Blockchain technology has been utilized in many business cases due to its capability for the development of trustless systems. There is a huge potential for building service marketplaces on top of blockchain technology as decentralized applications (dApps). In such dApps, the point is to exchange and purchase assets and record these transactions on the blockchain to improve the transparency and trust of the marketplace. This work presents a software framework and describes the software prototype implementation, which allows for the provisioning of services on a dApp. The interactions between providers and customers involved in the procurement of services traded on the marketplace are recorded on a distributed ledger. In our dApp, services are provisioned via a configurable auctioning subsystem. Furthermore, after an auction for a service is finished, a Service Level Agreement (SLA) is finalized between a provider and customer. We include a decentralized witness monitoring subsystem to detect Service Level Objective (SLO) violations on this SLA, and witnesses participating in SLA monitoring earn token rewards for their service. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of our prototype using state-of-the-art smart contract testing methods.
Bulat Nasrulin, Martijn de Vos, Georgy Ishmaev, Johan Pouwelse
The growing number of implementations of blockchain systems stands in stark contrast with still limited research on a systematic comparison of performance characteristics of these solutions. Such research is crucial for evaluating fundamental trade-offs introduced by novel consensus protocols and their implementations. These performance limitations are commonly analyzed with ad-hoc benchmarking frameworks focused on the consensus algorithm of blockchain systems. However, comparative evaluations of design choices require macro-benchmarks for uniform and comprehensive performance evaluations of blockchains at the system level rather than performance metrics of isolated components. To address this research gap, we implement Gromit, a generic framework for analyzing blockchain systems. Gromit treats each system under test as a transaction fabric where clients issue transactions to validators. We use Gromit to conduct the largest blockchain study to date, involving seven representative systems with varying consensus models. We determine the peak performance of these systems with a synthetic workload in terms of transaction throughput and scalability and show that transaction throughput does not scale with the number of validators. We explore how robust the subjected systems are against network delays and reveal that the performance of permissoned blockchain is highly sensitive to network conditions.
Thomas Lavaur, Jérôme Lacan, Caroline Ponzoni Carvalho Chanel
The Internet of Things includes all connected objects from small embedded systems with low computational power and storage capacities to efficient ones, as well as moving objects like drones and autonomous vehicles. The concept of Internet of Everything expands upon this idea by adding people, data and processing. The adoption of such systems is exploding and becoming ever more significant, bringing with it questions related to the security and the privacy of these objects. A natural solution to data integrity, confidentiality and single point of failure vulnerability is the use of blockchains. Blockchains can be used as an immutable data layer for storing information, avoiding single point of failure vulnerability via decentralization and providing strong security and cryptographic tools for IoE. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in such heterogeneous systems containing light devices presents several challenges and practical issues that need to be overcome. Indeed, most of the solutions proposed to adapt blockchains to devices with low resources confront difficulty in maintaining decentralization or security. The most interesting are probably the Layer 2 solutions, which build offchain systems strongly connected to the blockchain. Among these, zk-rollup is a promising new generation of Layer 2/off-chain schemes that can remove the last obstacles to blockchain adoption in IoT, or more generally, in IoE. By increasing the scalability and enabling rule customization while preserving the same security as the Layer 1 blockchain, zk-rollups overcome restrictions on the use of blockchains for IoE. Despite their promises illustrated by recent systems proposed by startups and private companies, very few scientific publications explaining or applying this barely-known technology have been published, especially for non-financial systems. In this context, the objective of our paper is to fill this gap for IoE systems in two steps. We first propose a synthetic review of recent proposals to improve scalability including onchain (consensus, blockchain organization, …) and offchain (sidechain, rollups) solutions and we demonstrate that zk-rollups are the most promising ones. In a second step, we focus on IoE by describing several interesting features (scalability, dynamicity, data management, …) that are illustrated with various general IoE use cases.
