers, a visual tool that can help researchers find and explore academic papers in their literature search. The authors describe how Connected Papers allow to create a network of all the literature available related to a chosen paper. One can use Connected Papers to pull together related papers on a chosen topic and see prior and derivative works based on that topic. Using the Connected Papers tool authors attempt to visualize the key literature on the topic “Blockchain in libraries.” To date, most Blockchain technology applications in libraries are still in the conceptual stage. However, sooner or later, the development and implementation of the technology are expected to facilitate the transformation of how libraries provide services and organize information. This study contributes to examining the research being done to explore the potential of Blockchain technology in libraries through mapping and visualization. The paper is original in terms of the Visual tool used “Connected Papers.”

Muhammad Azeem Akbar, Víctor Leiva, Saima Rafi, Syed Furqan Qadri · 6 authors

Abstract Healthcare systems face various issues related to complex networks of intermediaries and a lack of transaction traceability. The most critical issues are the fragmentation of healthcare data, obstacles in providing efficient research and services, lack of clinical trial reporting, high cost and mismanagement of the drug supply chain, patient data security, and fake drugs. Blockchain technology has the potential to address these criticalities as it has in build traceability mechanisms and promises new business models by enabling incentive structures. This potential of blockchain gathers a high interest in the health industry. However, the implementation of blockchain in healthcare faces various issues as well. Currently, there are no practice‐oriented maturity models to improve such an implementation. In this paper, we present a roadmap to develop a maturity model for blockchain in healthcare (MMBH) based on critical barriers (CBs), critical success factors (CSFs), and the best practices for blockchain implementation in healthcare systems. As a first step to develop the MMBH, in this paper, we present the initial results of a systematic literature review (SLR) to identify critical success factors for implementing blockchain in healthcare systems. We also applied fuzzy technique order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to prioritize the identified CSFs.

Marko Jurić

U ovom radu opisani su osnovni principi distribuiranih sistema, razvoj blokčejn tehnologija kroz tri faze, pojam Ethereum platforme, kao i arhitektura klijenata za pristup Ethereum mreži. Predstavljeno je rešenje u vidu implementacije promene na Ethereum klijentu kao posledice zahteva Ethereum zajednice za ažuriranje Ethereum platforme

Mohit Mittal

This intersection of Web3 technology and the metaverse constitutes a major leap into decentralized digital environments. Web3, which is based on blockchain technology, offers a user-centric architecture that allows users to own and control their digital assets, identities, and interactions. Blockchain ensures transparent, immutable records in the metaverse; smart contracts enable secure, trustless transactions to happen automatically. Non-fungible therapy tokens (NFTs) advance ownership online by showing original virtual items. Metaverse is a notion that envisions a communal, virtual shared environment that exists beyond the physical world. This space is shared by all individuals. It is a digital world in which users can interact with computer-generated surroundings, connect with other users, and participate in a variety of activities by utilizing AR, VR, and other immersive technologies. This article investigates how the integration of Web3 technology supports distributed governance, virtual commerce, and interoperable experiences, thereby ushering a new era of immersive, fair digital places. We also look at potential adoption chances as well as challenges.

Jonathan Christian Setyono, William S. Suryawidjaja, Abba Suganda Girsang

There are currently more than 10.000 cryptocurrencies available to buy from the online market, with a vast range of prices for each coin it sells. The fluctuation of each coin is affected by any social events or by several important companies or people behind it. The aim of this research is to compare three cryptocurrencies, which are Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Binance Coin, using Social Network Analysis (SNA) by visualizing them using Business Intelligence (BI Dashboard). This study uses the SNA parameters of degree, diameter, modularity, centrality, and path length for each network and its actors and their actual market price by crawling(data collecting process) from Twitter as one of the social media platforms. From the research conducted, the popularity of cryptocurrencies is affected by their market price and the activeness of their actors on social media. These results are important because they could help in the decision-making to buy cryptocurrencies with high popularity on social media because they tend to retain their value over time and could benefit from price spikes from influential people. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-02-09 Full Text: PDF

