Blockchain Papers

Jignasha Dalal, Meenal Chaturvedi, Himani Gandre, Sanjana Thombare

No abstract is available for this record.

Tanweer Alam

The COVID-19 is an exponentially growing disease that has intentioned nations to use technologies to detect the coronavirus infection. Several nations are working greatly to fight against COVID-19. Many nations have been using a range of devices to combat the pandemic, seeking information about growth, monitoring as well as the leaking the confidential information of the residents. This research aims to assist infected people online using the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain technologies through smart devices. IoT-based healthcare devices gather useful information, provide additional insight through symptoms and behaviors, allow remote monitoring, and simply give people better self - determination and healthcare. Blockchain allows the secure transfer of patient health information, regulates the medical distribution network. A four-layer architecture is proposed using IoT and Blockchain to detect and prevent individuals to be COVID 19. This research provides a framework for patients with COVID-19 infectious disease and recognizes health issues and diagnoses online. Smart devices such as smartphones can install any mobile apps such as Aarogya Setu, Tawakkalna, and so on. These applications can track COVID-19 patients properly. The installation of mobile apps on smart devices focuses to reduce the time and cost and increase the performance of the infectious patient’s condition. A four-layer architecture is proposed using IoT and Blockchain technologies. Many research works focus on investigating, analyzing, and highlighting the affected individuals through guiding the COVID-19 infection. Eventually, various mobile apps are recognized and addressed in this paper.

Prerna Gulati, Aditi Sharma, Kartikey Bhasin, Chandrashekhar Azad

No abstract is available for this record.

Jin Wang, Wencheng Chen, Lei Wang, R. Simon Sherratt · 6 authors

As the number of sensor network application scenarios continues to grow, the security problems inherent in this approach have become obstacles that hinder its wide application. However, it has attracted increasing attention from industry and academia. The blockchain is based on a distributed network and has the characteristics of nontampering and traceability of block data. It is thus naturally able to solve the security problems of the sensor networks. Accordingly, this paper first analyzes the security risks associated with data storage in the sensor networks, then proposes using blockchain technology to ensure that data storage in the sensor networks is secure. In the traditional blockchain, the data layer uses a Merkle hash tree to store data; however, the Merkle hash tree cannot provide non-member proof, which makes it unable to resist the attacks of malicious nodes in networks. To solve this problem, this paper utilizes a cryptographic accumulator rather than a Merkle hash tree to provide both member proof and nonmember proof. Moreover, the number of elements in the existing accumulator is limited and unable to meet the blockchain’s expansion requirements. This paper therefore proposes a new type of unbounded accumulator and provides its definition and security model. Finally, this paper constructs an unbounded accumulator scheme using bilinear pairs and analyzes its performance.

Ahmed Faeq Hussein, Abbas K. AlZubaidi, Qais Ahmed Habash, Mustafa Musa Jaber

A crucial role is played by personal biomedical data when it comes to maintaining proficient access to health records by patients as well as health professionals. However, it is difficult to get a unified view pertaining to health data that have been scattered across various health centers/hospital sections. To be specific, health records are distributed across many places and cannot be integrated easily. In recent years, blockchain has arisen as a promising solution that helps to achieve the sharing of individual biomedical information in a secure way, whilst also having the benefit of privacy preservation because of its immutability. This research puts forward a blockchain-based managing scheme that helps to establish interpretation improvements pertaining to electronic biomedical systems. In this scheme, two blockchains were employed to construct the base, whereby the second blockchain algorithm was used to generate a secure sequence for the hash key that was generated in first blockchain algorithm. This adaptive feature enables the algorithm to use multiple data types and also combines various biomedical images and text records. All data, including keywords, digital records, and the identity of patients, are private key encrypted with a keyword searching function so as to maintain data privacy, access control, and a protected search function. The obtained results, which show a low latency (less than 750 ms) at 400 requests/second, indicate the possibility of its use within several health care units such as hospitals and clinics.

