Yan Zhuang, Yin-Wu Chen, Zon‐Yin Shae, Chi‐Ren Shyu
BACKGROUND: Data coordination across multiple health care facilities has become increasingly important for many emerging health care applications. Distrust has been recognized as a key barrier to the success of such applications. Leveraging blockchain technology could provide potential solutions tobuild trust between data providers and receivers by taking advantage of blockchain properties such as security, immutability, anonymity, decentralization, and smart contracts. Many health technologies have empirically proven that blockchain designs fit well with the needs of health care applications with certain degrees of success. However, there is a lack of robust architecture to provide a practical framework for developers to implement applications and test the performance of stability, efficiency, and scalability using standard blockchain designs. A generalized blockchain model is needed for the health care community to adopt blockchain technology and develop applications in a timely fashion. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at building a generalized blockchain architecture that provides data coordination functions, including data requests, permission granting, data exchange, and usage tracking, for a wide spectrum of health care application developments. METHODS: An augmented, 3-layered blockchain architecture was built on a private blockchain network. The 3 layers, from bottom to top, are as follows: (1) incorporation of fundamental blockchain settings and smart contract design for data collection; (2) interactions between the blockchain and health care application development environment using Node.js and web3.js; and (3) a flexible development platform that supports web technologies such as HTML, https, and various programing languages. Two example applications, health information exchange (HIE) and clinical trial recruitment, were developed in our design to demonstrate the feasibility of the layered architecture. Case studies were conducted to test the performance in terms of stability, efficiency, and scalability of the blockchain system. RESULTS: A total of 331,142 simulated HIE requests from accounts of 40,000 patients were successfully validated through this layered blockchain architecture with an average exchange time of 11.271 (SD 2.208) seconds. We also simulated a clinical trial recruitment scenario with the same set of patients and various recruitment criteria to match potential subjects using the same architecture. Potential subjects successfully received the clinical trial recruitment information and granted permission to the trial sponsors to access their health records with an average time of 3.07 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a generalized layered blockchain architecture that offers health technology community blockchain features for application development without requiring developers to have extensive experience with blockchain technology. The case studies tested the performance of our design and empirically proved the feasibility of the architecture in 2 relevant health application domains.
Yan Zhuang, Yin-Wu Chen, Zon‐Yin Shae, Chi‐Ren Shyu
<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Data coordination across multiple health care facilities has become increasingly important for many emerging health care applications. Distrust has been recognized as a key barrier to the success of such applications. Leveraging blockchain technology could provide potential solutions tobuild trust between data providers and receivers by taking advantage of blockchain properties such as security, immutability, anonymity, decentralization, and smart contracts. Many health technologies have empirically proven that blockchain designs fit well with the needs of health care applications with certain degrees of success. However, there is a lack of robust architecture to provide a practical framework for developers to implement applications and test the performance of stability, efficiency, and scalability using standard blockchain designs. A generalized blockchain model is needed for the health care community to adopt blockchain technology and develop applications in a timely fashion. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> This study aimed at building a generalized blockchain architecture that provides data coordination functions, including data requests, permission granting, data exchange, and usage tracking, for a wide spectrum of health care application developments. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> An augmented, 3-layered blockchain architecture was built on a private blockchain network. The 3 layers, from bottom to top, are as follows: (1) incorporation of fundamental blockchain settings and smart contract design for data collection; (2) interactions between the blockchain and health care application development environment using Node.js and web3.js; and (3) a flexible development platform that supports web technologies such as HTML, https, and various programing languages. Two example applications, health information exchange (HIE) and clinical trial recruitment, were developed in our design to demonstrate the feasibility of the layered architecture. Case studies were conducted to test the performance in terms of stability, efficiency, and scalability of the blockchain system. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> A total of 331,142 simulated HIE requests from accounts of 40,000 patients were successfully validated through this layered blockchain architecture with an average exchange time of 11.271 (SD 2.208) seconds. We also simulated a clinical trial recruitment scenario with the same set of patients and various recruitment criteria to match potential subjects using the same architecture. Potential subjects successfully received the clinical trial recruitment information and granted permission to the trial sponsors to access their health records with an average time of 3.07 seconds. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> This study proposes a generalized layered blockchain architecture that offers health technology community blockchain features for application development without requiring developers to have extensive experience with blockchain technology. The case studies tested the performance of our design and empirically proved the feasibility of the architecture in 2 relevant health application domains. </sec>
K SRI, J. S. Supriya, Ms. P. Geetha Nanditha Sai, P. Siva Prasad
Crowdfunding is an innovative way of financing projects that allows anyone to contribute money online and support various initiatives, such as businesses, causes, or solutions. However, traditional crowdfunding platforms face some challenges, such as lack of transparency and security, high fees, and limited control over the funds by the contributors and the project owners. Blockchain technology, which is a P2P, decentralized ledger, which is distributed can offer a more reliable, secure, and transparent solution for crowdfunding. Blockchain-based crowdfunding can leverage smart contracts, which are self-executing agreements that encode the rules and conditions of the funding process and ensure that the funds are released only when the predefined criteria are met. This paper aims to propose a concept for designing efficient smart contracts for crowdfunding, which can enable both the contributors and the project owners to have more control and influence over the funds and the project outcomes. Unlike the existing literature-based ideas, our proposed method not only allows the contributors to invest their own money, but also guarantees them that their token values will be preserved. This method can be integrated without disrupting the existing logic of the blockchain. The methodology provides higher control and transparency for all the parties involved in the crowdfunding process.