Δαμιανός Π. Σακάς, Nikolaos T. Giannakopoulos, Νίκος Κανέλλος, Christos Tryfonopoulos

Today, more than ever, the popularity of decentralized payment systems has risen, creating an outbreak of new cryptocurrencies hitting the market. Unique websites have been staged for each cryptocurrency, where information and means for mining cryptocurrencies are available daily. People visit those cryptocurrency websites either from desktop or mobile devices. Thus, the impulsion for appropriate promotion of cryptocurrency websites and customer factors affecting it rises. The above process increases cryptocurrency organizations’ website visibility, raising the need for customer relationships and satisfaction optimization concerning organizations’ supply chain strategy. Research data were collected from 10 well-known cryptocurrency websites, regarding mobile and desktop devices, in 180 days, regarding on-site web analytics. Therefore, a model consisting of three stages was applied. Starting phase of the model pertains to statistical and regression analysis of cryptocurrency web analytics, followed by Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping and Agent-Based Model deployment. Throughout this study, methods for promoting cryptocurrency websites can be deduced from assessing specific website metrics and device preferences. Research results indicate that web analytics give a clearer image of customer behavior in cryptocurrency websites and, therefore, provide opportunities for further website optimization through increased web traffic and digital reputation.

Sabina Baraković, Jasmina Baraković Husić

Digital transformation is unstoppable and ongoing process that affects all segments of our everyday lives such as healthcare, banking and finance systems, public administration, or postal and logistics systems. One of the main engines of this process, among many, is the use of cryptocurrencies. Both of these concepts are usually addressed from the firm perspective, but they should be considered from the individual’s perspective as well. Cryptocurrencies recently face increased cyber security threats, thereby affecting the digital transformation and posing additional challenges to it. Therefore, this paper gives a brief overview of security threats and challenges characteristic for cryptocurrency technology today and discusses what can be expected tomorrow. We provide insight how these challenges can affect digital transformation process and propose ways to increase the level of protection for both individuals and organizations.

Archit Varshney

This exploration paper is about the conception of a World Wide Web grounded for the conception grounded around machine-readability, also called Web3.0. Web3.0 will review how we interact with the digital world and the change won't just be for individualities. The effect of Web3.0 blockchain on businesses – both traditional and disruptive will be inversely massive. The transition from Web2.0 to Web3.0 still, won't be overnight. This means businesses will have time to look back at their process and see where they fit on the decentralization and translucency radar. But indeed though Web3.0 is in the future, the reality of the moment is that businesses need to start preparing. Let our Blockchain experts help you. Some technologists and intelligencers have varied it with Web2.0, wherein they say data and content are consolidated in a small group of companies occasionally appertained to as"Big Tech". The term"Web3" was chased in 2014 by Ethereumco- founder Gavin Wood, and the idea gained interest in 2021 from cryptocurrency suckers, large technology companies, and adventure capital enterprises. Some experts argue that web3 will give increased data security, scalability, and sequestration for druggies and combat the influence of large technology companies. Others have raised enterprises about a decentralized web, citing the eventuality of low temperance and the proliferation of dangerous content, the centralization of wealth to a small group of investors and individualities, or a loss of sequestration due to further extensive data collection. Crucial Words World Wide Web; Web3.0; Big Tech; cryptocurrency; decentralized web

Adrian Barradas, Acela Tejeda-Gil, Rosa María Cantón Croda

Cryptocurrencies have recently emerged as financial assets that allow their users to execute transactions in a decentralized manner. Their popularity has led to the generation of huge amounts of data, specifically on social media networks such as Twitter. In this study, we propose an iterative kappa architecture that collects, processes, and temporarily stores data regarding transactions and tweets of two of the major cryptocurrencies according to their market capitalization: Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH). We applied a k-means clustering approach to group data according to their principal characteristics. Data are categorized into three groups: BTC typical data, ETH typical data, BTC and ETH atypical data. Findings show that activity on Twitter correlates to activity regarding the transactions of cryptocurrencies. It was also found that around 14% of data relate to extraordinary behaviors regarding cryptocurrencies. These data contain higher transaction volumes of both cryptocurrencies, and about 9.5% more social media publications in comparison with the rest of the data. The main advantages of the proposed architecture are its flexibility and its ability to relate data from various datasets.

