ABSTRACT The exponential growth of the online luxury resale market has spurred a notable shift toward a circular economy, reflecting the increasing consumer preference for preâowned luxury items. Nevertheless, this growth presents challenges related to product authenticity and seller credibility. In response to these concerns, blockchain technology (BT) emerges as a promising solution, leveraging a decentralized ledger to enhance transparency and reduce information asymmetry. This allows for the traceability of preâowned luxury goods, addressing issues of provenance and authenticity in the online resale space. By incorporating regulatory focus theory into the uncertainty reduction theory, this study examines how approach and avoidance motivations impact evaluations of BTâenabled platforms to effectively mitigate consumer uncertainties and influence trust. The collected data (N= 511) was analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLSâSEM; study 1), and a complementary qualitative study (study 2) was additionally conducted. Results reveal that distinct motivations coexist, each following separate pathways to build consumer trust. Findings indicate that an approach orientation mindset highly values the reliability of BTâenabled information, while an avoidance orientation focuses on risk mitigation and expresses heightened uncertainty in online transactions. Consequently, BT is found to be instrumental in reducing consumer concerns about purchasing preâowned luxury products. The study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the psychological dynamics influencing consumer trust in BTâenabled platforms, has implications for luxury retailers contemplating BT integration, and offers insights into consumer behavior that can inform strategies to enhance perceived trust in online luxury resale.
This paper explores the intersection of cryptocurrency and political campaign finance, focusing on the opportunities and risks of adopting digital currencies in political fundraising. The research seeks to answer the question: What are the opportunities and risks associated with using cryptocurrency in political campaign finance? The study adopts a qualitative methodology, relying on content analysis of existing literature and case studies of political campaigns that have employed cryptocurrency as a fundraising tool. Key findings suggest that cryptocurrency offers significant advantages, such as global fundraising potential, enhanced transparency through blockchain, and financial inclusivity. However, the risks include anonymity leading to regulatory evasion, foreign interference, and the potential for money laundering. These risks are compounded by inconsistent regulatory frameworks across jurisdictions. The paper concludes that a balanced regulatory approach is essential to leveraging the benefits of cryptocurrency while protecting the integrity of political processes. Future research should explore how regulatory frameworks can be refined to support innovation without compromising electoral transparency.
Achieving zero hunger through food security, improved nutrition, and sustainable agriculture is one of the global agendas. Thus, the quality of seeds is important for ensuring sustainable food security, making seed certification critically important. However, classical seed certification systems are predominantly paper-based with limited digitisation. These systems, even digitised, are often centralised, and they face challenges related to transparency, traceability, and integrity. This study aims to investigate the practicality of blockchain technology in revitalising transparency, traceability, and integrity in the seed certification process. This study used a Design Science Research (DSR) approach to design and test a blockchain-based smart contract to improve the seed certification process. Within the DSR framework, the study used literature review and evolutionary prototyping to establish the requirements and design the prototype. The findings demonstrate the practical application of blockchain technology in improving aspects of transparency and integrity in the seed certification process. The findings further underscore that smart contracts can be leveraged efficiently to automate and enhance the seed certification process. The findings provide evidence-based frameworks for decision-makers and practitioners to justify the prioritisation of blockchain technology in designing future sustainable agricultural systems. Future studies should investigate how blockchain-based systems for seed certification can be scaled and integrated with existing agricultural systems. This study provides both theoretical and practical contributions on application of blockchain technology in the domain of seed supply chain. Specifically, it provides a comprehensive account of the design aspects of blockchain system in the seed certification process.
Objective : this paper explores the challenges arising from the conflict between blockchain technology and the âright to be forgottenâ as provided by the European data protection framework. Methods : in the First Section, the author provides a brief description of the evolution of blockchain technology and the most pressing issues between traditional blockchain models and UEâs legislations. Among the latter, the author analyzes the specific issue concerning the clash between the traditional blockchains (both private and public models), typically immutable, and the individualâs right to cancellation or modification of own personal data. This section emphasizes the importance of personal data protection, which has always been one of the main tasks for supranational legislators. The legal regulation of data protection and the relevant judicial practice of the European Court of Human Rights is analyzed. The author raises the problem of expressing the free self-determination of an individual in the form of controlling their personal data on the Internet. The Second Section of this contribution is dedicated to the study of probable ways to solve the existing incompatibility and to make the distributed ledger system compatible with the European data protection legislation. An emphasis is made on the model provided by âTraentâ company, which ensures the right to data cancellation or modification. The capability of this model to solve the said contradiction is analyzed. Results : the study delves into the peculiar features of the new model to understand how it strategically utilizes the advantages of public and private blockchains guaranteeing not only the validity and authenticity of the chain where the transaction was performed, but, most importantly, the modification and granular cancellation of clientâs personal data. This innovative solution offers a potential path forward for navigating the complex intersection of data privacy and blockchain innovation in the European context. Scientific novelty: Traent has implemented a âhybridâ model blockchain that, incorporating both public and private components, to achieve an effective compliance with the European Union regulations, especially those concerning data protection and privacy. Practical significance: the obtained conclusions and proposals can be taken into consideration in improving the compliance of blockchain technologies with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation.