Decentralized applications development on the Ethereum platform is becoming very popular in last few years. However, it requires developer to have knowledge and skills to integrate large number of components, such as smart contracts programming, IPFS decentralized storage, RPC calls or True for smart contracts management and various JavaScript libraries (e.g. Web3.js, TrueContract, JS-IPFS). This makes the development process very complex and dicult. At the same time, the developer has multiple front-end frameworks available, which however lack the ability to easily integrate the majority of previously mentioned components. To solve this problem, there are integration tools which address above issues and are intended to support a comprehensive development of decentralized applications (e.g. Drizzle, Vortex, Web3-React). The paper focuses on these integration tools and analyses the code complexity of decentralized application development using such tools. The analysis of code complexity was performed using multiple code complexity metric assessment methods.
Licensing is one of the essential means of exploiting the monetary value of a musical work, and yet it is an area fraught with many issues and transactional costs which make it a difficult process for individuals and organizations. Many issues in music licensing arise from the legal complexity (e.g., national and international copyright law), business complexity (authentication, tracking, accounting, etc.), value web complexity (transparency of relationships among stakeholders), and technical complexity (e.g., establishing a global repertoire database for music, sufficient metadata standards) of working with music. Then, in addition to these issues, there are specific transactional costs (identification, negotiation, monitoring, and enforcement) associated with the licensing process. To mitigate the complexity and transactional costs associated with music and the licensing process, researchers and technologists have been investigating how new technologies and design models from the Web3 space, such as blockchain, linked data and Ricardian Contracts, can automate processes to reduce complexity, speed up payments, improve tracking, and provide other benefits in the music industry. In our report, we make our own attempt to reduce the complexity and transactional costs in the licensing process by developing an automated music license. In doing so, we first conducted a literature review scoping the intersection of music complexity and Web3 technologies to provide background and context to automating music licensing. Then we developed the Practical Tokenized Drafting (PTD) method, a set of core principles and practices for drafting Ricardian Contracts that interact with Web3 technologies (RC-Web3 Templates), and the Tokenized Music License (TML), an RC-Web3 Template standard form for music licensing on the OpenLaw platform. Both the PTD and TML can be adapted to meet the needs of music industry stakeholders and provide guidance to legal practitioners in drafting RC-Web3 Templates.
Blockchain technology is found to have its applicability in almost every domain because of its advantages such as crypto-security, transparency, immutability, decentralized data network. In present times, a smart healthcare system with a blockchain data network and healthcare 4.0 processes provides transparency, easy and faster accessibility, security, efficiency, etc. Healthcare 4.0 trends include industry 4.0 processes such as the internet of things (IoT), industrial IoT (IIoT), cognitive computing, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, fog computing, edge computing, etc. The goal of this work is to design a smart healthcare system and it is found to be possible through integration and interoperability of Blockchain 3.0 and Healthcare 4.0 in consideration with healthcare ground-realities. Here, healthcare 4.0 processes used for data accessibility are targeted to be validated through statistical simulation-optimization methods and algorithms. The blockchain is implemented in the Ethereum network, and with associated programming languages, tools, and techniques such as solidity, web3.js, Athena, etc. Further, this work prepares a comparative and comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art blockchain-based smart healthcare systems. The comprehensive survey includes methodology, applications, requirements, outcomes, future directions, etc. A list of groups, organizations, and enterprises are prepared that are working in electronic health records (EHR), electronic medical records (EMR) or electronic personal records (EPR) mainly, and a comparative analysis is drawn concerning adopting the blockchain technology in their processes. This work has explored optimization algorithms applicable to Healthcare 4.0 trends and improves the performance of blockchain-based decentralized applications for the smart healthcare system. Further, smart contracts and their designs are prepared for the proposed system to expedite the trust-building and payment systems. This work has considered simulation and implementation to validate the proposed approach. Simulation results show that the Gas value required (indicating block size and expenditure) lies within current Etherum network Gas limits. The proposed system is active because block utilization lies above 80%. Automated smart contract execution is below 20 seconds. A good number (average 3 per simulation time) is generated in the network that indicates a health competition. Although there is error observed in simulation and implementation that lies between 0.55% and 4.24%, these errors are not affecting overall system performance because simulated and actual (taken in state-of-the-art) data variations are negligible.
