HealthCare 4.0 stands as a cutting-edge technology that integrates human-sourced data with communication systems to enable highly accurate clinical diagnostics and treatments. While sensor-based devices have simplified many aspects of daily life, these advancements also face significant security challenges, particularly in safeguarding patient information. In response, this research introduces a novel blockchain-based hybrid chaotic encryption and authentication for maintaining EHR transmissions aimed at robust and secure authentication within HealthCare 4.0. The complete framework incorporates the Infura Web API, using Python 3.19. To strengthen authentication security, modified Hippopotamus-evoked scroll maps are used to generate dynamic hashes in the genesis block formation, securing all EHR data in the proposed architecture. This entire framework was evaluated on the Ethereum Blockchain, leveraging Web 3.0, with Python 3.19 serving as the core programming environment for interface development. Security analysis was performed utilizing Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic, while the framework's resilience was rigorously tested against NIST standards. Comparative testing highlights the model's superior defense capabilities against various attacks, surpassing other frameworks in complexity and robustness. The findings ultimately provide a comprehensive view of the optimized encryption scheme on blockchain technology and the future pathways for secure authentication frameworks in HealthCare 4.0.
Revolusi smart sukuk sebagai platform transaksi terbaru telah menjadi isu yang cukup menarik dalam industri keuangan, terutama di era Society 5.0. Namun, penelitian terdahulu belum menemukan gap analisis dalam isu ini, terutama terkait potensi dan tantangan penggunaan teknologi blockchain dalam smart sukuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi potensi, manfaat blockchain dalam smart sukuk, memahami dampaknya terhadap keuangan Islam dan pengembangan ekonomi berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif studi kasus. Tahap yang dilakukan: 1) menyusun instrumen dan menentukan tempat penelitian; 2) tahap pengumpulan data dengan teknik wawancara yang tersusun kepada informan; 3) mengolah dan menganalisis data sekunder dan primer. Hasil penelitian ini BMT Bina Ummah menggunakan blockchain Ethereum ERC20 yang dapat mengefisiensikan biaya penerbitan, meningkatkan keamanan, mempermudah proses transaksinya; Penerbit harus memahami aspek kesyariahan dalam sukuk; Blockchain berpotensi besar namun belum dapat diterapkan di Indonesia. Smart sukuk membantu UMKM dalam mendapatkan pembiayaan lebih mudah, meningkatkan inklusi keuangan terutama di pasar modal syariah. Regulator terus berinovasi mengikuti perkembangan di industri keuangan. Smart sukuk meningkatkan transparansi, efisiensi, keamanan. Blockchain sangat mungkin untuk diterapkan dalam industri keuangan di Indonesia. Penyedia layananan blockchain maupun regulator akan melakukan inovasi mengikuti perkembangan zaman.
Durgesh K. Sharma, Vishal J. Mungal, Amit P. Khairnar, Swaraj D. Gavali · 5 authors
As global supply chains grow in complexity, the infiltration of counterfeit products has become a pervasive issue, threatening consumer safety, brand equity, and compliance. This paper proposes a blockchain-based decentralized supply chain management system leveraging Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric for enhanced transparency, security, and anti-counterfeiting. The system integrates smart contracts and QR code-based verification, providing end-to-end traceability and user-friendly interactions. Results demonstrate significant improvements in product authenticity verification, operational efficiency, and stakeholder trust.
Samer Muthana Sarsam, Ahmed Ibrahim Alzahrani, Hosam AlâSamarraie, Fahad Alblehai
This study explored the role of gender preferences in cryptocurrency investments using sentiment analysis. X (Twitter) usersâ gender (male/female) together with relevant sentiments (positive/negative) were extracted and investigated in this study. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation technique was utilised to model gender-related topics in an attempt to understand male and female usersâ preferences to invest in cryptocurrency. The Apriori algorithm was employed to predict the highly associated investment terminologies with each gender. A predictive model was built to predict the type of digital currency preferred by X users. Using sentiment-based gender data, the results showed a high prediction accuracy (98.64%) of digital currency preferences. The study demonstrated that male users would most likely use Bitcoin, compared to female users who preferred Ethereum. This study further offers a novel mechanism to predict usersâ preferences for cryptocurrency platforms using their sentiment features. It extends the knowledge of cryptocurrencies in the financial business profile by revealing how investorsâ gender contributes to investment-related decisions.