Hongwei Zhang, Marzia Zaman, Brian Stacey, Srinivas Sampalli
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of many wireless sensor nodes for collecting and sensing information. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) such as Blockchain allow organizations to store and share data in a decentralized, immutable, and secure way through a network of distributed peer-to-peer users or computers. The application of DLT to the Internet of Things (IoT) can improve the efficiency of information transmission and network security. IOTA Tangle is a DLT developed for IoT to process transactions. WSN is a core technology for IoT, and the two have a lot in common in terms of applications. Many solutions for IoT applications can be implemented with WSNs. However, the sensor nodes in WSNs have limited processing speed, storage capacity, communication bandwidth, and energy consumption capabilities. Therefore, a lightweight solution needs to be designed according to the characteristics of WSNs, rather than directly applying Tangle. The similarities between IoT and WSNs determine that the Tangle can be an essential reference for designing new solutions. In this paper, we propose a new DLT structure based on Tangle named Fishing Net Topology (FNT). The aim is to meet the lightweight requirements of sensor nodes in WSNs. We compared FNT with Tangle in terms of the packet network structure and algorithm and also experimentally analyzed the waste rate in the FNT network. It is concluded that FNT can be used at a reasonable Rate based on the requirement of the WSN applications, and it can significantly reduce the computation while enhancing the security of WSNs. Due to its structural stability and algorithmic simplicity, FNT outperforms Tangle in WSNs.
In the last few years, the Internet of things (IoT) has recently gained attention in developing various smart city applications such as smart healthcare, smart supply chain, smart home, smart grid, etc. The existing literature focuses on the smart healthcare system as a public emergency service (PES) to provide timely treatment to the patient. However, little attention is given to a distributed smart fire brigade system as a PES to protect human life and properties from severe fire damage. The traditional PES are developed on a centralised system, which requires high computation and does not ensure timely service fulfilment. Furthermore, these traditional PESs suffer from a lack of trust, transparency, data integrity, and a single point of failure issue. In this context, this paper proposes a Blockchain-Enabled Secure and Trusted (BEST) framework for PES in the smart city environment. The BEST framework focuses on providing a fire brigade service as a PES to the smart home based on IoT device information to protect it from serious fire damage. Further, we used two edge computing servers, an IoT controller and a service controller. The IoT and service controller are used for local storage and to enhance the data processing speed of PES requests and PES fulfilments, respectively. The IoT controller manages an access control list to keep track of registered IoT gateways and their IoT devices, avoiding misguiding the PES department. The service controller utilised the queue model to handle the PES requests based on the minimum service queue length. Further, various smart contracts are designed on the Hyperledger Fabric platform to automatically call a PES either in the presence or absence of the smart-home owner under uncertain environmental conditions. The performance evaluation of the proposed BEST framework indicates the benefits of utilising the distributed environment and the smart contract logic. The various simulation results are evaluated in terms of service queue length, utilisation, actual arrival time, expected arrival time, number of PES departments, number of PES providers, and end-to-end delay. These simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the BEST framework.
Arun Kumar Rana, Sharad Sharma, Kashif Nisar, Ag Asri Ag Ibrahim · 8 authors
Most Internet of Things (IoT) resources are exposed to security risks due to their essential functionality. IoT devices, such as smartphones and tablets, have a limited network, computation, and storage capacity, making them more vulnerable to attacks. In addition, the huge volume of data generated by IoT devices remains an open challenge for existing platforms to process, analyze, and discover underlying trends to create a convenient environment. As a result, to deliver acceptable services, a new solution is necessary to secure data accountability, increase data privacy and accessibility, and extract hidden patterns and usable knowledge. Moving the Internet of Things to a distributed ledger system might be the most effective way to solve these issues. One of the most well-known and extensively utilized distributed ledger systems is the blockchain. Due to its unique properties, such as privacy, accountability, immutability, and anonymity, blockchain technology has recently attracted a lot of interest. Using IoT in conjunction with blockchain technology can bring several benefits. This paper reviews the current state of the art different BIoT architectures, with a focus on current technologies, applications, challenges, and opportunities. The test findings prove that the decentralized authentication platform-based blockchain-based IoT (BIoT) device-to-device architecture has a significantly higher throughput than the gateway-based architecture. To encrypt the elliptical curve cryptographic (ECC) and to generate keys, the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT)-based scheme is proposed and compared with the secure hash algorithm (SHA-256). Finally, ECC-CRT is used to access system performance in terms of latency, throughput, and resource consumption, simulated through the Contiki Cooja (CC) simulator, and alter orderer and peer nodes for performance study in BIoT. A comprehensive analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme is secure against a variety of known attacks, including the man-in-the-middle (MiM) attack, and outperforms the SHA-256 cryptographic algorithm. Moreover, the significance of blockchain and IoT, as well as their analysis of proposed architecture, is discussed. This paper will help readers and researchers understand the IoT and its applicability to the real world.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
John Christidis, Panagiotis Karkazis, Pericles Papadopoulos, Helen C. Leligou
In present times, the largest amount of data is being controlled in a centralized manner. However, as the data are in essence the fuel of any application and service, there is a need to make the data more findable and accessible. Another problem with the data being centralized is the limited storage as well as the uncertainty of their authenticity. In the Internet of Things (IoT) sector specifically, data are the key to develop the most powerful and reliable applications. For these reasons, there is a rise on works that present decentralized marketplaces for IoT data with many of them exploiting blockchain technology to offer security advantages. The main contribution of this work is to review the existing works on decentralized IoT data marketplaces and discuss important design aspects and options so as to guide (a) the prospective user to select the IoT data marketplace that matches their needs and (b) the potential designer of a new marketplace to make insightful decisions.