Laurențiu-George DINU

<strong>Abstract: </strong><em>Strategic management is an important part of an entity’s resources to achieve its goals. Involving the manager and the management team, knowing the context in which they act, setting goals, identifying trends in the field of activity, technological upgrade, identifying directions of action, global policies in the area, legislation and alignment with the online environment, make the organization’s target easier to reach. This study is a review of the literature and articles, to help managers have a complete picture and to be a potential tool to help make decisions in the use or acceptance of cryptocurrencies. The world of cryptocurrencies is developing at a dizzying pace and it is imperative to ask ourselves if it can be a viable alternative to the classic payment methods for Romanian companies as well.</em> <strong>Keywords:<em> </em></strong><em>cryptocurrencies, strategic management, blockchain, management strategies</em> <strong>JEL Classification:</strong><em> G23, G24, G28</em>

Alireza Aliahmadi, Hamed Nozari, Javid Ghahremani-Nahr

In today's world, huge amounts of information affect all aspects of our lives and play an important role in our decisions. The importance of big data in business, like other key processes in the organization, has not hidden from experts. Access to big data can play an important role in understanding audience behavior, planning advertising campaigns, deciding on a marketing mix such as changing a product and selecting its distribution channels, implementing e-marketing strategies, content production strategies, and many other micro and macro decisions. The Internet of Things as a transformative technology is one of the most important sources of big data production. The use of social networks and online platforms in marketing, allows companies to interact with consumers in a targeted manner and provide the required information as soon as possible. In addition to high volume, IoT data also has high accuracy and purity, based on performance. Despite all the positive features of IoT-based smart marketing and the presence of big data, the disclosure of private information is the main problem. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to methods, approaches and technologies that can help eliminate this complication. It seems that blockchain technology with features such as tracking, transparency and security enhancement, can help to eliminate this problem and improve the performance of the digital marketing industry. For this reason, this chapter of the book provides a conceptual framework for demonstrating the causal relationships of the elements that make up an intelligent marketing system based on these evolving technologies. Understanding this framework will help implement a smart and capable marketing system.

Nkhulang T. Matsepe, Elma van der Lingen

Purpose: The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) enables firms to leverage various emerging technologies to reduce operating costs, improve business efficiencies and gain competitive advantage. This article uncovers the determinants influencing emerging technology adoption, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing and distributed ledger technologies (DLT), in South African (SA) financial services firms.Design/methodology/approach: Seventeen technology experts from the SA banking, insurance, financial technology and financial regulation and compliance sectors were interviewed. A semi-structured interview was used to conduct one-on-one interviews, followed by a focus group interview. Qualitative data were analysed using a thematic network analysis.Findings/results: The results revealed that the determinants – adopter traits, technology usability, industry characteristics, organisational leadership and organisational characteristics – were influential towards technology adoption. It is suggested that the new model could be strengthened further by incorporating a new construct, leadership diversity, which had not been previously proposed in the literature.Practical implications: By understanding the influential adoption determinants, leaders can take bold, calculated risks in adopting AI, cloud computing and DLT. However, the importance, prior to adopting these technologies, of clearly understanding the need for them, and their business benefits is also emphasised.Originality/value: Research on the adoption of AI, cloud computing and DLT in the SA financial sector is limited. This article leverages the models of the diffusion of innovations (DOI), the technology–organisation–environment (TOE) and the technology readiness index (TRI) to propose a new model that illustrates technology adoption in the SA financial sector at individual and firm levels.

