The use of Smart-Contract has a potential to revolutionize aspects of global trade, given its practical characteristics with complex security systems. The novelty of Smart-Contracts also puts existing regulations to the test despite of legal vacuum. The purpose of this research is to analyze the novelty of this technology that has the potential to be misused, given its novelty which makes Smart-Contract lack comprehensive studies. This lack of study can also be seen in law and regulations that have not anticipated the existence of the Smart-Contract method. The risk of system failure is potentially detrimental in the long term by using of Smart-Contract in Indonesia, given the practicality of business transaction methods. This research uses normative legal research with a conceptual and statutory approach by identifying the potential legal risks of supply chain Smart-Contracts from the perspective of contract law. The results of this study explain that the potential risks of implementing Smart-Contract technology not only have an impact on financial aspects but also produce risks resulting from program failures or system errors. This system failure has the potential to be misused and endanger the interests of the parties involved in it. Indonesian legislation in electronic transactions has not specifically regulated the risk of failure or error in the smart contract system. The suggestion in this research is that stakeholders classify Smart-Contract into Indonesian legal rules so that business actors can have steps in mitigating risks arising from the use of Smart-Contract in the supply chain process.
Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a new digital platform that helps artists empower their work with easy access and secure tools and methods that can be used easily. The problem is how is the legal protection of NFT technology as an intellectual work identity? How is the NFT form a solution in protecting Indonesia’s intellectual property rights in a review of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright? The research method uses a juridical-empirical approach. By using primary and secondary legal materials obtained from literature and field studies by means of observation and interviews. The results of research on legal protection of NFT technology as the identity of intellectual works explain that in Indonesia itself there are no specific regulations that strictly regulate NFT as objects of legal protection, considering that NFTs are born through a process of creation (which is followed up with conversion/printing) where NFT is basically electronic data. NFTs become objects of digital artwork so that NFTs can be categorized as creations in accordance with the provisions of Article 1 Number 3 of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning the Copyright Act and regulated in the provisions of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronics, and Regulations Government Number 71 of 2019 concerning Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions. The NFT form can be a solution in protecting Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia when viewed from Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright that the certainty of ownership rights in every digital artwork which is then converted into NFT has its own code or token. In addition, this form will be difficult to imitate from various forms of plagiarism in intellectual property.
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Non-fungible tokens, also known as NFTs, are a special kind of digital record of ownership that is utilized in a certain manner to guarantee validity and uniqueness of intangible goods. Due to its features, NFTs become interesting among art creators and even asset collector. Transactions on NFT create incredible values, which raises a number of legal issues, particularly in the realm of intellectual property rights related to copyright. This research aims to explains the connection between the existence of NFT and current copyright law in Indonesia focusing on the ownership and transfer of rights from the purchasing of NFTs. The author will try to compare on other jurisdictions (Ireland & Germany) concerning the copyright legal framework. Furthermore, the practice by licensing method in current NFTs marketplace will also be demonstrate through this paper. The research methodology employed is a normative juridical approach with an analytical and descriptive research design. Based on the research conducted, there is still a legal gap in Indonesian copyright law, particularly in the realm of NFTs and the idea of droit de suite, which has existed in intellectual property right concept globally. Finally, this paper will present several recommendations for the government and other relevant stakeholders upon NFTs transactions.
<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p class="Copyright">The speed of the adoption and use of cryptocurrency that utilizes blockchain technology as its central infrastructure is expanding globally, including in Indonesia. It has promising prospects as a future asset and payment instrument. However, the regulations in Indonesia are often delayed and inadequate for dealing with cryptocurrency's developments. This research is intended to analyze the approaches, regulations, and protection of the use of cryptocurrency. This study argues that the regulatory approach to using cryptocurrency is balanced, while Indonesia has a partial status in cryptocurrency legality. The government’s protection of cryptocurrency investors is adequate in using cryptocurrency as a commodity traded on futures exchanges with a license from <em>Bappebti</em>. A progressive policy for establishing the Digital Asset Law by the government is important due to the resultant clarity in the regulatory status of cryptocurrency will allow the ecosystem to grow and promote innovation, thus harnessing the benefits of cryptocurrency while mitigating related risks.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
Cryptocurrency investment is currently expanding quickly on a global scale as well as in Indonesia. On the one hand, cryptocurrency can be used as a medium of exchange or a form of money, which represents the original purpose of cryptocurrency. On the other hand, it can also be used as a commodity or as digital assets, also known as crypto assets. Cryptocurrency is illegal to use as money in Indonesia, but it is legal to exchange it as an asset. This study explores the legal protections for holders of collateral against the loss of crypto assets as well as how crypto assets are governed by material guarantees in Indonesia. A conceptual and statutory approach, technical analysis, and a normative legal research methodology were applied in the study. The legal material was analyzed by using the content analysis approach, which involved examining the content and legality of the material gleaned from various laws and regulations by looking at the relevant legal precedents. The discussion results discover that crypto assets fall under the definition of "intangible movable objects" as defined in article 503 BW. In addition, crypto assets had material rights in the form of material guarantees in the form of a pledge and fiduciary guarantees, allowing the parties to carry out their agreements in good faith even in the event that the collateral object is lost. These disputes could be settled through either non-litigation or litigation.