âą A recently developed advanced stochastic volatility modeling is utilized for cryptocurrency volatility analysis. âą The suggested Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling approach proves to be effective. âą The modeling accurately captures the dynamics of stochastic volatility. âą We incorporate the market risk method within the Basel IV regulations. We apply stochastic volatility modeling enriched with leverage and an asymmetrically heavy-tailed distribution to analyze the returns of Bitcoin and Ethereum. Our methodology leverages the generalized hyperbolic skew Studentâs t-distribution (GH-ASV-skw-st) framework, as proposed by Nakajima and Omori (2012), employing a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling technique for effectiveness evaluation. The GH-ASV-skw-st model is demonstrated to adeptly capture the stochastic volatility patterns present in the returns of cryptocurrencies. After validation with several diagnostics and robustness checks, we illustrate the modelâs suitability for high-volatility series by capturing asymmetry, leverage effects, and tail risk. Our findings indicate that the model fits the data more precisely than traditional models and provides a more reliable foundation for risk measures essential to portfolio management, such as Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES).
We hypothesize that peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay network nodes can be attractive to attackers due to their visibility, sustained uptime, and resource potential. Towards validating this hypothesis, we investigate the state of active reconnaissance attacks on Ethereum P2P network nodes by deploying a series of honeypots alongside actual Ethereum nodes across globally distributed vantage points. We find that Ethereum nodes experience not only increased attacks, but also specific types of attacks targeting particular ports and services. Furthermore, we find evidence that the threat assessment on our nodes is applicable to the wider P2P network by having performed port scans on other reachable peers. Our findings provide insights into potential mitigation strategies to improve the security of the P2P networking layer.
Larissa KrÀmer, Patrick Stuckmann-Blumenstein, Pascal Kaiser, Michael Henke · 6 authors
Enhancing transparency in production processes, especially in shared manufacturing, relies heavily on sharing data. Information asymmetries and coordination problems between parties with conflicting interests pose a challenge in this multi-stakeholder interaction. Blockchain technology with smart contracting can be a solution due to its immutable data and decentralised data storage features. Designing and executing blockchain in industrial applications is a highly intricate task that requires extensive testing, expertise, and proficiency. This paper is the first to propose a holistic simulation model for evaluating the impact of smart contracting on shared manufacturing, including a novel approach to simulated smart contracting in time-lapse for Ethereum-based networks. The introduced model guides the design and implementation process of blockchain applications in shared manufacturing to address this challenge. A systematic literature review establishes ten design process requirements and ten smart contract functions. The implementation is developed based on the design benchmarks of three Ethereum-based frameworks to investigate the simulation model's respective feasibility and scalability. The simulation model validation demonstrates our approach's suitability for simulating smart contracting in shared manufacturing within a hybrid production. It enables fast and scalable simulations, offering an innovative approach to extensively testing blockchain applications before their introduction to ongoing industrial operations.
In order to maintain the value of the national currency and control foreign debt, central banks are vital to the management of a nationâs foreign exchange reserves. These reserves, however, are vulnerable to a variety of hazards, including as money laundering, fraud, theft, and cyberattacks. These are issues that traditional financial systems frequently face because of their vulnerabilities and inefficiency. Using modern innovations in a blockchain-based solution can help tackle these serious issues. To protect data privacy, the Microsoft SEAL library is utilized for homomorphic encryption (FHE). For the development of smart contracts, Solidity is employed within the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem. Additionally, Amazon Web Services (AWS) is leveraged to provide a scalable and powerful infrastructure to support our solution. To guarantee safe and effective transaction validation, our method incorporates a hybrid consensus process that combines Proof of Authority (PoA) with Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT). The administration of foreign exchange reserves by central banks is made more secure, transparent, and operationally efficient by this all-inclusive approach.