Rosa Pericàs-Gornals, Macià Mut–Puigserver, M. Magdalena Payeras–Capellà
As a result of the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, several proposals of blockchain-based solutions for digital COVID-19 certificates have been presented. Considering that health data have high privacy requirements, a health data management system must fulfil several strict privacy and security requirements. On the one hand, confidentiality of the medical data must be assured, being the data owner (the patient) the actor that maintain control over the privacy of their certificates. On the other hand, the entities involved in the generation and validation of certificates must be supervised by a regulatory authority. This set of requirements are generally not achieved together in previous proposals. Moreover, it is required that a digital COVID-19 certificate management protocol provides an easy verification process and also strongly avoid the risk of forgery. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a protocol to manage digital COVID-19 certificates where individual users decide how to share their private data in a hierarchical system. In order to achieve this, we put together two different technologies: the use of a proxy re-encryption (PRE) service in conjunction with a blockchain-based protocol. Additionally, our protocol introduces an authority to control and regulate the centers that can generate digital COVID-19 certificates and offers two kinds of validation of certificates for registered and non-registered verification entities. Therefore, the paper achieves all the requirements, that is, data sovereignty, high privacy, forgery avoidance, regulation of entities, security and easy verification.
Agriculture in developing countries faces numerous challenges such as price fluctuation and non-uniformity, presence of untrusted middlemen in the supply chain, crop wastage due to inadequate storage facilities or long commutes, and lack of proper monitoring. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising approach to solve these challenges. Even though a number of solutions are recently proposed in the literature, they lack in several aspects: (1) lack of proper regulatory interface, (2) absence of proper agricultural supply chain, (3) absence of adequate storage facilities, (4) absence of a fair payment system, (5) poor monitoring and auditing system, (6) non-inclusion of government policies, and (7) missing experimental validation. This paper presents a novel blockchain-based smart agriculture system that overcomes the above-mentioned issues. In particular, our solution covers product traceability in the supply chain, elimination of counterfeit products, easily accessible cold storage facilities, fair payment procedure between buyers and sellers, a transparent process of distributing government financial benefits to farmers, and overall government monitoring. We present a prototype implementation of our proposed system using Ethereum. The backend smart contracts are developed using Solidity programming language, whereas the frontend is developed using ReactJS. The experimental evaluation using Hyperledger Caliper benchmark tool shows an encouraging result, demonstrating the system performance in terms of execution gas costs, CPU utilization, average latency, and transaction throughput.
Hanaa Abbas, Maurantonio Caprolu, Roberto Di Pietro
Polkadot is a network protocol launched in 2020 with the ambition of unlocking the full potential of blockchain technologies. Its novel multi-chain protocol allows arbitrary data to be transferred across heterogeneous blockchains, enabling the implementation of a wide range of novel use cases. The Polkadot architecture is based on the principles of sharding, which promises to solve scalability and interoperability shortcomings that encumber many existing blockchain-based systems. Lured by these impressive features, investors immediately appreciated the Polkadot project, which is now firmly ranked among the top 10 cryptocurrencies by capitalization (around 20 Billions USD). However, Polkadot has not received the same level of attention from academia that other proposals in the crypto domain have received so far, like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Algorand, to cite a few. Polkadot architecture is described and discussed only in the grey literature, and very little is known about its internals. In this paper, we provide the first systematic study on the Polkadot environment, detailing its protocols, governance, and economic model. Then, we identify several limitations -- supported by an empirical analysis of its ledger -- that could severely affect the scalability and overall security of the network. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide future directions to inspire researchers to investigate further the Polkadot ecosystem and its pitfalls in terms of performance, security, and network aspects.