The presence of crypto coins as a new thing in society certainly requires a legal attitude. The rapid development of crypto coins makes many people believe that crypto coins will become a means of payment in the future. This study aims to find out the arrangements regarding payment instruments in Indonesia and the legal consequences if crypto coins are used as payment instruments in Indonesia. this writing uses Normative Legal Research, namely research with assessment through literature studies based on primary and secondary legal materials. The problem approach used is the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. The results of this study show concretely that crypto coins are illegitimate means of payment. The use of crypto coins as a means of payment in Indonesia is not in accordance with the law and is an act that is against the law so that it can lead to legal consequences. Crypto coins do not have a legal basis to be used as a means of payment in Indonesia. Payments using crypto coins which are prohibited by law are considered illegal payments so they can be subject to sanctions
Digital transformation in the economic sector has challenged legal and regulatory capabilities. The euphoria of the Indonesian people over the presence of the Non-Fungible Token (NFT), especially on the OpenSea platform, has caused a violation of privacy. Therefore, this research examines the basis for processing the personal data of OpenSea and their accountability for efforts to protect personal data in a descriptive-analytical specification with a normative juridical approach originating from library materials or secondary data. The results of the research show that the basis for processing data is not in line with Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning the Protection of Personal Data, and OpenSea may be subject to administrative sanctions for the distribution of NFTs that are contented with personal data violations in its electronic system. Meanwhile, this research aims to contribute ideas and references for legal knowledge development; input to the government to reinforce preventive and repressive efforts on internet security; referral of personal data controllers in improving the quality of electronic systems; and information for the public to wisely utilize technology.
Muhammad Rifqi Hariri, Ahmad M. Ramli, Tasya Safiranita Ramli
This study analyzes the potential benefits and legal issues that arise, especially in the field of intellectual property due to the practice of commercializing songs and/or music through NFTs by musicians in Indonesia. Through descriptive analytical research using a normative juridical approach, the results of this study indicate that there are various potential benefits that can be obtained by musicians and the public as NFT buyers if works in the form of songs and/or music are commercialized through NFT. However, aside from that, there are also potential problems, such as the current absence of regulations in Indonesia that specifically regulate NFTs, which causes legal uncertainty. Indonesia needs to issue regulations that specifically regulate the legality of NFTs through a multidisciplinary approach, especially from the technological and legal aspects.
This research is a normative juridical study of non-fungible token (NFT) regarding the position of NFT in relation to positive law in Indonesia, legal certainty for bankrupt assets in the form of NFT and the efforts that can be made by curators in order to optimize bankruptcy assets in the form of NFT. The results of this study indicate that NFT has met the classification of immovable and indivisible movable objects. The provisions of Article 21, Article 98 and 101 Paragraph (1) of the Bankruptcy Law have provided legal certainty to curators and bankrupt creditors that NFT is a bankrupt asset that must be optimized by the curator to pay off the debts of debtors. There are 3 main obstacles by the curator in optimizing bankrupt assets in the form of NFT, in the process of registering NFT as bankrupt assets, the process of determining the best time to sell NFT and the method of selling NFT based on the Bankruptcy Law. Against these obstacles, the Bankruptcy Law and positive law have provided efforts that can be taken by curators in the context of optimizing bankrupt assets.
