Анастасія Сергіївна Полторак, O. Melnyk, Inna Baryshevska, Zh. Ihnatenko
A. Poltorak, O. Melnyk, I. Baryshevska, Zh. Ihnatenko. Alternative sources of funding for the development of united territorial communities The article proves that it is important to strengthen financial capacity of united territorial communities through different financial and socio-economic mechanisms in the modern conditions of communities’ decentralization and further development. The article analyzes the current trends in financing the development of united territorial communities, reveals the benefits and opportunities for attracting alternative sources of funding. An algorithm for attracting grant funds for the development of UTC and other proposals that will increase the financial capacity of UTC in the long term and the implementation of local development initiatives are proposed. Keywords: alternative sources of financing, united territorial communities, grant funds, projects, financial capacity.
Стаття присвячена адміністративно-правовому регулюванню ринку криптовалют в Украї- ні. Ринок криптоактивів протягом останніх років розвивається швидкими темпами. За даними авторитетної криптобіржі, «Сoingecko» станом на кінець березня 2021 року загальна капіта- лізація криптовалют складає більше 1 трлн. 760 млрд. дол. США, потенційно регулювання тако- го ринку може принести значні надходження до бюджету. Виявлено, що нагальною потребою учасників ринку криптовалют є вихід із тіні, тобто необхідність його легалізації, проте небез- печно створювати такий ринок без державного регулювання – це може мати значні ризики для фінансової стабільності та економічної безпеки держави. У статті наведено можливі варіан- ти адміністративно-правових методів державного регулювання ринку криптовалют. Державне регулювання ринку криптовалют – це система заходів задля здійснення підтримуючої, компен- саційної та регулюючої діяльності держави, спрямованої на створення ефективного функціону- вання ринку криптовалют. Основні складові частини системи державного регулювання ринку криптовалют: цілі та завдання державного регулювання; методи, принципи та інструменти державного регулювання; процес державного регулювання; ресурсне забезпечення державного регулювання. Досліджено стан адміністративно-правового регулювання ринку криптоактивів в Україні та виявлено, що на сьогодні державне регулювання такого ринку фактично не здій- снюється, хоча в 2020 році Україна зробила перші кроки для становлення такого ринку при- йнявши відповідні законодавчі акти. Адміністративно-правове регулювання ринку криптовалют в Україні повинно вирішувати такі завдання: стимулювати та розвивати діяльність, пов’язану з видобування криптовалют; захищати права та законні інтереси професійних учасників рин- ку криптовалют та їхніх клієнтів; врегулювати взаємовідносини професійних учасників ринку криптовалют.
The article substantiates the prerequisites, prospects and advantages of creating an innovation ecosystem at different levels of its formation. The main approaches to defining the essence of the concept of innovation ecosystems in both domestic and foreign specialized literature and their adaptability to the regional level are analyzed and grouped. The harmonious innovation ecosystem is a sign of a progressive society, which is identified by the symbiotic functioning of people and organizations, the result of which is the production of conscious innovations. The author outlines the stages of formation of the regional innovation ecosystem, the circle of its participants and ways of their interaction. For each stage, the procedures for its implementation, the main characteristic features and processes of transition from one to another are determined. The main feature of the creation and functioning of the regional ecosystem is the stable, constant interaction of its participants with educational and scientific institutions, as well as the adaptability of these institutions to the variability of the external environment. The article describes certain elements of foreign experience in the development of regional ecosystems and their implementation in Ukraine. Awareness of the existence or prerequisites for creating an effective regional ecosystem is the first step towards effective regional management and activation of the potential of the national economy. On the one hand, in the context of decentralization, local self-government bodies get maximum freedom in creating organizational elements of the regional innovation ecosystem, supporting scientific and human resources and the communication business environment. The author emphasizes that without the State support it is impossible to create conditions for the protectionism of innovation activity, to activate investment potential, to stimulate the necessary forms and methods of financing the relevant activity. Therefore, work at the regional level in terms of innovation should be carried out simultaneously following two directions of the hierarchy: from bottom up and from top to bottom in constant cooperation and coordination of own actions. As a result, priority directions of the State and regional support for the development of regional innovation ecosystems on the basis of the main specific platforms or technologies are substantiated.
