It is the expansion and use of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) in various industrial sectors and applications that are referred to as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The Industrial Internet of Things includes industrial applications such as robots, medical devices, and softwareâdefined manufacturing processes. In terms of energy conservation, routing is extremely essential. The creation of an energy effectual steering procedure leads to a substantial rise in energy consumption. To minimize network traffic and increase network life, the article presented an Industrial IoT Fuzzy Logic EnergyâAware Routing Protocol (FLEAâRPL), which decreases network traffic as well as improves network life. The most suitable parent for data transfer is selected based on, among other things, the routing parameters charge, residual energy, and expected transmission count. Since the load routing metric is taken into consideration during the construction of the route, the data traffic is spread across the network. This increases networkâs lifetime while maintaining a high packet delivery ratio. The proposed work proposes a Multilayer EnergyâAware Aware RPL (MCEAâRPL) cluster for the Internet of Things to decrease network data traffic while increasing the lifetime of the network. It is split into three phases, each including the creation of network rings, intraring divisions, and intercluster routing. First and foremost, the virtual ring is created in the network. Secondly, each ring forms an identical cluster and chooses the CH node. Finally, it is responsible for the maintenance and performance of the DODAG. Data transfer from the lesser sheet to the DODAG root is known as data transfer. By using Blockchain technology, the lifetime of a network may be extended by reducing the number of identical data package transfers. This article offers Enhanced Mobility Support RPL (EMâRPL) in Industrial IoT which enhances mobility support with blockchain and spreads system generation. It comprises two processes: a collection of the parental static node and selection of the parent moving node. The static parent selection method uses routing metrics load and residual energy to identify the parent that is most suited for data transfer. Two phases of mobile parent selection must be distinguished: data transmission and route rediscovery. The mobile node utilizes furious logic to compute the handâoff value of the metric packet errors ratio and the signal strength indication received from the base station. If the handâoff value exceeds the threshold limit, the DODAG route has to be changed to work correctly. The EMâRPL thus increases the package delivery rate by reducing the amount of route interruption caused by mobility, while offering an efficient handling mechanism.
Adeel Ahmed, Saima Abdullah, Saman Iftikhar, Israr Ahmad ¡ 6 authors
A software-defined vehicular network is made up of an IoT (Internet of Things) based vehicular ad-hoc network and a software-defined network. For better communication in IoT based vehicle networks, researchers are now working on the VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) to increase the overall system performance. To maximize the VANET ad-hoc network’s information application performance and reliability, edge computing has gained the attention of researchers. In current research, cloud computing is used for message related task execution, which increases the response time. We propose a Software-defined Fault Tolerance and QoS-Aware (Quality of Service) IoT-Based Vehicular Networks Using Edge Computing Secured by Blockchain to reduce overall communication delay, message failure fault tolerance, and secure service provisioning for VANET ad-hoc networks in this article. We proposed heuristic algorithms to solve the above mentioned problems of response delay, message failure, fault tolerance, and security provided by the Blockchain. The proposed model gets vehicle messages through SDN (Software defined network) nodes, which are placed on nearby edge servers, and the edge servers are validated by the blockchain to provide secure services to vehicles. The SDN controller, which exists on an edge server, which is placed on the road side to overcome communication delays, receives different messages from the vehicles and divides these messages in to two different categories. The message division is performed by the edge server by judging the time line, size, and emergency situation. SDN controller organized these messages and forwarded them to their destination. After the message is delivered to its destination, a fault tolerance mechanism checks their acknowledgements. If the message delivery fails, the fault tolerance algorithm will resend the failure message. The proposed model is implemented using a custom simulator and compared with the latest VANET based QoS and fault tolerance models. The result shows the performance of the proposed model, which decreased the overall message communication delay by 55% of the normal and emergency messages by using the edge server SDN controller. Furthermore, the proposed model reduces the execution time, security risk, and message failure ratio by using the edge server, cloud server and blockchain infrastructure.