Smart contract adalah kontrak digital yang dapat diatur dan dieksekusi secara otomatis. Kehadiran smart contract menimbulkan perubahan radikal dalam dunia hukum, khususnya dalam bidang perjanjian dan pembayaran. Meskipun teknologi memungkinkan fungsi Notaris dilakukan secara online dan jarak jauh, tampaknya hal itu tidak mungkin dilakukan secara hukum yang saat ini berlaku di Indonesia. Sehingga, masih dibutuhkan regulasi yang spesifik mengatur ketentuan mengenai Smart Contract agar terbentuknya kepastian hukum yang memberikan rasa aman dan perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat. Rumusan Masalah yang dipakai ada dua yaitu, pertama, keabsahan hukum atas kehadiran smart contract dikaitkan dengan transaksi elektronik, serta yang kedua, bagaimana ancaman penerapan smart contract terhadap peran dan fungsi notaris di indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan mengumpulkan data dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kehadiran Smart Contract di Indonesia dapat dikatakan sah dan berlaku apabila memenuhi syarat-syarat yang ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. Namun, jika dikaji terhadap peran notaris sebagai pejabat umum, Smart Contract akan mengurangi peran notaris sebagai pejabat umum dalam pendaftaran dan pengesahan perjanjian. Karena, peran notaris tetap diperlukan dalam pemeriksaan keabsahan dan kepatutan kontrak, serta dalam memberikan jaminan keamanan bagi kontrak yang diselenggarakannya. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa Kemajuan teknologi yang pesat harus sejalan dengan perubahan sistem hukum, khususnya fungsi notaris sebagai pejabat publik, agar tetap relevan dan memberikan pelayanan yang efektif dan efisien kepada masyarakat
Abstract In 2021 and 2022, Beijing courts annulled three contracts for cryptocurrency mining, holding that they were contrary to the public interest. The judges based their decisions on Chinese law provisions concerning contractual validity and supported their arguments by citing various policy documents warning of the risks of cryptocurrency‐related activities to financial market stability and energy consumption. Although the provisions that the courts cited were recently reformed, the courts' line of reasoning and approach may set an example for future cases concerning carbon‐intensive activities. This note therefore considers these judgements in the broader context of climate change litigation, reflecting on the role of courts in implementing industrial and microeconomic policy in the interpretation of contract law.
Julian Gilbert Marcelino, Novia Kusumawardani, Adhen Al Hafiedz
Hak Kekayaan Intelektual, merupakan hak yang di miliki oleh seseorang atas karya ciptaan yang merupakan hasil dari kegiatan berpikir yang dilakukan oleh orang tersebut. Menurut Pasal 16 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, hak kekayaan intelektual dapat di jadikan sebagai objek jaminan fidusia, karena sifatnya yang merupakan benda bergerak dan tidak berwujud. Adapun saat ini ada aset tak berwujud baru yang bernama Non Fungible Token (NFT). NFT merupakan aset digital yang termasuk benda bergerak tidak berwujud. Oleh sebab itu dalam penelitian ini akan di bahas terkait apakah NFT bisa menjadi objek dari jaminan utang, serta jaminan kebendaan apa saja. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan KUH Perdata, Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, sebagai sumber utama. Juga pendekatan konseptual yaitu tentang pendapat ahli terkait aset digital sebagai objek jaminan. Adapun hasil penelitian yang diperoleh bahwa NFT dapat menjadi objek jaminan utang, lembaga jaminan kebendaan yang dapat digunakan adalah jaminan fidusia dan jaminan gadai.
The development of NFT use does not function for the public’s need of objects related to copyright. In general, when someone creating NFT using another person’s work needs approval from the copyright owner. This type of normative juridical research is used as an assessment of the application of positive legal norms or legal rules applied in Indonesia. The results of research on Transferring Copyright Ownership Of NFT (Non-Fungible Tokens) On The Perspective Of Positive Law In Indonesia can be regulated by using the provisions of Article 18 UUHC related to selling-buying outright of copyrighted works which in practice must meet the requirements stated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code concerning the conditions for the validity of the agreement which are the existence of an agreement, parties’ requirement, particular objects, and lawful cause. The transaction of copyrighted works on NFT is not merely a sale and purchase for ordinary works of art, but also includes the rights to a copyrighted work protected by positive law in Indonesia. NFTs are protected under copyright laws and therefore have 2 (two) rights attached: economic and moral. In this regard, changing or distributing as well as modifying actions is included in violating moral rights. Even though the ownership has been transferred, the copyright holder must still be entitled to the economic and moral rights of the creator attached to the NFT.