It is determined that school as a center of human capital formation, and as an institution requiring effective funding and management is the asset of the territorial community development. The main problems of the development of educational network of territorial communities in Lviv region related to the inconsistency of the educational network development to the demographic situation in the region, as well as the inefficient management system of educational institutions are identified in this paper. Non-optimized educational network is a burden on the development of the local community, as the community is forced to spend its own funds to finance educational needs, which in turn limits the funding of other activities, including infrastructure expenditures, development expenditures which are important for community life. The implementation of administrative and territorial decentralization reform faciliated the strengthening of local authorities role in educational infrastructure management, the increase of educational institutions autonomy and active public involvement in solving the problems of their management. The main tools for optimizing the educational network of local communities in the context of decentralization reform are identified and analyzed in this paper. The author considers them as: change of the principles of funding and transition to «funding per student», use of educational subvention and quantitative criteria for funding schools from the state budget, formation of educational districts and support institutions. Compared to other regions, Lviv region has dynamically reformed its educational network. However, the united territorial communities of Lviv region are less active founders of basic educational institutions than districts, and the students who study there, demonstrate lower level of knowledge in the assessment of the state final attestation and externally independent assessment. The influence of the educational subvention on the changes of the educational network in Lviv region is determined. It is determined that the use of buffers in the calculation of the index of financial capacity of the school network in 2021, significantly affected the level of differentiation of the index of financial capacity. This approach can be an obstacle to the optimization of the school network.
Introduction. The digitalization of the economy is closely linked to the formation of an effective legal framework. Any development or operation of digital instruments must be accompanied by appropriate financial and legal regulation. The study of the functioning of digital financial assets allowed us to conclude that, unfortunately, their rapid development is observed against the background of the lag of regulatory regulation of the relevant legal relations that are formed as a result of such activities. A critical scientific analysis of international experience in the field of financial regulation of cryptocurrencies has identified a number of key generalizations. The purpose of the article is to identify the main markers of digital financial assets, study international experience in financial regulation of virtual assets, including cryptocurrencies, identify opportunities to implement positive foreign practices to Ukrainian realities and diagnose the current state and prospects of cryptocurrency in Ukraine. Results. The specific characteristics of digital financial assets are substantiated, namely: freedom of issue, availability of cryptocurrencies, absence of intermediaries, high degree of protection, openness to developers, integration with the latest technologies that produce new digital products. The international practice of state regulation of cryptocurrencies is generalized in terms of both the interpretation of the conceptual apparatus and in view of the qualification of the mechanism of conducting operations with digital assets. It is proved that in Ukraine from the point of view of legal regulation of cryptocurrency is still outside the full framework of the legal field of domestic legislation. The main innovations and specifics of regulation of the market of virtual assets in accordance with modern Ukrainian realities are determined. Conclusions. The difference between national laws in the field of regulation of virtual assets is proved. It is argued that the main vector of regulation is aimed at strengthening control over the transparency and accountability of transactions with virtual assets, cybersecurity and mandatory user verification. The main directions of increasing the settlement and trust in virtual assets are formulated: production of standards and rules of cryptocurrency circulation, in order to bring it to the rank of a competitive means of payment; consolidation of the official status of cryptocurrency; formation of an open ecosystem through effective interaction of all participants in the process of buying / selling cryptocurrency; formation of a legal trading platform for cryptocurrency circulation; support of information literacy of the population to understand the benefits and risks of virtual currency etc.
The article discusses the topical issue of the present day: decentralization and its budget efficiency (on the example of the Pavlivska amalgamated hromada in the Volyn region). A significant feature of decentralization today is voluntary association with other territories in order to improve living conditions and development of the area. Decentralization facilitates the improvement of investment climate, forms an efficient environment for attracting investments and financing the activities of Ukrainian regions. That is why decentralization allows amalgamated hromadas to reveal their internal potentials. The result of local self-government depends on the appropriate use of financial resources, independent resolution of regional issues. The publication uses indicators of budget self-sufficiency, budget effectiveness, budget transparency to analyze the budget efficiency of the territorial community, based on an assessment of the level of implementation of the distribution and redistribution of the local budget of the amalgamated hromada. Budget self-sufficiency demonstrates how the territorial community can develop itself, budget effectiveness is responsible for the expenditure part and the result of these costs, and budget transparency — for insightfulness and openness of information for citizens. The introduction of decentralization aims to improve the system of management of territorial communities and the system of administrative and territorial structure of the country, with the improvement of the state of residence and development of citizens regardless of their place of residence. With the help of decentralization, the investment climate of the country is improving and an efficient environment is being formed to attract foreign and domestic investors. Financing of territories allows opening up new opportunities for the evolvement of amalgamated hromadas.