Vero Estrada-Galiñanes, Racin Nygaard, Viktor Trón, Rodrigo Q. Saramago · 6 authors
Blockchain is the driving force behind a myriad of decentralized applications (dapps) that promise to transform the Internet. The next generation Internet, or web3, introduces a "universal state layer" to store data in p2p networks. Swarm, a native layer of the Ethereum web3 stack, aims at providing redundant storage for dapp code, data, as well as, blockchain and state data. Based on a diploma verification dapp use case, we share insights on the role of redundancy strategies in designing a reliable storage layer. Our proof-of-concept improves Swarm's resilience to failures by balancing repairs and storage, with a slightly added latency.
The new media occupies a wide range of different areas of our daily lives, one of that is the question of national identity and culture. If we focus on the development of the new media and the Internet, we will find that there are many questions and concerns about the Kurdish identity and its culture have come into being, with this development, ringing like bells of dangers, want to alert the media, educational and cultural institutions to do more scientific efforts to study those fears.
Yes, that's correct! The paper proposes a solution that utilizes blockchain and AI technologies to ensure the secure and transparent distribution of medical drugs across the supply chain. The system employs smart contracts and a Rasa chatbot integrated into a Flutter app to enable ordering and traceability of medicines. Additionally, the system includes a blockchain-based credit evaluation mechanism to enhance the trustworthiness of the supply chain participants. The smart contracts are deployed on a local blockchain provided by Ganache, and the DApp is connected to the blockchain using Web3.js and Truffle framework. The system also includes trade chain and information chain platforms to construct an overall framework of the supply chain system. Platform interaction rules are formulated to standardize the system information exchange format and ensure the stability and efficiency of system interaction. Smart contracts are a type of digital contract that is designed to automatically execute predefined actions when certain conditions are met. In the context of supply chain systems, smart contracts can be used to facilitate and manage transactions between different parties, as well as to ensure the accuracy and integrity of supply chain information. By using smart contracts, supply chain stakeholders can improve the efficiency of their interactions, reduce transaction costs, and enhance the security and reliability of their data. The experimental results show that the proposed system is feasible and comparatively more secure than existing systems. While the system realizes the basic functions of the supply chain, it also promotes the sharing of information between participants and improves its efficiency. Summary of the text: The text discusses the application of blockchain in supply chain management, specifically for product traceability, and mentions the use of smart contracts to automate processes. The problem of drug counterfeiting is highlighted as a particular area where blockchain can provide benefits. The integration of artificial intelligence and Rasa is also briefly mentioned. The text concludes by emphasizing the need for further research and development in the practical applications and architectures of blockchain in supply chain management.
In the Internet of Things (IoT), a cyber physical system (CPS) has achieved great success in a wide range of distributed integration environments. In the cyber physical system (CPS), interconnected sensing devices collect data in the surrounding environment and send data to all interested nodes through the network, thereby sharing all nodes data. This process can be implemented by using a publish/subscribe (pub/sub for short) system. Providing the basic security mechanisms such as authorization and confidentiality is a challenge due to the loose coupling of subscribers and publishers in such a pub/sub system. At the meanwhile, the existing IoT ecosystem mostly relies on a centralized server and thus faces the problem of single point failure. Thus, it is interesting to realize a brokerless or decentralized pub/sub model. Inspired by this motivation, this paper mainly proposes a privacy-preserving publish/subscribe model by using the blockchain technique, which evades the centralized trustroot setting and the problem of single point failure. Another key point of our proposal is that the primitive of public key encryption with equality test (PKEwET) is employed to enable all the required authorization, communication and topics matching can be finished in a confidential manner. Finally, a lightweight prototype of our proposal is implemented by using web3j, and the security and efficiency analysis are also presented.