Lei Yu, Shiqi Chen, Hang Yuan, Peng Wang ¡ 10 authors
With the rapid development of blockchain technology, smart contract security has become a critical challenge. Existing smart contract vulnerability detection methods face three main issues: (1) Insufficient quality of datasets, lacking detailed explanations and precise vulnerability locations. (2) Limited adaptability of large language models (LLMs) to the smart contract domain, as most LLMs are pre-trained on general text data but minimal smart contract-specific data. (3) Lack of high-quality explanations for detected vulnerabilities, as existing methods focus solely on detection without clear explanations. These limitations hinder detection performance and make it harder for developers to understand and fix vulnerabilities quickly, potentially leading to severe financial losses. To address these problems, we propose Smart-LLaMA, an advanced detection method based on the LLaMA language model. First, we construct a comprehensive dataset covering four vulnerability types with labels, detailed explanations, and precise vulnerability locations. Second, we introduce Smart Contract-Specific Continual Pre-Training, using raw smart contract data to enable the LLM to learn smart contract syntax and semantics, enhancing their domain adaptability. Furthermore, we propose Explanation-Guided Fine-Tuning, which fine-tunes the LLM using paired vulnerable code and explanations, enabling both vulnerability detection and reasoned explanations. We evaluate explanation quality through LLM and human evaluation, focusing on Correctness, Completeness, and Conciseness. Experimental results show that Smart-LLaMA outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, with average improvements of 6.49% in F1 score and 3.78% in accuracy, while providing reliable explanations.
Monitoring a company's efficiency is one of its primary responsibilities. There are many approaches in our contemporary society that either use IT or the conventional technique. Methods for measuring efficiency fall into three primary categories: parametric, nonparametric, and ratio indicators. We prioritize a firm's inputs and outputs when choosing metrics to measure efficiency. Establishing objectives and goals in entrepreneurship necessitates a thorough comprehension, appreciation, and knowledge of sustainability, and assessing the economic growth quality of a corporation is an essential task for theoretical and empirical sustainability assessment. When measuring the efficiency of entrepreneurship in terms of achieving desired values of macroeconomic indicators (e.g., sustainable economic growth objectives), data envelopment analysis (DEA), a widely used technique in efficiency analysis, has taken into account the economic, environmental, and social impact of entrepreneurship as the three dimensions of sustainability. The objective of this paper is to test the influence of FinTech/Blockchain adoption on corporate ESG and DEI performances using a novel DEA approach for sustainable development assessment. It highlights the significance of using a scalable technique for ESG efficiency study and gives scholars a more thorough viewpoint on the subject. In a collection of 50 enterprises, a DEA model was utilized for the analysis. For sustainable performance assessment using the proposed DEA technique, we defined as inputs six financial metrics, and as outputs 11 ESG/Blockchain adoption, and four DEI quality metrics to measure the firmâs efficiency. The annual business data was gathered between 2017 and 2023. In all country situations we discovered that, when DEI initiatives mediate, there is a strong correlation between ESG corporate performance and the quality of economic growth (particularly in the innovation and integrity blockchain adoption performance success metrics). Our study provides additional in-depth details on the FinTech/blockchain adoption environment in comparison to the findings of previous researchers. The sustainable entrepreneurship performance (a latent variable regarded as a dependent target factor) is calculated using eight (8) factors as observed variables, which is the first to consider the dynamics of ESG/BCA and DEI quality metrics as DEA outputs. The study also examines the mediating role of DEI corporate initiatives. By conducting an empirical investigation, the suggested scalable framework makes it evident which company is more efficient in moving toward sustainability, assisting corporate management in increasing the effectiveness of economic growth.