Introduction. One of the indicators of society's development is the current system of social protection, its effective organization ensures the stable development of society. In the context of decentralization of budgetary powers, local authorities become guarantors of social protection and direct providers of public services, whose main task is to provide citizens with an adequate level of social protection, which is carried out in accordance with state standards. The purpose of the article is to research of the social protection of the population in the conditions of budget decentralization and substantiation of proposals for its improvement in terms of improving the efficiency of social services. Results. The centralized and decentralized models of social protection in Ukraine were considered. The powers of central and local authorities in the implementation of social protection and the provision of social services were systematized. The dynamics of expenditures on social protection from the state budget, local budgets and state extra-budgetary funds was analyzed. Data on changes in the distribution of expenditures between state and local budgets were presented. Conclusions. The main directions of financing the social protection system were indicated. The advantages of the decentralized model of public services over the centralized one were emphasized. In the context of improving the effectiveness of social protection and the quality of social services, it is proposed to reduce the hierarchical network of budgetary institutions in the field of social services, monitoring and analyzing the number of socially vulnerable groups and providing social services on a competitive basis. The implementation of the proposed measures will improve the social protection system and will allow more rational use of public funds.
The article investigates the main ways of financing general secondary education institutions in Ukraine and developed foreign countries. The main world models of education financing are considered. The foreign experience of management and financing of general secondary education is generalized. Some measures are proposed to eliminate problems with the allocation and use of financial resources for education. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the system of financing of general secondary education at the present stage and to outline the directions of its reform in the conditions of decentralization and administrative reform based on foreign best practices. The article presents the main models of financing education in different countries. The main problems characteristic of the education sector are identified. There is an imperfect funding mechanism, based on directing funds for the maintenance of general secondary education, rather than on ensuring the quality of education in accordance with the principle of «money follows the child», lack of incentives and opportunities for professional development of teachers. The analysis shows that, despite the reform of general secondary education in Ukraine and the planned positive changes and new opportunities due to administrative and financial decentralization, there are a number of factors that negatively affect the financial security of the education sector. These include: shortage of professionals with experience who could implement new powers and manage the distribution of financial resources on the ground, irregular receipt of budget funds and non-transparency of their distribution at the regional and local levels, corruption in education authorities, low financial capacity of communities, imperfection legislation, conflicts over school closures. Therefore, a special role in the process of reforming education should be played by the system of management and control over the activities of budgetary institutions for the efficient use of financial resources of the state. To improve the situation at this stage, the policy of financing education should be formed in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, which regulates the allocation of at least seven percent of GDP for education and socio-economic feasibility of budget expenditures. It is expedient to reform general secondary education by combining domestic and world experience.
The purpose of the article is to identify the correspondence between the revenue and expenditure parts of local budgets, which are responsible for the significant part of state expenditure financing due to financial decentralization reform. The article provides a comparative analysis of decentralization levels of local budgets in Ukraine and European countries by revenues and expenditures, as well as analyzes the structure of revenues and expenditures of the consolidated budget which include state and local budgets. The article notes that over the past ten years, the gap between revenue and expenditure has narrowed due to decentralization reform, but fiscal balance has not been achieved.The results of the analysis demonstrate the existence of a significant vertical imbalance in the budget system of Ukraine, which consists in the insufficiency of own and fixed financial resources of local authorities to ensure their powers. In terms of income decentralization, Ukraine ranks middle among Eastern European countries, while the level of expenditure decentralization corresponds to the level of Scandinavian countries, where the state plays an active role in income redistribution and has high institutional efficiency and high social standards. The article substantiates that the vertical imbalance exist due to the inefficient structure of local budgets’ revenues, in particular the high share of transfer payments from the state budget to local budgets, as well as the low share of own revenues, namely local taxes, in tax revenues. In order to strengthen the revenue side of local budgets and reduce vertical imbalances it is proposed to increase the tax base of local taxes through development of business and welfare in the regions, to increase the share of deductions from corporate tax and personal income tax to local budgets, to improve the control over local budget revenues and to optimize local expenditures, including social protection and social security expenditures. As the practice of foreign countries with decentralized budget systems shows, the elimination of vertical imbalances leads to a significant increase in the fiscal capacity of the regions. JEL classіfіcatіon: E62, H61, H71, H77 Manuscript received 30.04.2020
Halyna Voznyak, Наталия Владимировна Савчук, Iryna Zherеbylo, О. І. Скаско
Modern transformational changes occurring in the socio-economic life of countries are conditioned by the evolution of information and communication technologies, the deployment of globalization, decentralization, the strengthening of the openness policy and the increase of efficiency of use and hence the transition from a bureaucratic model of government to a consensus model, a built model. implementation of entrepreneurial management mechanisms in providing social services to the population actualize the need for rethinking and justification the structure of public finance in the new environment. On the basis of systematic analysis, the theoretical aspects of «public finances» are revealed in the article, their structure is substantiated and the necessity of application in scientific circulation as an important dominant of civil society is proved. It is emphasized that the essential characteristics of this definition are revealed by the existence of financial and economic relations between the population, the state, other public institutions and economic entities regarding the formation, distribution, and use of public funds to meet the public needs of the population. It is shown that the structure of public finances is formed by state and local finances, finances of communal enterprises and state corporations, finances of enterprises and organizations of communal ownership, extrabudgetary trust funds and public funds. Among the dominant features of public finances in the context of modern transformations are transparency and imperative character. It has been argued that the vector of public finance reform must continue to be decentralization, which, in addition to the redistribution of resources and powers, should promote the extension of the financial powers of local governments, increase the transparency of both public and local finances, and raise public accountability. the public sector and improving the quality of life of the population.