In modern times, the cryptocurrency market is one of the world's most rapidly rising financial markets. The cryptocurrency market is regarded to be more volatile and illiquid than traditional markets such as equities, foreign exchange, and commodities. The risk of this market creates an uncertain condition among the investors. The purpose of this research is to predict the magnitude of the risk factor of the cryptocurrency market. Risk factor is also called volatility. Our approach will assist people who invest in the cryptocurrency market by overcoming the problems and difficulties they experience. Our approach starts with calculating the risk factor of the cryptocurrency market from the existing parameters. In twenty elements of the cryptocurrency market, the risk factor has been predicted using different machine learning algorithms such as CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM, and GRU. All of the models have been applied to the calculated risk factor parameter. A new model has been developed to predict better than the existing models. Our proposed model gives the highest RMSE value of 1.3229 and the lowest RMSE value of 0.0089. Following our model, it will be easier for investors to trade in complicated and challenging financial assets like bitcoin, Ethereum, dogecoin, etc. Where the other existing models, the highest RMSE was 14.5092, and the lower was 0.02769. So, the proposed model performs much better than models with proper generalization. Using our approach, it will be easier for investors to trade in complicated and challenging financial assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin.
Matteo Loporchio, Damiano Di Francesco Maesa, Anna Bernasconi, Laura Ricci
Abstract The increasing adoption of tokens on the Ethereum blockchain has given rise to many distinct economic communities whose activity history is publicly accessible. In this paper we study the communities of Ethereum fungible and non-fungible tokens, regulated, respectively, by the ERC-20 and ERC-721 standards. In particular, we focus on token transfers and consider the top 100 largest ERC-20 and ERC-721 ecosystems by number of transfers, modeling them as networks where nodes correspond to participants and edges represent token transfers. We analyze their main topological properties and conduct a clustering-based study to identify groups of graphs with similar topologies. Subsequently, we classify the networks based on the application domain of their corresponding token and investigate whether graphs with similar topologies correspond to tokens within the same domain. We also conduct a temporal analysis of token popularity based on the historical transfer activity. Our findings highlight the existence of common topological properties (e.g., absence of small world effect) across both types of tokens. In contrast, the clustering analysis indicates no evident connection between the token application domain and the structure of the induced transfer networks, with the exception of non-fungible tokens associated with spamming activities.
Edit Knoll-Csete, NĂĄndor Birher, Norbert dr. Varga
Bitcoin and Ethereum have become the centre of public attention in recent years. Both are cryptocurrencies, decentralised digital assets, it means, a set of codes that can be used as a currency. Their value is generated by the public agreement. The attractiveness of crypto assets is the safe and simple transactions between two parties without intermediaries. These digital currencies based on blockchain technology, always containing all transactions. Unfortunately, cryptocurrency is being a target for fraudsters and criminals because of the spread4 of the transaction. In addition to the technological innovations and financial opportunities by digital currencies raised without considering the ethical dimension, especially the ethics of money, because not everyone gets the same profit they generate. Anonymity of digital currencies can facilitate money laundering, terrorist financing and other illegal transactions. We are not concern about the energy consumption and environmental impact of cryptocurrencies. It is therefore necessary to effectively regulate cryptocurrencies in the fight against fraud and abuse and at the same time to protect participants of this market. The use of cryptocurrencies can make it difficult to identify which parties are involved (anonymity and pseudonyms), which encourages fraud, if it contains money laundering and other illegal activities. The price of cryptocurrencies can fluctuate significantly (volatility), which can also cause significant financial losses to investors. Cyberattacks, hacking incidents and technical errors can ultimately lead to the loss of crypto-assets (technological-security risks).
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing can enhance spectrum resource utilization by promoting the dynamic distribution of spectrum resources. However, to effectively implement dynamic spectrum resource allocation, certain mechanisms are needed to incentivize primary users to proactively share their spectrum resources. This paper, based on the ERC404 standard and integrating Non-Fungible Token and Fungible Token technologies, proposes a spectrum securitization model to incentivize spectrum resource sharing and implements it on the Ethereum test net.