Harshita Khandelwal, Kritika Mittal, Shreeyaa Agrawal, Harsh Jain

During the course of education the students achieve many certificates. Student produce these certificates while applying for jobs at public or private sectors, where all these certificates are needed to be verified manually. There can be incidents where students may produce the fake certificate and it is difficult to identify them. This problem of fake academic certificates has been a longstanding issue in the academic community. Because it is possible to create such certificates at low cost and the process to verify them is very complex, as they are manually needed to be verified. This problem can be solved by storing the digital certificates on the Blockchain. The Blockchain technology provides immutability and publicly verifiable transactions, these properties of Blockchain can be used to generate the digital certificate which are anti-counterfeit and easy to verify.

Vijayakumar, V., K.M. Sabarivelan, J. Tamizhselvan, B Ranjith · 5 authors

Blockchain is a decentralized network technology. Blockchain consists of a number of blocks. The blocks are connected with other through a chain. Hence the name Blockchain. A block consists of a number of transactions. The links between the blocks are made up of hash values. The hash values are calculated using the transactions in a block and the hash value of the previous block. Healthcare is one of the biggest industry. It also remains as a industry which lacks transparency. At crucial situations the patients medical reports are not readily available. Interoperability between medical organizations is not available due to trust issues. Blockchain is a technology which can provide trust and transparency to its participants. Combining blockchain with healthcare can bring a huge change in the healthcare domain. By including frameworks like Hyperledger, we can provide an industrial standard to healthcare industry along with transparency and trust. All the medical data can be stored in a distributed ledger, which can be used at critical periods for examining report details. Blockchain also provides high security to the data. The data in the blockchain will remain tamper proof.

Daniel P Mera

In today’s world, the Blockchain technology is used for different purposes has brought an increment in the development of different Blockchain platforms, services, and utilities for storing data securely and efficiently. Quorum Blockchain, an Ethereum fork created by JPMorgan Chase, has placed itself in one of the widely used, efficient and trustful Blockchain platforms available today. Because of the importance which Quorum is contributing to the world, it is important to test and measure different aspects of the platform, not only to prove how efficient the software can be but as well as to have a clear view on what type of environment the platform could be better used. This research has been focused on testing the efficiency and speed of the transactions been sent to the platform in different types of environments, like local server nodes, virtual machine nodes and cloud instance nodes, by focusing its tests on the average of transactions per second or TPS being made. Once the tests were carried out, and results were obtained, there was a clear difference between the environments used. Using cloud instances for nodes improves the TPS for every single type of transactions over any other types of nodes. It might have been predicted that Cloud Instances would have done a better performance, but other factors could have caused the fallback in results for this type of nodes.

Sarita Thapa, Papri Ghosh, Bijoy Chhetri

No abstract is available for this record.

Xiaoguang Liu, Ziqing Wang, Chunhua Jin, Fagen Li · 5 authors

Electronic health record (EHR) has recorded the process of occurrence, development, and treatment of diseases. So it has high medical value. Owing to the private and sensitive nature of medical data for patients, the data sharing and privacy preservation are critical issues in EHR. Blockchain technology may be a promising solution for the problems above since it holds the features of decentralization and tamper resistance. In the paper, we propose a medical data sharing and protection scheme based on the hospital’s private blockchain to improve the electronic health system of the hospital. Firstly, the scheme can satisfy various security properties such as decentralization, openness, and tamper resistance. A reliable mechanism is created for the doctors to store medical data or access the historical data of patients while meeting privacy preservation. Furthermore, a symptoms-matching mechanism is given between patients. It allows patients who get the same symptoms to conduct mutual authentication and create a session key for their future communication about the illness. The proposed scheme is implemented by using PBC and OpenSSL libraries. Finally, the security and performance evaluation of the proposed scheme is given.