Oksana Muzyka-Stefanchuk, Олеся Отраднова, N. L. Huberska, Natalia Borsuk · 5 authors
The decentralization is not a new phenomenon for Ukraine. The processes, directed to establish and to develop the local self-government according to European model, going away from complete subordination of local power to the state power during Soviet times, were activated since the state acquired the independence. The purpose of article is to study how the processes for decentralization of power, finances, etc. are run under conditions of financial, economical and political crisis that take place in Ukraine and countries of Europe. The local self-government and decentralization of power shall ideally have the connection with the territorial community. The decentralization of power in Ukraine is not the aspiration of territorial community but the attempt to remove someone from power, to divide the power, being received, between other people. It is necessary to establish the regulatory background for development of local self-government, as well as to work out and to implement the norms for division of receipts from general state taxes and duties into practice. In our opinion, the abovementioned vision is not only the understanding of decentralization but the understanding of local self-government itself. When the processes, related to development of rights at territorial communities or other territorial formations, start in the totalitarian country, where the real local self-government is absent, in this case one can speak about decentralization of power. That is to say, the state transfers the part of its functions to the communities. If the local self-government already exists, if the budget legislation assigns the corresponding receipts (assigned, own, regulating incomes) to the budgets of different levels, if the will is implemented in communities (through elections, referendums), so, this means that the power is already decentralized. There is a need for identified potential threats from such positive at first sight processes. Because there is the possibility to receive the additional financial resources directly from state budget (budget and fiscal decentralization). Namely this is the main purpose to establish the united territorial communities. And here exclusively the populism slogans are that the purpose of such newly established communities is to approach the services to population, availability of residents in territorial community to solution of issues of local importance, etc. From the other hand, decentralization – this is what the ones who want more power are covered, because the power is money.
The purpose of the paper is to define general trends and approaches to educational reform under the conditions of decentralization in Ukraine. Methodology. The survey is based on the analysis of the development of the regulatory framework of Ukraine for reforming the education sector under the conditions of decentralization. Statistical data on the dynamics of change in the total number of education institutions are studied. The reasons for the decrease in the total number of secondary and vocational education institutions have been identified. The degree of financing of the education sector from the consolidated budget of Ukraine by levels of education is considered. Results. The article outlines general trends and approaches to educational reform under the conditions of decentralization in Ukraine. The problems of the decentralization process, which began in 2014, were emphasized, namely the regional development and unification of territorial communities, which influenced the dynamics of education institutions that gained more autonomy. The dynamics of the total number of education institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in terms of educational levels is presented. It is determined that the education sector in Ukraine is in transition, and an important component of this process is the correct choice of the vector of movement, taking into account the interests of all stakeholders. It is determined that the decentralization reform affects mechanisms of management in education. It is established that decentralization for higher education institutions should be considered as a means of forming managerial relations in the industry and joint responsibility for the management of the educational process. The experience of Great Britain and the European Union (Denmark, Spain, Poland, Romania, Finland, France) on improving the quality of educational services by strengthening the motivation of teachers using a differentiated payment system is studied and proposed to introduce into the Ukrainian education system. Practical implications. The possibility of introducing the process of educational / school clustering is considered. It is established that the introduction of decentralization opens the way to changes in creating favorable conditions for the emergence and implementation of intellectual needs of the individual. It is proved that the main task of the government in education in the conditions of decentralization is to coordinate the actions of government agencies, education institutions and the public in order to meet the personal needs of citizens and government demands for intellectual and professional enrichment. Value/originality. In the course of the research perspectives for development of education in Ukraine at the level of territorial communities, the process of formation of new opportunities in education for users of educational services is formed.
The effectiveness of education funding in Ukraine in general and vocational education and training in particular is analyzed in the study. It is proved that Ukraine has disparities between market needs in certain specialties and the number of graduates. The needs in blue collar workers have resulted in the decline in vocational schools number and their graduates. According to the analysis of the structure and sources of education and VET financing in Ukraine, it has been proved, that positive results of education decentralization and educational services financing can be assured by raising additional resources. It has been shown that additional income to finance vocational education and training is available to local budgets through the investment of temporarily free funds in deposit accounts and application of stock market instruments. The proposed mechanisms are efficient if they are used in the process of local councils' financial resource management in the short and long term.