Purpose This paper examines to what extent blockchain creates legitimacy and trust in different modes of public governance. It posits that while blockchain aims for political legitimacy through decentralising, immutable and consensus-based mechanisms, the execution of these mechanisms is limited in legitimating governance, which has knock-on effects on trust. It provides an original contribution by recontextualising and reframing blockchain as a governance mechanism that should, and must, perform a legitimating function in order to engender trust. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a comprehensive framework for understanding the legitimacy of blockchain governance, positioning it in terms of co-governance, self-governance and hierarchical governance modes. It systematically analyses blockchain whitepapers, legislation, government documents and other sources in three paradigmatic case studies where blockchain governance failed. These cases are then used to assess blockchain according to three key characteristics of decentralisation, immutability and consensus. Findings The research finds that blockchainâs use in governance settings still relies on legitimacy conferred from other sources â namely state â in order to generate trust. Significant limitations in its de facto political decentralisation, immutability and consensus protocols can create failures in co-governance, self-governance and hierarchical-governance applications, thus limiting the legitimation function of blockchain in facilitating political trust. Originality/value These findings are significant in highlighting blockchainâs limitations as a decentralised, immutable and consensus-driven legitimating tool, which has knock-on effects on trust in technology and governance more broadly. It also has broader implications in more clearly highlighting the interconnectedness of political trust and legitimacy in governance processes.
Ricardo Chalmeta, Daniel CabezasâHernando, Jailson dos Santos Silva
Abstract Crowdfunding has proven to be a viable strategy for financing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is a type of online financing that prevents intermediaries, such as banks, from obtaining economic support through contributions from users whose motivation may be in exchange for some type of reward and/or altruism. Blockchain and smart contracts support and improve crowdfunding platforms by removing the need for intermediate third parties, making it easier for users to verify how their payments are being used, and providing a transparent ledger for all transactions. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the academic literature on information technologies for sustainable development by developing a bibliometric analysis to identify the top contributing and most influential authors, countries, publishers, institutions, and papers on blockchain to support SDGs achievements through crowdfunding; by developing a classification framework that organizes in research categories and subcategories the current state of art; and by identifying the main findings and a future research agenda in each research category and subcategory. To identify, select, collect, synthesize, analyze, and evaluate all research published on the field, providing a complete insight in this research area, the PRISMA methodology, content analysis and bibliometric tools are used.
This paper explores the evolving role of financial literacy in the context of cryptocurrencies, highlighting key challenges such as market volatility, security risks, and regulatory uncertainty. It also discusses the opportunities that decentralized finance (DeFi), portfolio diversification, and accessible educational resources present for improving financial literacy. The paper emphasizes the need for traditional financial education to adapt to the complexities of digital assets and decentralized systems. Recommendations include integrating cryptocurrency knowledge into curricula and promoting risk management strategies. Future research should focus on regulatory frameworks and the impact of DeFi on financial inclusion.
Ao Liu, Jing Chen, Kun He, Ruiying Du ¡ 9 authors
Blockchain sharding has emerged as a promising solution to the scalability challenges in traditional blockchain systems by partitioning the network into smaller, manageable subsets called shards. Despite its potential, existing sharding solutions face significant limitations in handling dynamic workloads, ensuring secure cross-shard transactions, and maintaining system integrity. To address these gaps, we propose DynaShard, a dynamic and secure cross-shard transaction processing mechanism designed to enhance blockchain sharding efficiency and security. DynaShard combines adaptive shard management, a hybrid consensus approach, plus an efficient state synchronization and dispute resolution protocol. Our performance evaluation, conducted using a robust experimental setup with real-world network conditions and transaction workloads, demonstrates DynaShard's superior throughput, reduced latency, and improved shard utilization compared to the fast transaction scheduling in blockchain sharding (FTSBS) method. Specifically, DynaShard achieves up to a 42.6% reduction in latency and a 78.77% improvement in shard utilization under high transaction volumes and varying cross-shard transaction ratios. These results highlight DynaShard's ability to outperform state-of-the-art sharding methods, ensuring scalable and resilient blockchain systems. We believe that DynaShard's innovative approach will significantly impact future developments in blockchain technology, paving the way for more efficient and secure distributed systems.