Xiaochen Zheng, Raghava Rao Mukkamala, Ravi Vatrapu, Joaqun Ordieres-Mere

With the advent of rapid development of wearable technology and mobile computing, huge amount of personal health-related data is being generated and accumulated on continuous basis at every moment. These personal datasets contain valuable information and they belong to and asset of the individual users, hence should be owned and controlled by themselves. Currently most of such datasets are stored and controlled by different service providers and this centralised data storage brings challenges of data security and hinders the data sharing. These personal health data are valuable resources for healthcare research and commercial projects. In this research work, we propose a conceptual design for sharing personal continuous-dynamic health data using blockchain technology supplemented by cloud storage to share the health-related information in a secure and transparent manner. Besides, we also introduce a data quality inspection module based on machine learning techniques to have control over data quality. The primary goal of the proposed system is to enable users to own, control and share their personal health data securely, in a General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliant way to get benefit from their personal datasets. It also provides an efficient way for researchers and commercial data consumers to collect high quality personal health data for research and commercial purposes.

R. Shalini, R. Manoharan

Blockchain technology is a revolution started as a new economy with an alternative currency namely Bitcoin. Besides the economical aspect, the technological capabilities of Blockchain such as distributed computing, record keeping, irrecoverability of transactions, reliability and etc., are harness

José Parra-Moyano, Tryggvi Thoroddsen, Omri Ross

Systems that use blockchain technology to improve the know-your-customer (KYC) process have only been proposed at a conceptual level and all share certain attributes that make their adoption very difficult. We propose and program a blockchain-based system that reduces and shares out among the financial institutions (FIs) that work with a customer the costs of the KYC process and also makes it possible for FIs to dynamically update information related to customers and disseminates this information among participating FIs. Additionally, our system addresses some of the attributes that hinder the adoption of previously proposed solutions by FIs. The result is a stand-alone solution that reduces the cost of the KYC process without requiring any central instance to store the customer's data, and in which FIs share the initial costs of the KYC process as well as the running costs of keeping the information about customers up to date.

David Mendes, Irene Pimenta Rodrigues, César Fonseca, Manuel José Lopes · 6 authors

We introduce our solution developed for data privacy, and specifically for cognitive security that can be enforced and guaranteed using blockchain technology in SAAL (Smart Ambient Assisted Living) environments. Personal clinical and demographic information segments to various levels that assures that it can only be rebuilt at the interested and authorized parties and no profiling can be extracted from the blockchain itself. Using our proposal the access to a patient's clinical process resists tampering and ransomware attacks that have recently plagued the HIS (Hospital Information Systems) in various countries. The core of the blockchain model assures non-repudiation possible by any of the involved information producers thus maintaining ledger fidelity of the enclosed historical process information. One important side effect of this data infrastructure is that it can be accessed in open form, for research purposes for instance, since no individual re-identification or group profiling is possible by any means.

Archana Prashanth Joshi, Meng Han, Yan Wang

Blockchain is gaining traction and can be termed as one of the furthermost prevalent topics nowadays. Although critics question about its scalability, security, and sustainability, it has already transformed many individuals' lifestyle in some areas due to its inordinate influence on industries and businesses. Granting that the features of blockchain technology guarantee more reliable and expedient services, it is important to consider the security and privacy issues and challenges behind the innovative technology. The spectrum of blockchain applications range from financial, healthcare, automobile, risk management, Internet of things (IoT) to public and social services. Several studies focus on utilizing the blockchain data structure in various applications. However, a comprehensive survey on technical and applications perspective has not yet been accomplished. In this paper, we try to conduct a comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology by discussing its structure to different consensus algorithms as well as the challenges and opportunities from the prospective of security and privacy of data in blockchains. Furthermore, we delve into future trends the blockchain technology can adapt in the years to come.Index Terms- Blockchains, Future Trends of Blockchains, Security, Privacy

Alexander C. Standridge

No abstract is available for this record.