João Paulo de Brito Gonçalves, Gustavo Alochio, Rodolfo da Silva Villaça, Roberta Lima Gomes
The fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks are expected to provide various services compared to the 4G and previous generations of networks. The Quality of Service requirements can be quite different in terms of latency, bandwidth, reliability, and availability. 5G technology allows the fragmentation of the network into small pieces, known as network slices. This network slicing is done by specific tools and the configuration must be protected from attacks that may be performed by malicious users. Thus in this paper, a solution to protect and prevent these failures from happening is addressed. For this solution to be carried out, a study was conducted on the Blockchain technology, as well as the use of Oracles in order to implement an integrity verification system, a system capable of assuring 5G network slices' configuration integrity through a complete architecture involving Blockchain, Smart Contracts and Oracles.
This paper proposes a hunger relief network based on crypto-currency and a hybrid mix of centralized and decentralized databases which is totally formed by the volunteers and donors and is out of control of centralized organizations. The centralized part of the database maintains non-sensitive information with less need to security features, mainly providing motivative information for donors and giving feedback to know that how their gifts were spent. The decentralized part of the design is based on a third-generation Distributed Ledger Technology which contains sensitive information of payments and receipts and flow of supply chain, which is designed to be fast, secure and fault tolerant.
Engin Zeydan, Jorge Baranda, Josep Mangues‐Bafalluy, Yekta Türk · 5 authors
Blockchain technologies are gradually being deployed in a variety of industries, including telecommunications. In this paper, due to the strict governance of telecommunication infrastructure, we propose a permissioned distributed ledger (PDL)-based blockchain supported architecture for a network management and orchestration platform. The work focuses on creating a trusted environment for both Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) and Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) for managing the lifecycle of network services (e.g., instantiation, scaling, termination, etc.) in a multi-cloud environment. We also validate our proposed approach with an experimental scenario using the Quorum blockchain network (BCN) to measure various performance metrics (e.g., number of transactions and blocks, time to write, and transactions per second) of different service orchestrator (SO)-related instantiation metrics. Our evaluation results show that the values for the service instantiation time and the corresponding BCN metrics can be completely different, suggesting that some logs arrive very quickly and generate a high transaction load, while others take longer and generate a low number of transactions. As a solution, at the end of the paper, we also provide some recommendations for appropriate optimizations during transfer of SO-related logs to BCNs and some observed challenges.
With the evolution of information technology, the use of internet of things has increased. It affects several areas such as medical field, smart cities, and information systems. In this work, we will use this technological development in the context of health, particularly e-health. We present a platform based on IoMT to allow the monitoring of patient’s health. To meet the constraint of medical secrecy and confidentiality of information, we will use the Blockchain as a secure system. Our system will use the data collected by several smart sensors such as blood pressure, SPO2 concentration, and EEG signals. These encrypted data will be collected by an embedded Raspberry PI 4 platform (working as a smart data relay) before being processed (on a backend server) and then saved in an embedded Blockchain node. The preliminary results show the effectiveness of the proposed platform as a candidate of a low-cost example of secured Electronic Health Record (EHR).
Abstract This work proposes smart auto mining (SAM) for resource‐efficient mining in a blockchain network. The SAM algorithm stops the miners when there is zero pending transaction and starts the miner when there is at least one transaction sent into the network. The miner listens to the network to identify when a transaction has been made by a node. The model does not need any instruction to start mining when there is a pending transaction. The results show that a private Ethereum network produced over 300% more blocks in a 12‐h period with 599,950 transactions compared to when SAM is applied. The proposed algorithm is also able to reduce the storage used by the chaindata by 14%. The overhead of mining is decreased by reducing the production of empty blocks in the network which saves energy, storage space, network bandwidth and computational complexity.