A. Ross Taylor, Austin Kugler, Praneeth Babu Marella, Gaby G. Dagher
Achieving interoperability between healthcare providers is a major challenge. Current systems for managing prescription records suffer from data siloing, unnecessary record duplication, and slow record transfers. In many systems, patients do not retain control over their prescription data. Instead, they must use an intermediary to access or transfer their records. Furthermore, record transfers suffer from differing standards between providers, outdated communication methods, and information blocking. Solving these problems necessitates the creation of an interoperable prescription management system. Realizing such a system requires considering security, efficiency, scalability, and other challenges. Recent regulatory actions attempt to address these challenges, but fundamental issues persist. This paper proposes a patient-centric and interoperable prescription system that ensures patient control, prevents information blocking, and improves transfer efficiency. We call our solution VigilRxâa system that uses blockchain and smart contracts to manage prescriptions. Stakeholders exist as one of three role-based smart contracts within the system: patient, prescriber, or pharmacy. These role contracts ensure the system is patient-centric by assigning ownership of prescription records directly to patients. Our smart contracts also ensure the systemâs interoperability, as we use a standardized prescription contract to ensure records can be easily managed. VigilRxâs use of blockchain also promotes transparency by providing patients an explicit list of parties that hold permission to access their records. Use of existing software patterns allows the system to adapt as needed. We implement VigilRx and show that it is both scalable and efficient.
The Internet of Things(IoT) has changed the world into a smart and autonomous world. The way in which we interact with each other and with the environment has changed.The IoT is experiencing exponential growth in research and industry, but still suffers from privacy and security issues. The integration of blockchain technology with Internet of Things (IoT) has resolved many challenges faced by Internet of Things (IoT) such as decentralization, poor interoperability, privacyand security vulnerabilities. Blockchain when combined with IoT can solve many challenges of IoT systems. This integration will come out to be the better system for the environment in many aspects specially security which is the most important aspect to be considered. Also, the distributed ledger of Blockchain which when used in IoT can resolve many issues like scalability and authenticity. However, the integration of Blockchain technology with IoT originates various challenges like storage capacity and scalability, security, anonymity and data privacy etc. We first introduce Blockchain with Internet of Things (IoT) and key characteristic of this integration. We will also concentrate the issued resolved by blockchain technology in Internet of Things (IoT). The main concern of this paper is to discuss the various challenges of integration of blockchain into IoT.
Secure management of Critical National Infrastructures (CNI) is a burning challenge to any state. As a CNI, Electronic Healthcare System (EHS) infrastructure records citizens’ medical records, raising security and privacy concerns. Traditional EHS functions independently where patients’ records are recorded and maintained in centralized systems that produce massive redundant data. Due to the non-coherence of these systems, data atomicity is not maintained; hence research results based on these data create questioning. Moreover, medical records are valuable for research but cannot be public due to security and privacy. Blockchain (BC) is currently considered a potential solution for the challenges. Blockchain can integrate every independent EHS as a bridging platform. The solution can ensure data uniqueness and overcome security issues. The prime difficulties for the integration are data synchronization of the traditional EHS and BC-based EHS. Furthermore, the autonomous interoperability betweenSQLandNoSQLdatabase used in typical EHS and BC-based EHS, respectively, is a prime challenge. Therefore, this research proposes a Blockchain-based framework that bridges Traditional E-Health Systems(TEHS) and allows uninterruptible data exchanges between two systems, even for archive medical records. Beyond that, the framework shows an elevated way to overcome a single point of failure, data security, access control, etc., issues in a centralized system. Finally, the testbed implementation justifies the proposed architecture.
Blockchain technology is widely used in finance, supply chain, Internet of Things and other fields because of its advantages of anti-tampering, decentralization, and traceability. As the core factor affecting the performance of blockchain, consensus algorithm with good performance is the current research focus and goal. Aiming at the problem of insufficient performance and scalability of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), a two-stage verification algorithm is proposed. The algorithm improves the three-stage verification of PBFT into the confirmation stage and the review stage. The block contains the confirmation information of the previous block, and the block release and information confirmation are carried out synchronously, which saves the communication cost and reduces the number of communications between nodes, so that the As the system throughput increases, the impact of network scale on performance becomes smaller. The simulation shows that the performance of the algorithm is improved by 50% compared with the PBFT algorithm. After the node reaches the maximum number of connections, the algorithm is limited by the size of the node and becomes smaller, and the scalability of the system is improved.