Voznyak, H. V., Savchuk, N., Zherеbylo, І., Skasko, O.
Modern transformational changes occurring in the socio-economic life of countries are conditioned by the evolution of information and communication technologies, the deployment of globalization, decentralization, the strengthening of the openness policy and the increase of efficiency of use and hence the transition from a bureaucratic model of government to a consensus model, a built model. implementation of entrepreneurial management mechanisms in providing social services to the population actualize the need for rethinking and justification the structure of public finance in the new environment. On the basis of systematic analysis, the theoretical aspects of «public finances» are revealed in the article, their structure is substantiated and the necessity of application in scientific circulation as an important dominant of civil society is proved. It is emphasized that the essential characteristics of this definition are revealed by the existence of financial and economic relations between the population, the state, other public institutions and economic entities regarding the formation, distribution, and use of public funds to meet the public needs of the population. It is shown that the structure of public finances is formed by state and local finances, finances of communal enterprises and state corporations, finances of enterprises and organizations of communal ownership, extrabudgetary trust funds and public funds. Among the dominant features of public finances in the context of modern transformations are transparency and imperative character. It has been argued that the vector of public finance reform must continue to be decentralization, which, in addition to the redistribution of resources and powers, should promote the extension of the financial powers of local governments, increase the transparency of both public and local finances, and raise public accountability. the public sector and improving the quality of life of the population.
The author’s scientific and methodological approach to assessing the social effect of public finance management of Ukraine is tested. The object of research is economic relations associated with the formation, distribution and use of state centralized and decentralized funds of bankroll to ensure social justice and human development. The purpose of article is to assess the social effect of public finance management in Ukraine. The trends in certain areas of public life and the effectiveness of the methodical tools used by authorities were determined as a result of evaluation. During the study, the methods of statistical analysis, formalization, comparison, standardization, generalization, as well as ball, graphical, tabular, systemic and other methods are used. The list of indicators of the social effect of public financial management and their normative values is given. The dynamics of the stratification of society and the share of state funding of social institutions in GDP, taking into account transfers from the State budget of Ukraine, are visualized. Formulas for calculating synthetic indicators and social effect are developed. The trends of both individual components and integral indicator of the social effect of public finance management of Ukraine for 2009–2018 are determined. Analysis of social effect indicators that characterize the state of educational and health care institutions development, made it possible to establish the need to improve the methodological tools for public finance management. It seems that at the stage of macro-financial planning, other sources of financing for individual social institutions than the state budget may be provided. In order to improve the social effect of public finance management, it is proposed to use budget lending as a tool for the development of relevant public institutions. Proposals on the need for medical reform, which provide for health insurance implementation in Ukraine, are given. With the aim of training a competitive specialist in accordance with the country’s development priorities is proposed to carrying out an educational reform. The implementation of the proposed measures will help to increase the level of satisfaction of public interests
Actuality of research theme. In the current context of reforming the education sector, the problem of financial support for the initiated reforms needs special attention, since its success depends on the degree of its sufficiency. This fully applies to the system of vocational education, as in recent years the problem of shortage of workers has been actualized. It is possible to solve the problem of providing the leading branches of the national economy with personnel only in the conditions of sufficient level of financing of education in general and profesional-technical in particular.Problem statement. The issue of managing the reform process and decentralizing power to ensure the country's sustainable development is intrinsically linked to the educational reform process, so finding effective reform mechanisms and funding levels requires particular attention and in-depth theoretical and practical research. Analysis of the last researches and publications. Significant contribution to the consideration of the problem of development of education and its financing were made by Burkovskaya Ya. G., Vovkanych S., Petrenko V.P., Palekhova V.A., Semov L. [1-4] and others. Selection of unexplored parts of general issue. The formation of conditions for the sustainable development of the national economy depends on the level of provision of the necessary personnel, compliance with the level of their preparation to the requirements of the present, which cannot be ensured without sufficient level of education funding. Therefore, there is a need to study the effectiveness of funding mechanisms for profesional-technical education in Ukraine in the context of decentralization and reform of the administrative and territorial structure in the country. Task statement, research aim. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the level and mechanisms of financing the process of reforming and developing profesional-technical education in Ukraine. Method or methodology of realization of research. In the process of realization researches drawn on scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstracting, economical-mathematical design, etc.) methods of study of the economic phenomena and processes. Exposition of basic material (job performances). This paper analyzes the dynamics and mechanisms of financing the reform of profesional-technical education in Ukraine.As a result of the analysis of the structure of funding sources, it has been established that in recent years there has been a shift in the financial burden for the maintenance of profesional-technical education institutions from the state to local budgets.It is shown that according to the actual and planned indicators of financing, there is a coincidence in relation to the state budget with systematic failure to meet the planned indicators by local budgets.The effectiveness of financial support for the decentralization of profesional-technical education reforms has been analyzed. The results show that at the initial stage of reforms, their success was threatened by the under-financing by their local governments. At the state level, the problem was solved in 2016 through a stabilization grant.According to the analysis of the dynamics of the state budget subvention volumes to the local budgets for the modernization and updating of the technical and technical base of the profesional-technical institutions, its distribution between the regions of Ukraine and the level of implementation of the planned indicators, it has been found that during 2016-2018, its volumes increased from UAH 50 million to 100 million, and in 2019 decreased to the level of 2016. The actual amount of the subvention was lower than planned, which resulted in a total underfunding of UAH 11 million 235.3 thousand.The analysis showed that during 2016-2019, the regional funding priorities had changed, but the subsidy volumes did not depend on the size of the oblast and the corresponding amount of profesional-technical institutions in them.The conducted analysis showed that the highest level of subsidizing the modernization and updating of the material and technical base of vocational schools during the 2016-2019 years was received by Kharkiv, Kirovograd, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, Ternopil and Kyiv regions. Poltava and Transcarpathian regions received the lowest subsidies in these years.Consequently, the imbalances in the distribution of subsidies are not justified and the subsidy mechanism needs a more prudent approach, since among the regions that have not received subsidies are those where there is a significant need for staffing.The foregoing makes it possible to conclude on the establishment of a system of financing vocational services, in particular continuous, non-deficit ways, taking into account regional needs of the labor market and the level of provision of educational services. It will be advisable in further studies to look for mechanisms to further attract financial resources for the development of profesional-technical education on public-private partnerships. It is promising to study the procedures for compensation of interest on credit resources by banking institutions in cooperation with stakeholders to improve educational services.Conclusions. The analysis of the dynamics and mechanisms of financing the reform of profesional-technical education in Ukraine shows that in recent years there has been a shift in financial burden for the maintenance of profesional-technical institutions from state to local budgets.It is established that there is a coincidence of actual and planned indicators of funding in the state budget and a discrepancy in local budgets.The level and effectiveness of financial support for the decentralization of profesional-technical education reforms have been analyzed. It has been shown that due to the underfunding of local budgets at the initial stage of reforms, their extension was in jeopardy. The situation was corrected by the use of a stabilization grant from the state budget.According to the results of analysis of the dynamics of the state budget subvention volumes to the local budgets for modernization and updating of the technical and technical base of the profesional-technical institutions, its distribution between the regions of Ukraine and the level of implementation of the planned indicators, it was established that during 2016-2019 the regional priorities for financing changed, but the volumes of the subvention did not depend the size of the area and the corresponding amount of profesional-technical institutions in them. The analysis showed that there are imbalances in the distribution of subsidies between regions, which is not justified, so the subsidy mechanism needs a more prudent approach, since among the regions that received subsidies are those where there is a significant need for staffing. The above makes it possible to conclude the establishment of a system of financing profesional-technical services, including continuous, deficit-free ways, taking into account the regional needs of the labor market and the level of provision of educational services (involvement of teaching staff of qualified specialists, exchange of experience, international internships, extension of the list educational services, etc.).
Purpose. The aim of the article is substantiation of the role of digital infrastructure in the process of digital transformation of Ukraine and analysis of the possibilities of using blockchain technologies. Methodology of research. General and special methods of economic research are used in the course of scientific research, in particular: analysis and synthesis to reveal the economic essence of digital infrastructure; statistical and graphic methods ‑ in the analysis of world trends in the development of information and communication technologies, methods of induction and deduction, abstract and logical method ‑ in drawing conclusions from the results of the study. Finding. Definitions of digital economy, suggested in domestic economic literature, are considered. The author’s definition of this concept is substantiated. Areas of activity have been identified in which the introduction of digital technologies will play a decisive role in the context of digital transformation. The Concept of the development of the digital economy and society of Ukraine and the directions of digital development defined by this Concept are considered. The types of digital infrastructures and the main digital technologies that ensure their formation are given. The essence of the concept of blockchain and the scope of its possible application in Ukraine in order to protect data and ensure cybersecurity is revealed. Originality. The author's definition of digital economy is offered, in which special value is given to introduction and real use of digital technologies in various spheres of human activity. The role of digital infrastructure and main technologies that ensure its formation is substantiated. The directions of using blockchain technologies and measures that need to be implemented for further digital transformation of Ukraine are proposed. Practical value. The results of the study will contribute to the formation of the institutional basis for further development of information technologies in Ukraine, their introduction into the real sector of the economy, and in the future ‑ building an effective digital economy focused on innovation in production and services. Key words: digital economy, digital infrastructure, digital transformation, information and communication technologies, blockchain.