ManMohan S. Sodhi, Zahra Seyedghorban, Hossein Tahernejad, Danny Samson

In this paper, we explore why users’ experiences with emerging supply chain technologies comprise inflated expectations followed by disappointment in the early stages of adoption, as per the Gartner Hype Cycle. We used “affordance theory” to study how managers perceive emerging technologies to explain their adoption experience. Affordance theory indicates that perceived benefits—and goals and constraints—depend on the interaction between technology and the users, not on the technology alone. First, we used the literature for two purposes: first, to obtain characteristics of blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) as emerging technologies; and second, to itemize generic goals, affordances, and constraints in adopting any supply chain technology. Next, we asked 400+ supply chain managers to select those affordances, constraints, and goals that they viewed as pertinent to their organizations’ supply chains for whichever of these three technologies they were implementing. Finally, we compared the responses across technologies for individual respondents (who selected more than one technology) and within the pool of respondents. We found that respondents who selected more than one technology made distinct selections individually for the different technologies relevant to them. The pooled responses across all respondents, however, prioritized the aggregated goals, affordances, and constraints in the same way, regardless of the technology, the organization, or the network features of the supply chain. Overall, it appears that the characteristics of the technology do not inform user expectations at the early stages of adoption. This initial disconnect—between characteristics and expectation—may explain the “inflated expectations” followed by the early “trough of disappointment” with emerging technologies in the Gartner Hype Cycle, as users focus on obtaining the same benefits for the supply chain from any new emerging technology. Only subsequent shared experiences can lead to the long “slope of enlightenment.”

Joanna Gusc, Peter Bosma, Sławomir Jarka, Agnieszka Biernat-Jarka

The current energy prices do not include the environmental, social, and economic short and long-term external effects. There is a gap in the literature on the decision-making model for the energy transition. True Cost Accounting (TCA) is an accounting management model supporting the decision-making process. This study investigates the challenges and explores how big data, AI, or blockchain could ease the TCA calculation and indirectly contribute to the transition towards more sustainable energy production. The research question addressed is: How can IT help TCA applications in the energy sector in Europe? The study uses qualitative interpretive methodology and is performed in the Netherlands, Germany, and Poland. The findings indicate the technical feasibilities of a big data infrastructure to cope with TCA challenges. The study contributes to the literature by identifying the challenges in TCA application for energy production, showing the readiness potential for big data, AI, and blockchain to tackle them, revealing the need for cooperation between accounting and technical disciplines to enable the energy transition.

Ahmad N. Gohar, Sayed AbdelGaber, Marwa Salah Farhan

Recent years have seen a paradigm shift in the data<br> sharing and interoperability of Electronic Health Records (EHRs),<br> especially in cloud environments. EHR systems traditionally used<br> to exchange health information amongst healthcare stakeholders<br> have been criticized for centralizing power, failures, and attack<br> points with the exchange data custodians. However, this paradigm<br> also raises many concerns about data privacy and security for ehealth<br> systems. Blockchain promises to address the many EHR<br> challenges, primarily trust-less and secure health information<br> exchange among stakeholders.<br> This study considered 15 healthcare models and frameworks<br> based on Blockchain that discussed theoretical, technical, and<br> architectural viewpoints that addressed interoperability, privacy,<br> security, cost, and performance dimensions. Based on that, it<br> presents a novel EHRs interoperability framework that combines<br> Blockchain, cloud, and decentralized data sources among multiple<br> healthcare ecosystems based on the strict-layered topology. The<br> empirical results show that our framework provides an effective<br> solution for interoperability and reliable data exchanges while<br> preserving sensitive health information against potential threats.<br> Keywords— Electronic health records (EHRs), EHRs sharing,<br> mobile cloud computing (MCC), Internet of Medical Things (IoMT),<br> Blockchain, smart contracts, DLT, distributed ledger technology,<br> distributed computing, interoperability, access control, privacy,<br> security, health information management, health information<br> exchange, digital health, eHealth.