Daniel E. MartĂnez, Lena Magdalena, Agnes Novalita Savitri
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain is revolutionizing the financial sector, targeting crucial challenges like security and transparency. This paper explores the synergistic effects of AI and Blockchain on enhancing the security of financial transactions through advanced real-time fraud detection, anomaly identification, and decentralized transaction verification. Employing a comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies, the research investigates how AIâs capabilities in processing vast data volumes can be leveraged alongside Blockchainâs robust, immutable ledger system to mitigate risks in financial operations effectively. The findings reveal that integrating AI with Blockchain not only significantly improves the security by enabling the real-time detection of anomalies but also upholds the integrity and transparency of transactions across distributed ledgers. The results underscore the potential of AI-Blockchain technology to enhance financial transaction frameworks and highlight its capacity to support the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) by fostering more transparent and secure economic environments. The conclusion of the study suggests further research on the scalability of AI-Blockchain integrations and their broader application across various industries, pointing towards a transformative impact on global financial practices.
This paper presents a reference architecture designed to integrate computable smart contracts with existing blockchain platforms. The proposed architecture addresses key challenges in the development and deployment of smart contracts, including security, interoperability, and compliance. A central feature of the RA is the introduction of a multichain adapter, which enables seamless deployment of smart contracts across different blockchain environments. By providing a standardized framework, the architecture enhances modularity, accelerates development, and reduces costs while ensuring robust security and regulatory compliance. The main goal of the architecture is facilitating cross-chain deployment and operations of computable smart contracts.
Unyime Ufok Ibekwe, Uche M. Mbanaso, Nwojo Agwu Nnanna, Umar Adam Ibrahim
Smart contracts have attracted significant attention within the blockchain ecosystem due to their ability to automate agreements when specific pre-defined conditions are met. However, concerns about the reliability of smart contracts persist due to potential vulnerabilities and unexpected outcomes. This study seeks to examine the perception of various stakeholders in the blockchain community, including developers, regulators, investors, researchers, auditors, and enthusiasts to understand the factors that influence trust in smart contracts. Data was gathered from 213 respondents through a survey administered across two blockchain communities. The responses were analyzed to identify key factors shaping trust in smart contracts within the blockchain space. The study identified five critical factors that significantly affect trust perceptions: Perceived Security Measures (PSM), Perceived Design Practices and Developerâs Reputation (PDR), User Experience (UX), Perceived Social and Psychological Influence (PSP), and Perceived Regulatory Compliance and Continuous Improvement (PRC). Additionally, machine learning algorithms namely Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, and Naive Bayes were applied on open-ended responses to conduct sentiment analysis, providing deeper insights into the perceptions of trust in blockchain smart contracts. The results revealed that Logistic Regression classifier outperformed the other models in analyzing trust levels in smart contracts.
Muhammed Zakir Hossain, Fatema Tuj Johora, Mamunur R. Raja, Latul Hasan
This research paper uses qualitative analysis to examine the profound influence of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies on accounting practices. The study utilizes case studies and semi-structured interviews with industry experts to identify central themes, including efficiency and automation, accuracy and data integrity, fraud detection and security, professional roles and skills, and ethical and regulatory considerations. The results demonstrate that AI increases efficiency by automating repetitive tasks and enhancing fraud detection, while blockchain guarantees the precision and reliability of financial records. Nevertheless, incorporating these technologies into existing systems poses difficulties, including technical obstacles, adherence to regulatory requirements, and ethical considerations such as safeguarding data privacy and addressing algorithmic bias. Due to these findings, accounting professionals must acquire new skills in data analytics and technology management. It is recommended that educators integrate artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain into accounting curricula. At the same time, policymakers are advised to establish well-defined regulatory frameworks to facilitate the adoption of these technologies. The study also identifies areas for future investigation, such as the enduring effects of AI and blockchain on accounting methods, the factors that influence user adoption, and the creation of efficient regulatory structures. The research thoroughly analyzes how AI and blockchain are transforming the accounting profession, providing insights into the opportunities and challenges they bring.