Сьогодні криптовалюта набирає все більшої популярності. Використовуваний протягом кількох років, вона була незалежною, анонімною, стійкою до впливу банків чи уряду. У статті представлені носії цифрової цінності, які мають лише форму комп’ютерно-читаної інформації та не мають матеріального еквіваленту (наприклад, банкноти, монети чи жетони). У статті розглядається історія та характеристики біткойна, аналізується вплив криптовалюти на традиційні безготівкові розрахунки, методи та найпопулярніші майнери криптовалюти, а також як і де купувати та продавати криптовалюту на біржі. У висновку зазначено, що для правильної роботи з криптовалютою необхідне комплексне правове регулювання. Документ також містить інструкції, як зареєструватися на біржі CoinCasso і як використовувати посилання «рекомендація» для здійснення транзакцій на біржі
This paper substantiates the selection of the most effective new economic and organizational tools, approaches and methods for national enterprises and regions of the mining industry that the Fourth industrial revolution offers. To this end, the role of the mining industry in the world in new conditions, its significance for Ukrainian economy and regions, areas, specializing in this field, are identified. A set of measures, which are based on the analysis of digital tools used by mining enterprises of the world, as well as on the study of the experience of applying advanced approaches and methods, have been offered for the development of the Ukrainian mining industry in conditions of the Fourth industrial revolution. This complex consists of proposals for enterprises of a technological and organizational feature, suggestions for government authorities, including of fiscal and monetary measures, and proposals for smart specialization in the Dnipropetrovsk region. It was defined that the most effective technologies for national enterprises are disruptive ones that ensure the creation of new equipment components and mechanisms, their smart technical maintenance, optimization of production process control, monitoring of health status and quality of safety. At the level of state authorities, it is advisable to introduce tax investment incentives, use traditional and alternative sources of financing, adhere federalism principles with respect to natural resources and fiscal decentralization, improve relations between mining enterprises and local jurisdictions using the capabilities of social ratings. At the regional level, it is proposed to build a regional industrial policy, based on conceptual foundations of smart specialization with the creation of a favourable market environment in the region through the use of soft fiscal and financial regulation tools, governmental R&D programs, and enabling conditions for the innovative development of the mining sector of the economy and its integration with other sectors.
The subject of the study is the justification for the need for further decentralization processes in<br> Ukraine.<br> The aim of the study is to analyze the results of the reform of decentralization of power in Ukraine,<br> to identify the problems and risks that accompany the modern process of decentralization.<br> Research methods. In the work uses a set of scientific methods that reveal the essence of the<br> modern process of decentralization reform, including grouping and benchmarking techniques for<br> building tables; systemic, historical, logical methods that help to reveal the dynamics of decentralization<br> processes and ensure the effectiveness of research.<br> Results of work. Based on the study of the formation of united collectives over the 5 years, it can<br> be argued that the most successful are the territorial associations of cities of regional significance,<br> which have the highest development potential, are less dependent on subsidies, have the ability to form<br> resources from their own sources. For small territorial associations, it is necessary to consider issues<br> regarding their territorial expansion and corresponding increase in population.<br> The field of application of results. System of financial sciences for public administration,<br> economics and public finance management.<br> Conclusions. Decentralization processes in modern conditions of reforming the economy of Ukraine<br> are investigated; problems and risks regarding the further formation of united collectives are examined.
The article examines the mechanisms of financing education in general and vocational training, in particular, in the process of decentralization and reform of the administrative-territorial structure of the country.