In this paper, a variety of cloud service combinations is used to form the control core of a smart home, realize data forwarding, storage, and analysis in the cloud, and complete the remote management of smart home devices. This paper studies the secure access control of smart home data combined with the blockchain technology and password technology to realize the secure and efficient access control of smart home data. The system can achieve the goal of independent research and development. Aiming at the problem that the access control of a smart home is generally managed by thirdâparty authorized institutions and there is an unauthorized access, a blockchainâbased smart home (BSH) access control scheme is proposed. The scheme extends the attributeâbased access control model (ABAC) and applies the blockchain technology to the smart home ABAC model to realize fineâgrained access control. In the scheme, the resource provider first publishes the access control policy of the resource to the blockchain. If the resource visitor wants to access the resource, he needs to submit an access request to the blockchain and use an SM2 threshold signature to process the transaction proposal. The endorsement peer node in the blockchain runs the access control policy smart contract to decide whether to grant access rights. This scheme can ensure that resource providers can participate in all the processes of access control and avoid the risk of unauthorized access caused by the centralized management of the third party. Finally, the simulation experiment is carried out on the Hyperledger Fabric alliance chain development platform. The results show that the BSH access control scheme has good applicability in the smart home scenario.
Open banking allows banks and financial sectors to easily access the customersâ financial data which is revolutionizing. It also provides the customers with excellent cloud access to various providersâ wide range of financial services. The storage of such sensitive services and data on cloud servers is a doubleâedged sword. It can ease and support fineâgrained access to such services/data anywhere and anytime, supporting the open banking system. But, on the other hand, data privacy and secrecy are a challenge. Thus, efficient access control should exist for open bankingâs services and data to protect cloudâhosted financial sensitive data from unauthorized customers. This paper proposes a new access control scheme that employs blockchain for the keyârevocation process. We implement the smart contractâs functions on the Ethereum platform and test the contractâs code on the Kovan Testnet before deploying it to the Mainnet. Although the customer is authenticated to open banking, his key/s can be revoked according to the status response of the bank branch. Thus, his access to financial services and data is denied. We did comprehensive experiments for the revocation status response time, data exchanged until receiving the revocation status, and the time spent updating the policy. Also, we compared the results of our proposed scheme with two wellâknown methodsâCertificate Revocation List (CRL) and Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP). The experimental results show that our proposed scheme (BKRâAC) has a faster response time than Certificate Revocation List (CRL) and Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) in case of nonrevoked keys/certificates and a slower response time in case of revoked keys to avoid nonrevoking a revoked key. But the data exchanged is an average for BKRâAC between CRL and OCSP, which is still a tiny amount and accepted. The security analysis proved that our scheme is secure against some wellâknown attacks on open banking systems. In addition, it is also secured against the chosenâtext attack by employing the challengeâresponse authentication mechanism.
Elham Shammar, Ammar T. Zahary, Asma A. Al-Shargabi
The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging from its infancy and establishing itself as a component of the future Internet. However, the ability to manage a huge number of IoT devices is one of the IoT technical challenges. To implement access control, traditional schemes typically rely on a trusted central organization. Traditional centralized access control systems of the IoT lead to the shortcomings of a single point of failure, low overall system efficiency, and ethical and privacy issues. To overcome such challenges, an attributeâbased access control model using Hyperledger Fabric blockchain (ABACâHLFBC) is proposed in this paper. By adopting ABAC, it is no longer to create access control lists (ACLs) or assign roles to all system users. Instead, ABAC grants access based on the attributes presented by the target. No one is permitted access unless he/she possesses sufficient attributes that correspond to the access policy. The Hyperledger Fabric Raft consensus mechanism has been used to verify the transaction on the proposed model because it has a demanding feature for faster and less complicated consensus in comparison to the Kafka ordering service. To evaluate the proposed model, it has been tested against the most recent previous work, called fabricâiot model. The proposed model has been tested and evaluated in two parts. The first part tests the cost time using a client test program written in Golang. The second part tests the latency and throughput using the Hyperledger Caliper benchmark tool. Results show that the proposed model efficiently outperforms the previous work in terms of the performance metrics mentioned above.