Blockchain technology has gained significant traction due to its core features of immutability, transparency, and decentralization. Smart contracts, self-executing programs stored on blockchains, play a vital role in enabling secure and automated transactions. Secure and automated transactions are made possible by self-executing programs and smart contracts that are kept on blockchains. The rapid progress of blockchain technology has been linked to an increase in security concerns targeting smart contracts. In comparison to traditional approaches, deep learning and transformer-based approaches have recently demonstrated a number of advantages, such as the capacity to learn from enormous datasets of known vulnerabilities and adjust to novel attack patterns. But Masked token training is the source of inefficiency for transformer-based approaches like CodeBert, resulting in low accuracy and restricted vulnerability coverage. Furthermore, we propose a novel approach, CodeELECTRA, by utilizing the Electra approach and context-aware masking to discover vulnerabilities, The model first step involves compiling and labeling the dataset of Solidity code that is vulnerable, and this is known as preprocessed Solidity code. Next, the logic decides which tokens to mask, the contest-aware masking step which employs a technique known as context-aware masking to strategically mask specific portions of the code during training. In the third step, model will use the pre-trained ELECTRA model to learn contextual representations of the masked code. The masked code is fed into the ELECTRA encoder to generate contextual embedding, and the fully connected layer is employed in the final step to compare and adjust the ELECTRA models' output in order to classify vulnerabilities. The effectiveness of the chosen model in identifying vulnerabilities will evaluate using the Sodifi benchmark dataset. CodeELECTRA approach will improve vulnerability detection in blockchain smart contracts.
Muhammad Muzammil, Zhengyu Wu, Aruna Balasubramanian, Nick Nikiforakis
Ethereum Name Service (ENS) domains allow users to map human-readable names (such as gold.eth) to their cryptocurrency addresses, simplifying cryptocurrency transactions. Like traditional DNS domains, ENS domains must be periodically renewed. Failure to renew leads to expiration, making them available for others to register (a phenomenon known as dropcatching). This presents a security risk where attackers can register expired domains to leverage the residual trust associated with them and, in the context of ENS, receive transactions intended for their previous owners. In this paper, we conduct the first large-scale study on dropcatching in ENS domains. We curate and analyze a dataset comprising 3.1M ENS domains and 9.7M Ethereum transactions, finding that 241K of these domains were re-registered by new owners after expiration. Our findings indicate a preference for domains linked to high-income wallets in re-registrations. We identify 2,633 transactions that were misdirected to new owners, averaging the equivalent of thousands of US dollars. Lastly, we highlight the lack of countermeasures by digital wallet providers, and suggest straightforward approaches that they can use to minimize financial losses due to ENS dropcatching.
<ns4:p>This paper proposes a reflection on the opportunities and the challenges of the use of digital means of payment (decentralised and regulated ones) in the African economies. In this perspective, we structure our reasoning around three axes. First, we try to show that digital currencies can serve as a lever for financial inclusion and the revolution of means of payment in an increasingly digitalization context. Second, we discuss the technical and the infrastructural constraints (deployment of the blockchain, electricity and Internet access) which condition the effective use of digital currencies. Third, we discuss the trade-offs and the possible implications that arise from the circulation of the Bitcoin, the Altcoins and the Stablecoins on the one hand, and the Govcoins on the other. In our view, the African authorities should first focus on overcoming infrastructural and institutional obstacles, rather than rushing the adoption of cryptocurrencies. Some policies implemented in this direction would in fact offer the continent the opportunity to anchor itself once and for all to progress. <ns4:bold> Classification JEL </ns4:bold> : D73, E00, E58, G18, O33, O55</ns4:p>
The concepts, governance frameworks, and contributions of Islamic finance to sustainable development are the main topics of this paper. Shariah law adherence is stressed, and concepts like profit-and-loss sharing, risk-sharing, and the ban on interest (riba) and speculative activity (gharar) are covered. The ethical and asset-backed characteristics of important products, such as Takaful (Islamic insurance) and Sukuk (Islamic bonds), are examined. The article describes how Islamic finance aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), highlighting how it affects social responsibility, environmental efforts, and financial inclusivity. With comparisons between centralized and decentralized alternatives in different areas, governance frameworks and obstacles in Shariah-compliant enterprises are discussed. Standardization, openness, and the function of Shariah boards are among the topics discussed. Islamic finance is promoted as a morally sound and long-lasting substitute for traditional financial systems by encouraging equality, collaboration, and social justice.
The purpose of the research - is to propose directions for creating legal regulation of cryptocurrency exchange transactions in Azerbaijan. The methodology of the research - the experience accumulated in the USA and Great Britain on cryptocurrency exchange transactions was studied through comparative analysis and other methods. The practical importance of the research - cryptocurrency exchange transactions are one of the main tools stimulating the development of financial relations in the context of globalization of the world capital market. The results of the research - based on the experience gained from cryptocurrency transactions in the USA and Great Britain and their development paths in Azerbaijan were determined. The originality and scientific novelty of the research - since there is no literature and legislation on cryptocurrency exchange transactions in Azerbaijan, the study can be considered the only scientific literature in this field.