Abstract The breakthrough of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) has enabled the emergence and implementation of a wide range of digital platforms in Virtual Enterprises (VE) which collaborate to provide digital services. DLT has the potential to revolutionize VE by offering transparent, decentralized, trustworthy, data provenance, reliable, and auditable features. Yet, the full deployment of DLT systems and digital platforms is still limited since some systems are operating in isolation. Hence, DLT interoperability is one of the challenges inhibiting widespread adoption of DLT platforms. DLT interoperability represents the ability for one distributed ledger platform to interact and share data with other legacy digital applications. It is inevitable to orchestrate these digital platforms fragments by introducing a cross-DLT platform integration to govern data usage within VE. Presently, already proposed approaches for DLT interoperability such as naive relay, sidechain, oracle solutions notary scheme, or relay chain are mostly not employed as they are either resource-intensive or too expensive to operate. Therefore, this paper presents a layered architecture that aids interoperability of DLT, and digital platforms based on IOTA Tangle. Design science method is adopted, and case demonstration is carried out to show how IOTA Tangle enable VE to provide an innovative virtual asset payment platform for seamless electric mobility as a service to clients. IOTA was employed as the DLT platform due to its data traceability, immutability, and tamper-proof features which allow for verification of integrity of data. IOTA offers flexibility and performance to support a reliable digital solution. Findings from this study presents a layered architecture that aids IOTA Tangle to make requests, inter-communicate, and share data via RESTful application programming interface as gateway with other external digital platforms deployed by VE to achieve an interoperable eco-system.
Xingguo Jiang, Aidong Sun, Yan Sun, Hong Luo · 5 authors
As the smart grid develops rapidly, abundant connected devices offer various trading data. This raises higher requirements for secure and effective data storage. Traditional centralized data management does not meet the above requirements. Currently, smart grid with conventional consortium blockchain can solve the above issues. However, in the face of a large number of nodes, existing consensus algorithms often perform poorly in terms of efficiency and throughput. In this paper, we propose a trust-based hierarchical consensus mechanism (THCM) to solve this problem. Firstly, we design a hierarchical mechanism to improve the efficiency and throughput. Then, intra-layer nodes use an improved Raft consensus algorithm and inter-layer nodes use the Byzantine Fault Tolerance algorithm. Thirdly, we propose a trust evaluation method to improve the election process of Raft. Finally, we implement a prototype system to evaluate the performance of THCM. The results demonstrate that the consensus efficiency is improved by 19.8%, the throughput is improved by 12.34%, and the storage is reduced by 37.9%.
Yehia Ibrahim Alzoubi, Ahmad Al‐Ahmad, Hasan Kahtan, Ashraf Jaradat
The Internet of things model enables a world in which all of our everyday devices can be integrated and communicate with each other and their surroundings to gather and share data and simplify task implementation. Such an Internet of things environment would require seamless authentication, data protection, stability, attack resistance, ease of deployment, and self-maintenance, among other things. Blockchain, a technology that was born with the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, may fulfill Internet of things requirements. However, due to the characteristics of both Internet of things devices and Blockchain technology, integrating Blockchain and the Internet of things can cause several challenges. Despite a large number of papers that have been published in the field of Blockchain and the Internet of things, the problems of this combination remain unclear and scattered. Accordingly, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the challenges related to Blockchain–Internet of things integration by evaluating the related peer-reviewed literature. The paper also discusses some of the recommendations for reducing the effects of these challenges. Moreover, the paper discusses some of the unsolved concerns that must be addressed before the next generation of integrated Blockchain–Internet of things applications can be deployed. Lastly, future trends in the context of Blockchain–Internet of things integration are discussed.