Smart contracts are automated programs stored on a blockchain, featuring unique attributes such as permissionlessness, trustlessness, immutability, and transparency. These properties underpin an array of unprecedented decentralized services. Compiled into bytecodes, Ethereum smart contracts are executed within the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Ethereum's distinct gas mechanism assigns a price to each bytecode execution, incentivizing resource-efficient computing. However, a disconnect exists between conventional coding practices and the less intuitive gas consumption computation mechanism, resulting in inadvertent gas wastage. Gas-wasting code smells at the source code level have been studied in various related works; however, the task of manually identifying such code smells by reading through codes and reasoning about them is both time-consuming and economically inefficient. In this work, we propose to leverage Large Language Models (LLMs), which have seen a surge in popularity recently, to facilitate undertaking the labor-intensive part of the code-smell-finding pipeline. In particular, we focus on Solidity, the predominant programming language for Ethereum smart contracts. Overall, we identified 26 gas-wasting code smells, out of which 13 were not presented in previous papers. On average, applying these code smells led to a reduction of approximately 10.534% in deployment costs and 21.528% in message call costs across our test codes. We further make a report on each of the identified code smells with associated example contracts sourced from either previous literature or recently deployed contracts.
Chon Kit Lao, Sophie Zhou, Luyao Zhang, Fan Zhang · 5 authors
Blockchain systems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum have limitations in efficiency, resulting in an inability to immediately confirm all transactions, leading to extended periods of transactions residing in the mempool. We refer to these transactions as âlong latency trans- actionsâ and this paper explores the issue of resource utilization in- efficiencies issues from these transactions. Utilizing the Geth client, the study quantifies the impact of these transactions on Ethereumâs resource consumption, which encompassing three crucial metrics: computational power, memory storage, and network bandwidth. Furthermore, this study also identifies three primary factors con- tributing to long latency transactions: low gas prices, long block processing times, and future-index transactions. Through empirical analysis, this study offers insights into the transaction-handling mechanisms in Ethereum. The implications of our findings aim to contribute to the enhancement of resource efficiency within the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem.
Diese Bachelorarbeit untersucht die effiziente Implementierung von Smart ContractsfĂŒr dezentrale Anwendungen auf Ethereum Virtual Machines (EVM). Die EVM fungiertals dezentrale AusfĂŒhrungsumgebung und bildet die Grundlage fĂŒr Smart Contracts,wobei die GasgebĂŒhren eine zentrale Rolle fĂŒr die Effizienz solcher Anwendungenspielen. Die Arbeit zeigt spezifische Implementierungstechniken, Best Practices undEntwurfsmuster zur Gasoptimierung fĂŒr Smart Contracts auf und bietet einen erstenĂberblick ĂŒber Methoden zur Entwicklung kosteneffizienter DApps auf der EVM.Die Implementierungstechniken umfassen Aspekte wie Datenspeicherung, Variablen-verwaltung, Kontrollstrukturen und weiter effiziente Operationen. Es werden zweiEntwurfsmuster Smart Contracts vorgestellt und anschlieĂend wird auf Teststrategienund -umgebungen zur QualitĂ€tssicherung und Leistungsmessung von Smart Con-tracts eingegangen. Es erfolgt abschlieĂend die Bewertung und Zusammenfassung derErgebnisse aus denen Best Practices abgeleitet werden.
Minh Hong Nguyen, Binh Nguyen Thanh, Huy Pham, Thi Thu Tra Pham
Decentralized lending in the DeFi ecosystem mirrors traditional financial intermediation but poses significant risks, particularly funding liquidity risk, due to the volatility and composbility of digital assets, high leverage, and the absence of regulatory protections. This study applies traditional financial intermediation theories to DeFi lending and empirically test which internal factors such as interest rates and user market power, as well as external factors like the USD Index, influence funding liquidity risk in DeFi lending. Analyzing high-frequency blockchain data using the ARDL model and a novel dynamic ARDL simulation from major pools such as Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) and Wrapped Ethereum (WETH), the research finds that current algorithmic interest rate models fail to function as effective self-stabilization mechanisms. Additionally, lower deposit concentration in these pools may exacerbate, rather than mitigate, funding liquidity risk.