In recent years, blockchain technology has experienced tremendous growth in application development and gained a lot of attention from people. Blockchain technology-based applications are rapidly expanding in a variety of domains, including government, education, the energy sector, and the internet of things (IoT), among many others. Blockchain is a decentralised and peer-to-peer system that permits the recording of digital transactions in a distributed, encrypted, and secure manner. Even though blockchain technology has the potential to provide more efficient and reliable applications, challenges and obstacles are also present. This paper gives a rigorous overview of the underlying concepts of blockchain: distributed ledger technology, smart contracts, and other features; with the challenges and the corresponding solutions also discussed at the end. This paper also surveyed the blockchain applications in the education ecosystem that are tied to student credentials.
The remarkable increase in the number of interconnected smart devices in todayâs Internet of things networks introduces more challenges related to security, trust, and centralization, which require more effective solutions. Fortunately, blockchain technology has recently emerged as a potential rescuer for IoT-based solutions due to its decentralization and enhanced security features. It is usual for smart contracts to arise in handling and processing the generated data when IoT devices are combined with blockchain. However, blockchain and smart contracts need to interact with input data of the same level of trust to guarantee correct applications execution. This implies using oracles to provide trust compatibility between inserted information collected from IoT devices and blockchain and smart contracts. Therefore, this study adopts a methodology that was shaped based on current literature and design and experiments to provide a full narrative of the process of combining two of the most intriguing systems in todayâs world of technology, namely, blockchain and IoT including a very important part of the comprehensive system, viz. blockchain oracle. Moreover, it was found that the literature lacks a complete view of the IoT-blockchain integration process that covers all its important and related aspects. Therefore, this work is an attempt to fill the gap in literature and contribute to the body of knowledge by surveying the literature about existing IoT-blockchain architectures and shed light on the role of blockchain in addressing IoT issues while demonstrating the concept of oracles as well as their functions in addition to the main operating blockchain oracles. Additionally, this work illustrates a CO2measuring use case where a smart contract is developed and tested as part of two proposed oracle-based designs. The obtained results demonstrate a full picture of a practical integrated IoT-blockchain system architecture.
In the last era the number of internet-connected devices surpassed the human population. IoT integration rate into human world equals at least five times the rate of electricity and telephony. Currently in 2020 the number of IoT devices is around 50 billion smart objects. This great invasion to our live requires extensive efforts for controlling and securing those devices. BlockChain (BC) is a distributed write-only ledger that eliminates the need for third party in securing and verifying transactions between peers. BC is considered the most powerful technique for securing transactions between IoT devices. In this work, a robust and scalable blockchain-based security framework for IoT is proposed. This framework comprises clients, device gateways, and administrators. IoT devices access BC through gateways. Ethereum BlockChain is utilized in addition to Ethereum smart contracts for enforcing a set of rules defined by the system administrator. Finally metrics that fulfill both efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed framework are introduced. In the results section, the proposed work provides robust and scalable security framework for the IoT devices under different attack probabilities in addition to satisfying the conditions of lightweight, transparency, and timeliness.
Talha Ahsan, Farrukh Zeeshan Khan, Zeshan Iqbal, Muneer Ahmed ¡ 8 authors
Advancement in technology has led to innovation in equipment, and the number of devices is increasing every day. Industries are introducing new devices every day and predicting 50 billion connected devices by 2022. These devices are deployed through the Internet, called the Internet of Things (IoT). Applications of IoT devices are weather prediction, monitoring surgery in hospitals, identification of animals using biochips, providing tracking connectivity in automobiles, smart home appliances, etc. IoT devices have limitations related to security at both the software and hardware ends. Secure user interfaces can overcome softwareâlevel limitations like frontâendâuser interfaces are accessed easily through public and private networks. The frontâend interfaces are connected to the localized storage to contain data produced by the IoT devices. Localized storage deployed in a closed environment connected to IoT devices is more efficient than online servers from a security perspective. Blockchain has emerged as a technology or technique with capabilities to achieve secure administrational authentication and accessibility to IoT devices and their computationally produced data in a decentralized way with high reliability, interrogation, and resilience. In this paper, we propose device, endâuser, and transactional authentication techniques using blockchainâembedded algorithms. The localized server interacts with the user interface to authenticate IoT devices, endâusers, and their access to IoT devices. The localized server provides efficiency by reducing the load on the IoT devices by carrying out endâuser heavy computational data, including endâuser, IoT device authentication, and communicational transactions. Authentication data are placed on the public ledger in block form, distributed over the system nodes through blockchain algorithms.