Dat Tien Nguyen, Dung Cam Huynh, Tran Bao Anh Nguyen
The Industrial Revolution 4.0 and modern technology have had a significant impact on Vietnamâs economy. One of the most notable developments is the emergence of blockchain technology. âSmart contractsâ or âvirtual contractsâ have become an important term on the Blockchain platform, offering many advantages and being widely deployed in areas such as finance, business, trade, and insurance. Although smart contracts have potential benefits, businesses are still hesitant to establish them. The article employs analytical methods and synthesizes data to provide evaluative insights. Additionally, this article analyzes the concept and characteristics of smart contracts, the trend of applying smart contracts in some countries worldwide, and provides suggestions for Vietnamese businesses on how to apply smart contracts, along with notes and recommendations.
The full implementation of the metaverse requires the integration of the physical and digital worlds. Applications built on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) hold the power to move society closer towards the ideal metaverse through innovations like Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Due to a combination of the infancy of this technology and the significant implications it holds in the public and private sectors, adoption across both sectors is currently limited. To foster the creation of sustainable smart cities built on this technology, education on how this technology may function in an integrated metaverse is paramount. This is due to the necessary compatibility across industries needed between public and private data. As certain industries are more regulated than others, such as finance or healthcare, a robust system is needed to allow for varying degrees of freedom. This chapter illustrates numerous facets of this conceptual framework.
The emergence of cryptocurrency has prompted concerns regarding its potential threat to traditional banking systems. However, on closer examination, cryptocurrency could prove to be a new opportunity for traditional banks to improve their services and respond to the changing face of finance. Cryptocurrencies have had a great following recently, with major financial institutions and government entities recognizing their possible effect on monetary policy, payment systems, and financial innovation. Research suggests that crypto could raise systemic risk to mature markets. Still, this impact, however likely, is not yet profound, and crypto may present opportunities for traditional banks to enhance their operations and offerings. This paper analyzes and tries to identify whether cryptocurrency can become dangerous for the banking industry or, the other way around, the financial institutions can make cryptocurrency less reliable and dangerous
Infrastructure financing in least-developed countries (LDCs) faces various obstacles, including fragile economic conditions, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and concerns over transparency and investor security. This deters private sector involvement, impeding vital infrastructure development and long-term economic progress. Blockchain technology, on the other hand, has demonstrated its ability to enhance transparency and improve operational efficiency. To bridge this gap, this study presents a novel blockchain-based framework for private financing governance in such projects. The proposed framework was built on three components: a foundational blockchain layer for secure transactions, a DAO layer for governance, and a node layer for user interaction. Moreover, a decentralized decision-making structure was outlined, which allocates voting power according to roles and reputations. The framework also introduces well-defined entry and exit criteria to ensure commitment and transparency. Further, it incorporates a member-driven proposal process and a reputation-based compensation system to encourage active involvement. Finally, a real-world case study was used to assess the framework&#039;s practicality and efficiency. According to the findings, the proposed framework has the potential to address and improve the identified gaps. The results of this study provide conceptual insights for LDC infrastructure project stakeholders to enhance the efficiency of infrastructure development in these nations.
While smart contracts are foundational elements of blockchain applications, their inherent susceptibility to security vulnerabilities poses a significant challenge. Existing training datasets employed for vulnerability detection tools may be limited, potentially compromising their efficacy. This paper presents a method for improving the quantity and quality of smart contract vulnerability datasets and evaluates current detection methods. The approach centers around semantic-preserving code transformation, a technique that modifies the source code structure without altering its semantic meaning. The transformed code snippets are inserted into all potential locations within benign smart contract code, creating new vulnerable contract versions. This method aims to generate a wider variety of vulnerable codes, including those that can bypass detection by current analysis tools. The paper experiments evaluate the method's effectiveness using tools like Slither, Mythril, and CrossFuzz, focusing on metrics like the number of generated vulnerable samples and the false negative rate in detecting these vulnerabilities. The improved results show that many newly created vulnerabilities can bypass tools and the false reporting rate goes up to 100% and increases dataset size minimum by 2.5X.