The rise of cryptocurrencies marks a profound shift in the global economic landscape, challenging traditional financial systems with a decentralized digital currency model. This review article explores the technological advancements and economic implications of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and newer alternatives. It delves into their potential to disrupt conventional banking, influence global transactions, and reshape monetary policies. Furthermore, the review addresses the regulatory challenges these digital currencies face, highlighting the legal frameworks and security concerns associated with their adoption. This article also discusses the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining and evaluates future prospects, including the integration of cryptocurrencies with traditional financial systems and emerging trends like Central Bank Digital Currencies and asset tokenization.
Fei Wu, Thomas Thiery, Stefanos Leonardos, Carmine Ventre
The block-building process on the Ethereum network has changed significantly with an upgrade of its consensus protocol. Network participants access blocks through block building auctions at a decentralized financial market, termed builder market, where builders vie for the right to build blocks and earn Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) rewards. This paper employs empirical game-theoretic analysis to examine buildersâ strategic bidding incentives in the Ethereum block building auctions, termed MEV-Boost auctions. We study various scenarios with different auction game settings and evaluate how critical elements such as network connectivity and access to MEV opportunities impact buildersâ strategic bidding incentives. Through our analyses, we highlight the challenge of creating a decentralized yet competitive builder market.
This paper explores the critical role of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) in ensuring the security of electronic transactions, particularly in validating the authenticity of websites in online environments. Traditional Centralised PKIs (CPKIs) relying on Certificate Authorities (CAs) face a significant drawback due to their susceptibility to a single point of failure. To address this concern, Decentralised PKIs (DPKIs) have emerged as an alternative. However, both centralised and decentralised approaches encounter specific challenges. Researchers have made several attempts using blockchain-based PKI, which implements a reward and punishment mechanism to enhance the security of traditional PKI. Most of the attempts are focused on CA-based PKI, which still suffers from the risk of a single point of failure. Inspired by ETHERST, which is a blockchain-based PKI that implements Web of Trust (WoT) with reward and punishment, we introduce ETHERST version 3.0, with improvements in its secure level algorithm that enhances trustworthiness measurement. Comparative simulations between ETHERST version 2.0 and ETHERST version 3.0 reveal the superior performance of the latter in trustworthiness measurement and ensure the higher security of a virtual community. The new simulation algorithm with different node type definitions and assumptions presents results through tables and graphs, showing that ETHERST version 3.0 outperforms ETHERST version 2.0. This research contributes to advancing the field by introducing an innovative PKI solution with enhanced trustworthiness and security features. âą Comparison of blockchain-based PKIs which implement reward and punishment mechanism. âą Reward and punishment with blockchain-based PKI with an improved new algorithm. âą Definition of bad( B ), normal( N ) and good( G ) nodes to improve simulations algorithm.
Zain Ul Islam Adil, Majid Iqbal Khan, Kahkishan Sanam, Saif Ur Rehman Malik · 6 authors
ABSTRACT Counterfeit medical devices pose a threat to patient safety, necessitating a secure device authentication system for medical applications. Resourceâconstrained sensory nodes are vulnerable to hacking, prompting the need for robust security measures. Tokenâbased authentication schemes, such as oneâtime passwords (OTPs), smart cards, key fobs, and mobile authentication apps, along with certificateâbased authentication methods, such as client and codeâsigning, employ cryptographic frameworks like elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) and physical unclonable functions (PUF). However, these methods face challenges, including block sequence issues and susceptibility to sideâchannel attacks. To address these issues, we propose a framework for mutual authentication using private Ethereum. This framework integrates private Ethereum and cryptographic techniques for encrypting and decrypting data using mathematical algorithms to overcome block sequence issues and sideâchannel attacks. Similarly, fog nodes are utilised to enhance local computing, storage, and networking capabilities for sensors. The framework is evaluated using metrics such as communication costs, execution costs, and computation costs based on Ethereum gas consumption. The performance of the LightAuth framework is compared with that of the Smart Contracts Against Counterfeit IoMT (SCACIoMT) framework, designed for Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices. The effectiveness of LightAuth is verified through formal security analysis using BAN logic.