The Know Your Client (KYC) process is an essential part of the financial ecosystem. The KYC process requires banks to validate and verify primary documents. The market these days, though, is flooded with KYC utilities that facilitate this process and share these documents with multiple entities, however they provide very little value addition. Blockchain technology, with its concept of immutable timestamped ledgers and distributed systems, can effectively facilitate banks to improve their KYC methods by allowing near real-time data exchange among various entities for quicker and effective validation ensuring data integrity alongside bringing down the time and costs significantly.
The healthcare sector is suffering from inefficiencies in handling its data. Many patients and healthcare organisations are frustrated by the numerous hurdles to obtaining current, real-time patient information. Patients are also frustrated at trying to schedule appointments at health organisations that have outdated contact information. The healthcare sectorâs attention has been drawn to blockchain technology as a part of the solution, especially since this technology has been successfully applied in the financial sector to improve the security of transactions. The aspect of interoperability is resolved adequately by blockchain technology, because it has the potential to store, manage and share EMRs safely in the healthcare community. Therefore, the technology is having a positive impact on healthcare outcomes for various stakeholders. Interoperability in healthcare eases the exchange of health-related data, such as EMRs, between healthcare entities so that records may be shared and distributed among clinical systems. To handle data in this sector without violating privacy is a challenge, whether in the collection, storage, or analysis. Poor security, which increases data breaches, endangers patients both mentally, socially, and financially. A lack of data-sharing in the healthcare sector is considered a significant issue worldwide. This research focuses on this gap by investigating the benefits of using blockchain at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia, providing a detailed analysis of the healthcare sector, and evaluating how blockchain technology improves data-sharing security. This research proposes a framework that identifies the factors supporting data-sharing using blockchain among healthcare organisations. It has three categories: healthcare systems factors; security factors; and blockchain factors. A triangulation technique achieved reliable results in three steps: a literature review; an expert review; and a questionnaire. This gave a comprehensive picture of the research topic, validating and confirming the results. To construct the framework, factors were comprehensively extracted from the literature then analysed, cleared of duplicates, and categorised. As a result, the final framework is confirmed as being based on the literature and expert review, and it is supported by the practitionersâ survey.
The phrase "Metaverse" has grabbed the imagination of younger generations. The Metaverse seamlessly merges the physical and virtual worlds, allowing avatars to engage in a variety of activities such as creation, exhibition, entertainment, social networking, and commerce. The metaverse will be enabled, populated, and sustained by artificial intelligence (AI). The Metaverse will be developed with augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), as well as AI, digital networks, and blockchains. Meta is well-known for its work in artificial intelligence and algorithmic development. Artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies are poised to play important roles in the ever-expanding metaverse. Metaverse, for example, uses artificial intelligence, a digital network, and blockchain to build a digital virtual world in which anybody may participate securely and freely activities that are social and economic in nature but do not take place in the physical world.
Blockchain is a distributed system that confirms security and reliability. It has started a new era of a solid and consensus system. Because of blockchain's emphasis on security, many other operations and processes are adopting the same reliable approach. Almost all processes and operations are now encouraged to be computed electronically in the digital Ethereum network that has been presented. In the current situation, we have seen what the conduction of elections has done to the worsening situation of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The proposed system uses an Ethereum network on a blockchain platform to implement a college voting system, making use of the Aadhar API. E-voting will help to support transparency and voters' trust to reduce corruption and unreliability in the voting processes. The use of this system will allow a voter to vote from home while also having the assurity that this process is completely secure and reliable due to the use of blockchain technology.