Muhammad Anas Baig, Danish Ali Sunny, Abdullah Alqahtani, Shtwai Alsubai · 6 authors
The integration of blockchain and IoT enables promising solutions in decentralized environments in contrast with centralized systems. The blockchain brings forth features such as fault tolerance, security, and transparency of the data in IoT devices. As there is requirement of consensus among the network nodes to agree on a single-state-of-ledger, nonetheless, the extensive computational requirement for the consensus protocol becomes a limitation in resource-constrained IoT devices with limited battery, computation, and communication capabilities. This study proposes an empirical approach on the adoption of blockchain in a supply chain environment. Furthermore, a modified version of the Raft consensus protocol is proposed for use in supply-chain environment on the permissioned blockchain Hyperledger. In Raft consensus protocol, each transaction is directed to the leader node that transmits it to the follower nodes, making the leader node the bottleneck thus inhibiting the scalability and throughput of the system. This also results in high latency for the network. The modified RAFT consensus protocol (mRAFT) is based on the idea of utilizing the idle follower nodes in disseminating the vote requests and log replication messages. A detailed empirical evaluation of the solution built on Hyperledger Caliper is performed to demonstrate the applicability of the system. The improved workload division on the peers boosts the throughput and latency of the system in ordering service that enhances the overall efficiency of the system.
Accounting Information System (AIS), which is the foundation of any enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, is often built as centralized system. The technologies that allow the Internet-of-Value, which is built on five aspects that are network, algorithms, distributed ledger, transfers, and assets, are based on blockchain. Cryptography and consensus protocols boost the blockchain platform implementation, acting as a deterrent to cyber-attacks and hacks. Blockchain platforms foster innovation among supply chain participants, resulting in ecosystem development. Traditional business processes have been severely disrupted by blockchains since apps and transactions that previously required centralized structures or trusted third-parties to authenticate them may now function in a decentralized manner with the same level of assurance. Because a blockchain split in AIS may easily lead to double-spending attacks, reducing the likelihood of a split has become a very important and difficult research subject. Reduced block relay time between the nodes can minimize the block propagation time of all nodes, resulting in better Bitcoin performance. In this paper, three problems were addressed on transaction and block propagation mechanisms in order to reduce the likelihood of a split. A novel algorithm for blockchain is proposed to reduce the total propagation delay in AIS transactions. Numerical results reveal that, the proposed algorithm performs better and reduce the transaction delay in AIS as compared with existing methods.
D. Doreen Hephzibah Miriam, Deepak Dahiya, Nitin Nitin, C. R. Rene Robin
Blockchain technology is critical in cyber security. The most recent cryptographic strategies may be hacked as efforts are made to build massive electronic circuits. Because of the ethical and legal implications of a patient’s medical data, cyber security is a critical and challenging problem in healthcare. The image secrecy is highly vulnerable to various types of attacks. As a result, designing a cyber security model for healthcare applications necessitates extra caution in terms of data protection. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes a Lionized Golden Eagle based Homomorphic Elapid Security (LGE-HES) algorithm for the cybersecurity of blockchain in healthcare networks. The blockchain algorithm preserves the security of the medical image by performing hash function. The execution of this research is carried out by MATLAB software. The suggested framework was tested utilizing Computed Tumor (CT) pictures and MRI image datasets, and the simulation results revealed the proposed model’s profound implications. During the simulation, 94.9% of malicious communications were recognized and identified effectively, according to the total outcomes statistics. The suggested model’s performance is also compared to that of standard approaches in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), time complexity, and other factors.
Amna Amanat, Muhammad Rizwan, Carsten Maple, Yousaf Bin Zikria · 6 authors
Healthcare information is essential for both service providers and patients. Further secure sharing and maintenance of Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR) are imperative. EHR systems in healthcare have traditionally relied on a centralized system (e.g., cloud) to exchange health data across healthcare stakeholders, which may expose private and sensitive patient information. EHR has struggled to meet the demands of several stakeholders and systems in terms of safety, isolation, and other regulatory constraints. Blockchain is a distributed, decentralized ledger technology that can provide secured, validated, and immutable data sharing facilities. Blockchain creates a distributed ledger system using techniques of cryptography (hashes) that are consistent and permit actions to be carried out in a distributed manner without needing a centralized authority. Data exploitation is difficult and evident in a blockchain network due to its immutability. We propose an architecture based on blockchain technology that authenticates the user identity using a Proof of Stake (POS) cryptography consensus mechanism and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA256) to secure EHR sharing among different electronic healthcare systems. An Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is used to verify EHR sensors to assemble and transmit data to cloud infrastructure. Results indicate that the proposed solution performs exceptionally well when compared with existing solutions, which include Proof-Of-Work (POW), Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1), and Message Digest (MD5) in terms of power consumption, authenticity, and security of healthcare records.