Introduction. The urgency of the problem of decentralization of power in Ukraine is caused by a number of legal, political and economic problems that need to be solved in the state in the current difficult conditions of its development. The heated discussions on changes to the legislation of Ukraine, including its Basic Law – the Constitution of Ukraine, primarily relate to the redistribution of powers between state authorities and local self-government bodies, determination and consolidation in the legislation of the optimal model of organization of power in Ukraine on the basis of its decentralization. The aim of the article. To analyze actual legal and theoretical problems of financial activity of local self-government bodies in the conditions of decentralization of power in Ukraine. Results. The article is devoted to the analysis of current legal and theoretical problems related to the process of decentralization of power in Ukraine. The peculiarities of legal regulation of financial activity of local self-government bodies, in particular the budgetary sphere, under conditions of decentralization of power are considered. The scientific analysis of some theoretical issues is carried out, the solution of which is connected with the improvement of the legislation of Ukraine, which regulates the specified sphere of relations. At the present stage, the legal regulation of the financial activity of local governments largely determines the effectiveness of their activity as a whole and the efficiency of the process of decentralization of power in Ukraine. And it must solve one of the main tasks – to ensure the optimal combination of the realization of the interests of the population of a particular territory and national interests. Decentralization of power, creation of united territorial communities relied on strengthening the financial base of local governments during 2014–2018. Therefore, it is extremely dangerous to reduce local budgets subsidies for 2020, as this will hinder budgetary decentralization in Ukraine. The process of budgetary decentralization should include the liberalization and improvement of intergovernmental budgetary relations, taking into account the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the respective territory. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the terms “region” and “regional self-government”. Conclusions. Considering the term “region” as a complex structural entity, regional self-government can be considered as self-organization of citizens within a specific territorial sociality, economic structure with its characteristic functions. Equally important is ensuring a change in fiscal discipline in the context of strengthening the financial framework of local self-government in the process of decentralization of power. In today's context, the social focus of local budgets is also of particular importance. The role of reserve funds, which must necessarily be formed at the local level, to finance unforeseen measures, which must be secured at the legislative level, is growing.
In the course of its economic and legal development, the formation and improvement of the financial system from a legal perspective continues to occur in Ukraine. Today, political transformations in one aspect or another affect the state of the financial system, that is, in some cases, they stabilize it, and in others, unfortunately, lead to its imbalance. At the same time, it should be noted that the financial system of Ukraine, as well as its functions in modern conditions, usually develop in close interaction with other links. Their interaction with the budget system is especially important for the functioning of the financial system itself since it contributes to the financial support of various branches of public life in Ukraine. At the same time, the axiology of the financial system of Ukraine requires analysis of its functional component, since in the legal and economic literature the specified category is still debatable. In addition, the concept of “financial system” is absent both in scientific sources and in the current legislation. The problems of the financial system have already been the subject of research by individual scholars. However, an analysis of their work shows that the administrative and legal aspects of the financial system are only partially revealed. That is why the purpose of this article is to analyze the very concept of the financial system and its components, as well as to study the impact on it of the relevant administrative and legal principles. As a result, it is concluded that finance, as well as the financial system as a whole, is crucial for the development of the state. They serve as the economic basis for the existence of even the state itself. The notion of “finance” is applied not only to the sphere of state property but also to the sphere of the effect of private relations, because in Ukraine the market relations develop. In this regard, finance is regarded as a public-law and private-law category, which is the very foundation of Ukraine’s financial system. Nowadays in Ukraine, there is a tendency of scientific research of peculiarities of legal regulation of a certain type of activity, including financial, because the latter has state-defined elements. Given that the main elements of the financial system include finance: state, local, economic entities of all forms of ownership, the non-productive sphere of activity, the population of the financial market, as well as financial infrastructure, it is possible to improve the definition of the content of the financial system as a set regulated by financial and legal norms individual units of financial relations and financial institutions through which the state creates, distributes and uses centralized and decentralized funds. This definition directly indicates that there is a specific model of legal influence created by a special combination of legal regulation of financial relations in Ukraine. The aforementioned allows convincingly to assert that in Ukraine there is an administrative-legal regime of the financial system, which is functionally oriented to the performance of functions and actions of the authorized state bodies in the implementation and provision of all elements of the financial system. Keywords: administrative and legal principles of the financial system, financial system, finances, money.
Introduction. In the context of reforming the system of local self-government and territorial organization of power, they need to rethink a number of important theoretical postulates of domestic financial science through the prism of improving existing and developing new conceptual approaches to the theoretical substantiation of the finances of the united territorial communities in their territorial communities. After all, the study of OTG finances, with their permanent dominance in local finance, is the basis for effective implementation of the reform of financial decentralization and local development. Moreover, upon completion of the reform, the UGT finances will prevail, completely changing the local finances. Purpose. Given the limited theoretical and practical experience of domestic scientists on the finances of the united territorial communities, the purpose of the article is to find out the place and role of OGF finances in the financial system of the state. Methods. The methods of abstraction, generalization, induction, deduction, synthesis were applied in the study of the role and place of OGF finances in the financial system of the state, as well as the system method. Results. The views of domestic and foreign theorists and practitioners on the scientific substantiation of the financial system of the state and its structural components have been systematized. The LTG finances in its structure and the role for modifications of local finances was determined. This made it possible to identify OTG finances as an area of the financial system and to formulate a science-based approach to their knowledge, while separating OTG budgets, utility and financial institutions and local borrowing in their structure. Discussion. It is advisable to carry out further scientific researches of OGF finances on the basis of the formed theoretical substantiation of OGF finances as an integral part of the financial system of the state with the corresponding structural structure – links that are interconnected and interact.