In the Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT), users and sensor-equipped entities send multiple messages to the Command Control Center (CCC) over the network. The authentication and integrity of these messages are crucial because if an adversary or malicious node transmits, alters, or replays these messages, the consequences will be disasters. Current centralized authentication systems are not suitable for the distributed environment because such schemes are prone to a single point of failure, privacy, and scalability issues. Moreover, the high communication overhead caused by centralization increases energy consumption. In this work, we propose a technique called Blockchain-based Autonomous Authentication and Integrity for the Internet of Battlefield Things (BIoBT) for the C3I system. The proposed technique does not require an explicit authentication channel for the authentication of entities because it is performed on the blockchain side when receiving the data. In addition, it provides data integrity and non-repudiation. BIoBT prototype is created, deployed, and tested on the Ethereum test network. The results prove that BIoBT is efficient, cost-effective, and satisfies the security requirements of a distributed environment for IoBT. BIoBT also outperforms contemporary mechanisms in terms of the number of messages required to establish a secure channel, thereby reducing communication overhead and resource consumption.
The healthcare industry faces serious problems with health data. Firstly, health data is fragmented and its quality needs to be improved. Data fragmentation means that it is difficult to integrate the patient data stored by multiple health service providers. The quality of these heterogeneous data also needs to be improved for better utilization. Secondly, data sharing among patients, healthcare service providers and medical researchers is inadequate. Thirdly, while sharing health data, patients' right to privacy must be protected, and patients should have authority over who can access their data. In traditional health data sharing system, because of centralized management, data can easily be stolen, manipulated. These systems also ignore patient's authority and privacy. Researchers have proposed some blockchain-based health data sharing solutions where blockchain is used for consensus management. Blockchain enables multiple parties who do not fully trust each other to exchange their data. However, the practice of smart contracts supporting these solutions has not been studied in detail. We propose CrowdMed-II, a health data management framework based on blockchain, which could address the above-mentioned problems of health data. We study the design of major smart contracts in our framework and propose two smart contract structures. We also introduce a novel search contract for searching patients in the framework. We evaluate their efficiency based on the execution costs on Ethereum. Our design improves on those previously proposed, lowering the computational costs of the framework. This allows the framework to operate at scale and is more feasible for widespread adoption.
Blockchain empowered agricultural knowledge discovery system provides the secured environment for the people to store and exchange agricultural data. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain technology, and edge computing supports the agricultural fields to increase crop productivity and reduce the usage of natural resources. The smart decision support system provides efficient data management to the farmer to make the best decision to increase crop productivity and profit. In the agriculture field, different sensors and devices collect different data about the land then it can be sent to the server in the cloud environment. These data are highly sensitive and need to be securely stored and protected against unauthorized access. The farmers can communicate with the intelligent decision support system using the mobile app and web applications to get information about the land from domain experts. The proposed system used blockchain technology to provide privacy, security, easy accessibility, and availability of information to the people to use natural resources effectively and reduce the effect of soil and water pollution by using pesticides and fertilizer based on data stored in the knowledge base. We have implemented a knowledge discovery system using the platform hyperledger for efficient storage and sharing of sensor data which provides security and data privacy. Precision agriculture with IoT and Edge computing allows people and devices to be connected anywhere, anytime in a smart cloud environment to provide intelligent service to the farmers.