The development of crypto in Indonesia currently has a high attraction for the public. Indonesia is one of the countries that has quite good crypto investors and has great investors. With this crypto transaction, it adds investment for life, but many companies engaged in this crypto sector are still vulnerable to the establishment of Bappebti or the number of illegal companies. So that legal protection cannot be obtained on crypto companies that do not have permits. One of them, the Binance application (currently) still has not obtained permission from Bappebti. The type of research in this article is literature research with a qualitative approach. The methodology used is the normative study of law. The results of the study concluded that there is no fixed legal certainty for Binance application users for investors, because the company has not registered with Bappebti to legalize its crypto in Indonesia
Decentralized Finance (DeFI) has positively impacted the development of crypto asset trading and has been adopted by various countries except for Indonesia. This study aims to identify the urgency of regulating DeFi as the development of crypto asset trading in Indonesia and construct the ideal regulation. This research is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The research results stated the urgency of regulating DeFi as the development of crypto asset trading is: a) other countries have used DeFi because it can develop crypto asset trading for the better by creating value stability in crypto assets, having a function for lending and borrowing crypto assets, having transparency in transactions and lower crypto asset trading fees; b) DeFi technology adopted in the development of the Digital Rupiah project by BI and adopted by physical traders of crypto assets in Indonesia; c) as a form of legal protection from risks arising from technical or non-technical negligence or intention to protection from crime. Ideal legal regulation for decentralized finance as the development of Indonesia crypto asset trading is the formation of a regulation by CoFTRA in the form of technical guidelines and implementation mechanisms, in the form of a new written CoFTRA Regulation, in the form of a decree from the Head of CoFTRA whose focus is to regulate DeFi as development Crypto asset trading.
Hanif Nur Widhiyanti, Safinaz Mohd Hussein, Ranitya Ganindha
Cryptocurrencies can facilitate cross-border global transfers easily and pseudonymously. It can be converted into fiat currencies, making it suitable for money laundering crimes. This study compared legal regulations in the United States that analysed the readiness of regulations and Indonesia's legal loopholes in responding to the development of the cryptocurrency business. As a result, cryptocurrency in Indonesia is susceptible to being used as a money-laundering tool due to the novelty of the technology, the anonymity it provides its users, and the immaturity of the regulations governing it. Therefore, it is necessary to create a cryptocurrency that can follow the “Travel Rule†and collect and share information about the people who send and receive cryptocurrency, like in the US. The study also argues that passive detection is used to detect the identity of cryptocurrency users through a centralised service. However, several cryptocurrency developers have responded to the increase in pseudonymity tracking methods by developing cryptocurrencies with greater secrecy change.
Hadirnya Industri 4.0 dan memasuki Society 5.0 memberikan kontribusi yang sangat besar terhadap lahirnya jenis aset baru, yaitu aset-aset yang berbasis digital. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa semakin tingginya minat terhadap NFT. Transaksi NFT yang diperdagangkan secara internasional membuatnya semakin populer. Namun disisi lain, NFT juga sering digunakan oleh pihak ketiga untuk mengkomersialisasi karya seniman tanpa izin seniman tersebut. Seiring perkembangan NFT, ada banyak kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan transaksi NFT sehingga diperlukan adanya perangkat hukum yang dapat mengatur NFT. Maka dalam penelitian ini penulis inggin mengakji bagaimana pengaturan NFT dalam hukum positif Indonesia dengan judul : “Tinjauan Yuridis Non Fungible Token (NFT) Dari Aspek Hukum Benda Dan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual”.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the law arising from crypto currency transactions in the form of bitcoin where the Bitcoin phenomenon causes several legal problems that are not yet clear on the regulation regarding the use and legal protection arising from the Bitcoin phenomenon. This research is included in normative or doctrinal legal research because this research uses positive norms in the legal system. The technique of data collection is done by literature study. The data analysis technique uses deductive logic by drawing conclusions from general problems to a concrete problem faced. Based on this research, the results show that although MUI has issued a fatwa on the prohibition of Cryptocurrency, Indonesia does not yet have a regulation on Bitcoin virtual currency. So that legal protection for users of this transaction does not obtain legal legal certainty from the State when there is a default or other unlawful act in the transaction
Currenct technological developments support humans to be able to carry out economic activities without regional boundaries problems. One of the impacts is the Non-Fungible Token (NFT) technology that supports security in investement activites of copyrighted works that are converted into digital assets on digital platforms. However, the platform is also used by the irresponsible parties as a medium for copyright infringement, such as in the case of unauthorized sale of Reini Wirahadikusumah’s potrait as Chancellor of ITB on the OpenSea platform. This study aims to understand the legal protection related to the rights of Reini Wirahadikusumah as the person in the potret work and the appropriate legal action taken by Reini Wirahadikusumah for the illegal sale of the potrait work.