Mansoor Ahmed, Naeem Iqbal, Faraz Hussain, Murad-Ali Khan · 7 authors

Context: The success or failure of any software development project significantly depends on the accuracy of its effort estimates. Software development effort estimation is the foundation for project bidding, budgeting, planning, and cost control. Problem: The literature shows that a lot of work has been done on software effort estimation. But still, there is a need for improvement in effort estimation by introducing new methodologies. The structured group-based and analogy-based effort estimations are the widely used estimation methods. Nevertheless, there are several shortcomings of using these methods such as lack of experts, lack of historical data, and biasness in expert opinion, which negatively affect the estimation results. Motivation: With the advancement of technologies, such limitations could be overcome. Such as leveraging the applicability of blockchain in several domains such as improvement in software development process and network security. Method: In this article, we have proposed a Blockchain-Based Software Effort Estimation (BBSEE) methodology to improve the software effort estimation. We employ the proposed method using Web and blockchain technologies. Moreover, we also proposed an evaluation criteria to assess the efficacy of the proposed method in terms of Mean Magnitude of Relative Error (MMRE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and percentage of successful predictions falling (PRED (25)). Result: We performed several case studies and analyses expert opinion of 52 organizations to present the efficacy of the proposed method. Conclusion: We observe that BBSEE method outperforms than expert judgment and analogy-based effort estimation methodologies in terms of software effort estimation.

Arpit Garg

Combining blockchain with AI is heavily transforming digital banking by facilitating intelligent, secure, and real-time decision-making processes. While financial institutions move away from legacy systems toward data-driven platforms, there is a growing need for real-time BI. Most transitional BI tools are thus limited by the presence of centralized data silos, slow data pipelines, and lack of transparency. In comparison, blockchain ensures a decentralized tamper-proof ledger infrastructure that gives assurances of data integrity, traceability, and auditability, whereas AI offers tools for extracting actionable insights such as predictive analytics, anomaly detection, and natural language processing. In pausing this study turns its focus on the synergistic integration of blockchain and AI toward real-time BI framework developments within digital banking ecosystems. A multi-layered architecture is thereby proposed wherein blockchain captures, validates, and stores transactional and behavioral data, whereas a layer of AI modules sit atop this secured data layer to generate intelligent patterns in real time. This research puts forward supervised learning models such as XGBoost and LSTM for fraud prediction and customer segmentation, while smart contracts trigger compliance workflows and rule-based alerts. Explainable AI techniques (e.g. SHAP, LIME) are also integrated for purposes of interpretability and regulatory compliance. Results indicate that fraud detection accuracy has been improved to 96%, latency to real-time insight generation has dropped substantially to a negligible level, and trust in AI results has been strengthened by the transparency of blockchain logging. Case studies of customer behavior analytics, transaction anomaly monitoring, and credit scoring show how this integrated approach outperforms traditional data infrastructures. Besides, this work has put forward other discussions on challenges in implementation such as interoperability, data privacy, computational costs, and regulatory acceptance. This research contributes to the fast-evolving discourse on digital transformation in finance, offering a scalable, secure, and interpretable blueprint for next-generation banking systems, which will take advantage of blockchain and AI in providing real-time intelligence

Mesbaul Haque Sazu, Sakila Akter Jahan

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Blockchain technology is disrupting the financial services industry and leading to extended big data applications in the banking sectors. Using blockchain and big data technology, banking industries can greatly improve decision-making, efficiency, and transparency. Nevertheless, there is a gap in research on the use of blockchain and big data technologies in banking systems from an academic viewpoint. To address the gap, we present a thorough overview of the impact of blockchain and big data technologies on banking systems. Although some banks have started blockchain development in small groups or isolation, this study was designed as a comprehensive exploration into a few facets of banking with blockchain technology to tackle the difficulties currently impeding the adoption of such technologies into banking systems throughout the world. This study shows that implementing big data and blockchain technology can significantly impact the security, speed and cost of transactions for banks. Further research could be conducted over a long-time span to capture the longitudinal impact of blockchain and big data technologies on banking in terms of the operating costs, profitability and scalability.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;