The âgas feeâ paid for inclusion in the blockchain is analyzed in two parts. First, we consider how âeffortâ in terms of resources required to process and store a transaction turns into a âgas limit,â which, through a fee comprised of the âbaseâ and âpriority feeâ in the current version of Ethereum, is converted into the cost paid by the user. We adhere closely to the Ethereum protocol to simplify the analysis and to constrain the design choices when considering âmultidimensional gas.â Second, we assume that the âgasâ price is given deus ex machina by a fractional OrnsteinâUhlenbeck process and evaluate various derivatives. These contracts can, for example, mitigate gas cost volatility. The ability to price and trade âforwardsâ in addition to the existing âspotâ inclusion into the blockchain could enable users to hedge against future cost fluctuations. Overall, this article offers a comprehensive analysis of gas fee dynamics on the Ethereum blockchain, integrating supply-side constraints with demand-side modelling to enhance the predictability and stability of transaction costs.
Bodo Steiner, ĐĐœĐœĐ° ĐĐ°ĐșĐ°ŃĐ”ĐœĐșĐŸ, Kateryna Yuhai
Sustainability transparency in agri-food value chains is crucial for fostering accountability, enhancing consumer trust, facilitating compliance with regulatory standards, and ultimately contributing to the resilience and sustainability of food systems in the face of social, environmental, and economic challenges. This paper aims to conduct bibliometric mapping and a systematic review of the scientific landscape concerning transparency of sustainability disclosure in agri-food value chains by identifying the key transparency dimensions and relevant research gaps. An analysis of 841 Scopus-indexed publications, utilizing Scopus tools, SciVal, VOS Viewer, and Biblioshiny software, yields insights into source and author mapping from 2000 to 2022. Bibliometric analysis underlines the increase in research interests in transparency of sustainability disclosure in agri-food value chains after Sustainable Development Goals adoption and the COVID-19 pandemic, following upwards trend, especially in the UK, India, and the USA. The most influential topic clusters are supply chain, environmentally preferable purchasing, and green practices, as well as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Internet of Things with the strongest co-occurrences between transparency (as the most recent notion in scientific landscape) and sustainability, traceability, supply chains, food supply, and blockchain. Systematic review highlights the evidence that transparency as boundary-spanning phenomenon is explored within the mono-country and chain researches, case studies and interviews methodologies from triple bottom line dimension mainly, only introducing governance criteria. Research gaps were identified regarding the role of transparency in different economic system and chains; sustainability conceptual framework used; transparency dimensions incorporation; technology-driven progress and other chain characteristics (traceability, resilience) intersection. AcknowledgmentsInna Makarenko is gratefully acknowledging the support of MSCA4Ukraine project no. 1233713.This project has received funding through the MSCA4Ukraine project, which is funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union. Neither the European Union nor the MSCA4Ukraine Consortium as a whole nor any individual member institutions of the MSCA4Ukraine Consortium can be held responsible for them.
There is growing demand for innovation in social sector fundraising.The conventional model relies on emotions rather than evidence, brand recognition instead of outcomes and marketing over impact.In this paper, we sketch out a prototype for an online giving platform modelled on a Pay for Success mechanism where donors pay retroactively for tangible impact already achieved.It uses impact certificates, currently limited to the carbon credits industry, to fund verified past impact from three civic participation organizations in India.The demo shows how blockchain can ensure single sale per outcome and enforce a fundraising cap based on impact created.Drawing on the historical database of over 5000 impact reports of the three partner organizations, we minted 27 impact certificates on the Ethereum testnet.Over the course of creating the demo, we raised USD 4034 from 133 contributors through the donation matching platform Gitcoin for purchase of these certificates.
Open access
ICT in Developing Communities
E-Government and Public Services
Innovative Approaches in Technology and Social Development