Shinichiro Tsuchiya, Issaku Yamada, Kiyoko F. Aoki‐Kinoshita
MOTIVATION: Glycans are biomolecules that take an important role in the biological processes of living organisms. They form diverse, complicated structures such as branched and cyclic forms. Web3 Unique Representation of Carbohydrate Structures (WURCS) was proposed as a new linear notation for uniquely representing glycans during the GlyTouCan project. WURCS defines rules for complex glycan structures that other text formats did not support, and so it is possible to represent a wide variety glycans. However, WURCS uses a complicated nomenclature, so it is not human-readable. Therefore, we aimed to support the interpretation of WURCS by converting WURCS to the most basic and widely used format IUPAC. RESULTS: In this study, we developed GlycanFormatConverter and succeeded in converting WURCS to the three kinds of IUPAC formats (IUPAC-Extended, IUPAC-Condensed and IUPAC-Short). Furthermore, we have implemented functionality to import IUPAC-Extended, KEGG Chemical Function (KCF) and LinearCode formats and to export WURCS. We have thoroughly tested our GlycanFormatConverter and were able to show that it was possible to convert all the glycans registered in the GlyTouCan repository, with exceptions owing only to the limitations of the original format. The source code for this conversion tool has been released as an open source tool. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: https://github.com/glycoinfo/GlycanFormatConverter.git. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living.This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments.The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP).Fuelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling device technologies such as RFID tags and readers, near field communication (NFC) devices and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet.As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly.This paper gives very interesting understanding with IoT discussed with making as simple as possible not with the intention to reach concept only up to readers but to become understandable and friendly at students level with some text and basic models.
With the increasing of using workflow management systems workflow improvement becomes a new emerging problem. Many issues must be considered to handle all aspects of the workflow improvement. Workflows might become quite complex, especially when we move to Web3 (ubiquitous computing web). Workflows from different domains (e.g., scientific or business) have similarities and, more important, differences between themselves. Some concepts and solutions developed in one domain may be readily applicable to the other. In ubiquitous computing, multi-domain workflow data analysis might cause Big Data challenge. This paper investigates the problem of workflow improvement having an observed behavior (i.e., event logs). It proposes a cross-domain concept extraction by similarity assessment to solve some aspects of workflow improvement problem, and it has a new research effort at the intersection of workflow domains. Besides, the proposed technique is evaluated with the benefit of using Deep learning and Transfer learning. One of the greatest assets to use these both learning methods is analyzing a massive amount of data. Our results show that our proposed technique is effectively applicable for analyzing real-life huge data in workflow improvement.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) play a vital role in enabling smart transportation systems by facilitating communication between vehicles. However, existing vehicular announcement systems face two major challenges: preserving user privacy and motivating users to share reliable traffic information. In this paper, we propose CreditCoin, a privacy-presing blockchain-based incentive announcement network. The system utilizes an anonymous vehicular announcement aggregation protocol combined with blockchain technology to ensure secure, tamper-resistant, and decentralized communication. Users can broadcast traffic updates anonymously while earning incentives for participation, thereby improving network reliability. A Trace Manager enables conditional privacy by identifying malicious users without compromising honest participants. The proposed system is implemented using Python, Web3, and a simulated VANET environment. Experimental results demonstrate improved efficiency, reduced computation time, and enhanced data reliability compared to traditional approaches. This work contributes toward secure and incentive-driven communication in smart transportation systems. In this paper, we propose CreditCoin, a privacy-preserving blockchain-based incentive announcement network. The system utilizes an anonymous vehicular announcement aggregation protocol combined with blockchain technology to ensure secure, tamper-resistant, and decentralized communication. Users can broadcast traffic updates anonymously while earning incentives for participation, thereby improving network reliability. A Trace Manager enables conditional privacy by identifying malicious users without compromising honest participants. Keywords— VANET; Blockchain; Privacy Preservation; Incentive Mechanism; Smart Vehicles; CreditCoin
Throughout the history of mankind, trusted relationships have played a vital part in every \ntransaction humans have made. Those transactions belong to a spectrum that starts from \neveryday life decisions and acts, to a more complex, sensitive and wide area that even nations \nare involved. \nBefore the era of globalization of telecommunications that we live in, achieving trust was \nmore related to human relations. Even though that the meaning of trust is known to all, it is \nhard to find a definition that strictly describes it. \nTrust is multidimensional, multidisciplinary and multifaceted concept. Many definitions can \nbe found in literature and are related to notions as goodness, strength, reliability, integrity, \nability or character of a person or thing. A trust relationship involves two parties, a trustor \nand a trustee. The trustor is the person that holds confidence, belief on the reliability of \nanother person or thing which is the other party, the trustee. (Zheng & Valtteri Niemi, \nTowards User Driven Trust Modeling and Management, 2009) \nHow though trust is established in modern computer networks, where the notions of the \ntrustor and trustee are not represented by strictly humans, but from entities that might never \nhave had a relationship upon the trust can be build. \nIn this project we will study the achievement of trust in traditional kinds of networks such as \nad-hoc, mobile and wireless and we will examine the ability to elevate the trust level in a \ncomputer network using the under development and mostly promising blockchain network. \nThe network is going to be setup as a private blockchain network, where all the nodes that \nconsist it, will be pre-set from an administrative team. The computers that will participate will \nhave all the requirements in order to connect to the private network running as services on \nboot. \nThe application will run on each node and on starting the application the very first check will \nbe to start the node and connect to the network. Only if the network has been found and the \nnode is connected to it, the application proceeds with checking the presence of web3js and \nonly after successfully checking the communication of the web3js with the network, the user \nis prompt with the login page. \nThe authorization of the user is checked upon a smart contract on the blockchain network \nand after a successfully prompt from the smart contract, the credentials are checked, in our \ncase, on a fake backend where a JWT token is issued to the user in order to use the application \ndepending on the role that he has.