Conie Pania Putri, Andri Trisna Eka Putra, Muhammad Aminuddin
The increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies has raised concerns regarding their financial and tax implications in Indonesia.This research aims to explore the urgency of implementing appropriate legal regulations to address the financial and tax aspects of cryptocurrency transactions in the country.By analyzing existing laws, regulations, and scholarly literature, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the current state of cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia and the potential consequences of inadequate legal frameworks.The research begins by examining the financial aspect of cryptocurrency transactions, focusing on issues such as transaction security, investor protection, and financial stability.It investigates the potential risks associated with unregulated cryptocurrency transactions and the need for legal safeguards to mitigate these risks.Furthermore, the study delves into the tax aspect of cryptocurrency transactions, analyzing the challenges of taxing cryptocurrencies and the implications for government revenue.Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant laws and regulations, this research emphasizes the significance of establishing an appropriate legal framework for cryptocurrency transactions.The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discussions on the regulation of cryptocurrencies in Indonesia and provide recommendations for policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders in formulating effective legal measures.
Jannik Woxholth, Dirk Andreas Zetzsche, Ross P. Buckley, Douglas W. Arner
Abstract At the height of the ‘crypto winter’, with several crypto intermediaries filing for insolvency and subjected to schemes of arrangement, who owns what and who has a claim on what becomes all important. At the same time, distributed ledger technologies are frequently presented as a digital solution to these perennial problems of competing claims to the same asset. This article makes two contributions to the literature. First, we show that neither current technology nor law solves the competing claims issue. Second, we suggest policy solutions based on a comparative legal analysis. In essence, the law must: (i) recognize property rights in crypto-assets; (ii) protect bona fide purchasers that receive crypto-assets from a transferor who exerts control over private keys; and (iii) facilitate the enforcement of titles in crypto-assets by the interplay of private and financial law. While full harmonization of national private laws is out of reach, some level of international consensus around these three principles would strengthen the impact of private law in the proper ordering and enforcement of claims to crypto-assets.
Rahandy Rizki Prananda, Mohamad Syukur, Juan Diaz-Granados
Technological developments lead to new challenges especially the protection of copyrights law. With the emergence of blockchain-integrated digital artworks called Non-Fungible Tokens. Copyright is one of the challenges that must be guaranteed by the implementation of art creators in the NFT market p
Muhammad Fadhil Abidin, Avinanta Tarigan, Lely Prananingrum
Blockchain merupakan sistem terdesentralisasi yang terbuka yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk melakukan pelacakan dan verifikasi keaslian dokumen. Sifat keterbukaan tersebut menjadi masalah jika isi dari dokumen bersifat rahasia atau dilindungi oleh undang-undang perlindungan data pribadi. Dalam penelitian ini, sebuah sistem verifikasi dokumen berbasis Blockchain dirancang dengan memanfaatkan algoritma ZKP (Zero Knowledge Proof) yang diimplementasikan dalam sebuah Smart Contract pada jaringan Blockchain Polygon. Algoritma ZKP melindungi informasi yang bersifat rahasia tetapi dapat diverifikasi kebenaran dan keasliannya oleh pihak yang berkepentinga tanpa menguak informasi tersebut. Penelitian ini melibatkan perancangan smart contract yang terdiri dari fungsi-fungsi untuk mengatur proses verifikasi dokumen, serta implementasi sistem verifikasi dokumen yang terintegrasi dengan Smart Contract. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dibangun dapat meningkatkan keamanan proses pelacakan dokumen dengan tidak menguak isi dokumen yang bersifat rahasia dan dilindungi oleh undang-undang.