As the size of data is increasing exponentially, its security is a major concern, emerging technology like blockchain is used to provide security. Since the inception of blockchain, it has been adopted by researchers and industry, however, it gained enormous attention after cryptocurrency. It can be defined as a means of storing information in such a way that modification and hacking the system is difficult or impossible. A blockchain is a decentralized ledger that is digital and public, consisting of records of transactions called blocks. A consensus technology assures that all nodes agree on a unique sequence for appending blocks. A comprehensive examination of these algorithms will aid in understanding how and why each blockchain operates in the manner that it does. In this study, we addressed extensively used consensus techniques in the blockchain and the importance of consensus protocol in blockchain technology. The underlying consensus algorithm is a critical component of every blockchain system which determine the performance and security of the system. Ensuring the correctness of consensus protocols is uttermost important to create trust in the blockchain-based systems and formal methods are the way to create that trust and develop correct and verified systems. Formal modeling is a method of writing a system mathematically and examining the correctness and verifying the developed system. This study analyzed the importance of consensus mechanisms and how formal methods are helping to develop a correct blockchain-based system. This paper is a rigorous study on the current scenario of the application of formal methods in the consensus mechanism of blockchain for their verification.
The development of fifthâgeneration (5G) mobile communication technology has become a major driver to the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. As a promising networking paradigm, softwareâdefined networking (SDN) makes IoT more flexible and agile by decoupling control plane from data plane. With a large number of heterogeneous devices accessing to the network, we need to divide the network into several domains and each domain is managed by an SDN controller. Controllers share topologies with each other to form global view of the entire network, which is used for crossingâdomain path routing. However, crossingâdomain routing requires global trust between multiple controllers. The reason is that if the malicious controller shares misleading topologies, the rest of controllers may calculate mistaken crossingâdomain paths. As a result, packets are forwarded to the domain that is managed by the malicious controller and dropped deliberately, which is known as the blackâhole attack. To this end, we present a blockchainâbased architecture to ensure secure routing among multiple domains in SDNâenabled IoT networks. All SDN controllers are equipped with blockchains, and they upload abstract topologies to the blockchain via the smart contract. Thus, the genuine view of the entire network can be gained from the blockchain due to its consensus and immutability. In addition, we use the concept of reputation that consists of the local reputation and the global reputation to further protect routing reliability, and the global reputation is reserved in the blockchain. Compared with benchmark architectures, the emulation results show that our proposed method can effectively build trust between multiple controllers and ensure secure routing among multiple domains.
R. Durga, E. Poovammal, Kadiyala Ramana, Rutvij H. Jhaveri ¡ 6 authors
With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart devices have now changed their dimensions to provide applications in different domains such as medical, agriculture, and Industry 4.0. Although IoT provides more diversified applications, enhancing the security in IoT remains on the darker side of the research. Traditional IoT systems involve a third party to secure sensitive data during transmission in an IoT environment which can lead to complex and serious problems. To overcome security issues and eradicate third-party involvement, Blockchain technology is the modern-day solution in an IoT environment. In the context of a Secured IoT system, we proposed a novel chaotic encryption-based blockchain-IoT architecture to clinch the security and privacy of data. Since smart sensors and image sensors are used widely in an IoT environment, the proposed scheme was tested with different image sets to evaluate performance metrics such as Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Averaged Changed Intensity (UACI), Correlation Coefficients, and entropy under different attack scenarios. We obtained an NPCR of 99.65%, a UACI of 34%, and an entropy value close to 8. These values incite that the novel chaotic encryption-based blockchain-IoT architecture will be safe from IoT attacks. Results showed that integrating chaotic encrypted blockchain architecture with IoT could be more effective in defending attacks.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Data management is the collection, processing, storing, and sharing of data. In today's dispensation, data sharing and collaborative data processing is a necessity for multi-partner organizations as it can lead to the discovery of new insight. Shared data is generally for the purpose of marketing, advertising, and other institutional decision-making reasons. A challenge however is that the collected data (mostly about individuals known as data subjects or producers) is disseminated among organizations without meaningful consent from the data subjects. Hence, data subjects are not aware of what is happening to their data regarding use and misuse. Furthermore, data subjects can hardly determine which third-party institutions have access to their data. In this paper, we opined that data should be managed in a manner that can persuade the trust of data subjects. To achieve this, data subjects should have the rights to be informed about details of their data. Thus, this paper proposes a cloud-based data management and sharing platform to enable data subjects to control who can access their data and consent to its collection and usage based on smart contracts. The proposed system leverages blockchain to enforce accountability, provenance, and auditability of all events. We implemented a dynamic consent management prototype on top of Ethereum blockchain to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed work.