Floarea Nãstase, Andrei Marius Mihalache, Paul Dan Marinescu, Ionut Minciuna
The Internet of Things (IoT) pervades any device that has or that can be upgraded with an Internet connection capability. IoT has become a key concept linking uniquely identifiable things to their virtual representations over the Internet. Currently, this approach has spread widely throughout most of areas, enterprises or groups of people, on the thriving express lane provided by IPv6 protocol. This newer version of IP has more than enough addresses, about 3.4*10^38 addresses to serve all IP networking needs for the foreseeable future when more than twenty-four billion smart things will be connected by 2020. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly.
B.T.J. Hooghiemstra, Nienke Smulders, C. van Nieuwenhuizen
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The advancements of AI techniques and its transformation made an intelligent automated process using Internet of Things (IoT), machine optimization in various industrial applications. One of the notable change happens in the healthcare industry witnessed significant progress, leading to the emergence of Health 4.0. This new era encompasses a wide range of cutting-edge technologies including the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Services (IoS), Medical Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Health Cloud, Health Fog etc. The largest barrier to electronic healthcare is securing all medical equipment that are connected to the internet. Blockchain, a distributed and immutable ledger or database, has gained popularity across various sectors, including healthcare, due to its efficiency and reliability by offering features such as decentralization, enhanced security, and immutability. This chapter aims to explore the advantages and challenges associated with implementing blockchain technology in healthcare 4.0 by providing factual evaluation of block chain's progress in healthcare.
This paper explores how entrepreneurs can use fungible tokens—whereby they issue digital assets and commit to only accept those tokens as payment for future products or services—to fund venture development. We show that tokens can acquire value through a mechanism where entrepreneurs generate buyer competition by setting divide-the-money prices, despite lacking traditional equity-like cash flow rights. However, we uncover a fundamental tension: when ventures face ongoing operational costs, they must retain tokens to credibly commit to fair pricing, yet this conflicts with their need to sell tokens to raise development capital. We prove this leads to an impossibility result for simple token structures and demonstrate how observed practices such as vesting schedules, multi-stage offerings, and pre-committed buybacks resolve this tension. Our analysis reveals that while venture returns are independent of token supply growth, initial fundraising is maximized by setting that growth to zero. Beyond traditional ICOs, our model applies to various token-based financing mechanisms including layer-1 protocols, DeFi platforms, and Web3 applications, providing insight into how these mechanisms facilitate coordination among stakeholders in digital ecosystems.
Stephen Chan, Jeffrey Chu, Yuanyuan Zhang, Saralees Nadarajah
In financial trading, cryptocurrencies like bitcoin use decentralization, traceability, and anonymity features to perform transactional activities. These digital currencies, using the emerging blockchain technologies, are forming the basis of the largest unregulated markets in the world. This creates various regulatory challenges, including the illicit purchase of drugs and weapons, money laundering, and funding terrorist activities. This chapter analyzes various legal and ethical implications, their effects, and various solutions to overcome the inherent issues that are currently faced by the policymakers and regulators. The authors present the result of an analysis of 30 recently published peer-reviewed scientific publications and suggest various mechanisms that can help in the detection and prevention of illegal activities that currently account for a substantial proportion of cryptocurrency trading. They suggest methods and applications that can also be used to identify the dark marketplaces in the future.