Our lifestyles are increasingly incorporating the Internet of Things. Every year, a growing number of gadgets gain connectivity and communication capabilities via the Internet. There are currently more than 400 million IoT devices in use worldwide, and by 2025, that number is anticipated to reach 1.5 billion. Keeping track of all IoT devices and figuring out which one to connect to in order to make service requests is getting more and more challenging. The device could also end up malfunctioning or performing poorly. We must determine the most effective method of data storage in order to provide the groundwork for how to build trust amongst devices.
Sergiu Lupaiescu, Petru Cioată, Cristina Elena Turcu, Cristina Elena Turcu · 8 authors
Decentralized databases have gained popularity in the last few years in different areas, such as: traceability, supply chains or finance. Leveraging this type of emerging technology will improve knowledge sharing, as well as the transparency and traceability of the data for digital systems. In a similar way, the characteristics are advertised by the centralized ledger technologies, which are manufactured by large cloud service providers such as Amazon. The present study analyzes the performance of two ledger technologies: BigchainDB (i.e., the decentralized blockchain database) and Amazon QLDB (i.e., the centralized ledger database with transparent and immutable characteristics). For the purposes of comparison, we have integrated these technologies into our traceability platform, which is called the Smart Tracking Platform (STP), and performed a series of experiments enabling us to acquire data for different metrics, such as CPU or memory usage for both the reading and writing operations. The findings of the present study show that QLDB has an overall better performance compared to BigchainDB, based on the metrics that have been considered. From the perspective of database ledger implementation, Amazon QLDB proved to be an integrated solution, easier to use, while BigchainDB comprises a more complex system to be implemented and developed, but is more flexible. Although both systems are almost ready to use solutions for local environments, when it comes to configuration and setting up the communication between nodes within a production environment, BigchainDB adds a layer of complexity from a DevOps perspective, while Amazon QLDB completely overcomes it. Depending on the area considered and the identified needs, both BigchainDB and Amazon QLDB can be considered as suitable solutions for a ledger database.
Samir M. Umran, Songfeng Lu, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar, Xueming Tang
There are numerous internet-connected devices attached to the industrial process through recent communication technologies, which enable machine-to-machine communication and the sharing of sensitive data through a new technology called the industrial internet of things (IIoTs). Most of the suggested security mechanisms are vulnerable to several cybersecurity threats due to their reliance on cloud-based services, external trusted authorities, and centralized architectures; they have high computation and communication costs, low performance, and are exposed to a single authority of failure and bottleneck. Blockchain technology (BC) is widely adopted in the industrial sector for its valuable features in terms of decentralization, security, and scalability. In our work, we propose a decentralized, scalable, lightweight, trusted and secure private network based on blockchain technology/smart contracts for the overhead circuit breaker of the electrical power grid of the Al-Kufa/Iraq power plant as an industrial application. The proposed scheme offers a double layer of data encryption, device authentication, scalability, high performance, low power consumption, and improves the industry’s operations; provides efficient access control to the sensitive data generated by circuit breaker sensors and helps reduce power wastage. We also address data aggregation operations, which are considered challenging in electric power smart grids. We utilize a multi-chain proof of rapid authentication (McPoRA) as a consensus mechanism, which helps to enhance the computational performance and effectively improve the latency. The advanced reduced instruction set computer (RISC) machines ARM Cortex-M33 microcontroller adopted in our work, is characterized by ultra-low power consumption and high performance, as well as efficiency in terms of real-time cryptographic algorithms such as the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA). This improves the computational execution, increases the implementation speed of the asymmetric cryptographic algorithm and provides data integrity and device authenticity at the perceptual layer. Our experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves excellent performance, data security, real-time data processing, low power consumption (70.880 mW), and very low memory utilization (2.03% read-only memory (RAM) and 0.9% flash memory) and execution time (0.7424 s) for the cryptographic algorithm. This enables autonomous network reconfiguration on-demand and real-time data processing.
This article aims to discuss the consensus mechanism of software-defined blockchain in the Internet of Things, analyze the characteristics of the traditional consensus mechanism algorithms, on the basis of comparing the advantages of each model, the traditional consensus mechanism algorithm is improved. Later, a supervisable consensus scheme based on improved DPOS-PBFT (Delegated proof of stake-Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) was proposed. In the context of the development of the Internet of Things technology, the decentralized distributed computing paradigm is used to improve the blockchain smart contract technology, and the DPOS blockchain consensus mechanism is optimized based on the DPOS protocol of the credit model. In addition, through the dynamic grouping algorithm of credibility, the research ranks the credit level of the consensus nodes of the blockchain network, thus further realizing the supervision of the Internet of Things system. The results of the case analysis show that the success rate of the mechanism algorithm can still be maintained at about 97% after 3000 user requests, the maximum delay remains below 8s after 3000 user requests, the minimum delay is always around 3s, the average delay is 2.38s, the overall performance of the algorithm is superior. It can ensure the final consistency of data transmission of each node in the Internet of Things, the research on the blockchain consensus mechanism in the Internet of Things has practical reference value.
Blockchain is a chain of blocks that are connected together and are continuously growing by storing transactions on the blocks. This platform uses a decentralized approach that allows the information to be distributed and that each piece of distributed information or commonly known as data have shared ownership. Blockchains holds batches of transactions that are hashed thus providing them security and they are managed by peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain, an information administration method, has the potential to encourage responsibility and openness. In a blockchain, each user of the computer network can access the same copy of the transaction ledger. The blockchain technology has the potential to handle various security attacks as it can eliminate the need of the centralized authority to perform various operations. In the blockchain technology, a number of users participate in transaction verification and validation.
A recent development in the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated the application of IoT-based solutions in healthcare. Next-Gen networks and IoT, supported by the development of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain, have propelled the growth of e-health applications. However, there are some unique challenges in the widespread acceptance of IoT in healthcare. Safe storage, transfer, authorized access control, and the privacy and security aspects of patient data management are crucial barriers to the widespread adoption of IoT in healthcare. This makes it necessary to identify current issues in the various health data management systems to develop novel healthcare solutions. As a case study, this work considers a scheme launched by the Government of India for tuberculosis care called Nikshay Poshan Yojana (NPY). It is a web-based Direct Benefit Transfer scheme to provide a nutritional incentive of INR 500/- per month to all tuberculosis patients. The main objective of this work is to identify the current implementation challenges of the NPY scheme from patient and healthcare stakeholder perspectives and proposes a blockchain-based architecture called NikshayChain for sharing patient medical reports and bank details among several healthcare stakeholders within or across Indian cities. The proposed architecture accelerates healthcare stakeholder productivity by reducing workload and overall costs while ensuring effective data management. This architecture can significantly improve medical care, incentive transfer, and data verification, propelling the use of e-health applications.
Advances in technology always had an impact on our lives. Several emerging technologies, most notably the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, present transformative opportunities. The blockchain is a decentralized, transparent ledger for storing transaction data. By effectively establishing trust between nodes, it has the remarkable potential to design unique architectures for most enterprise applications. When it first appeared as a platform for anonymous cryptocurrency trading, such as Bitcoin, on a public network platform, blockchain piqued the interest of researchers. The chain is completed when each block connects to the previous block. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of networked devices that can exchange data and be managed and controlled via unique identifiers. Automation, wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and control systems are just a few of the well-known technologies that power the IoT. Converging advancements in real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems demonstrate the rapid expansion of the IoT paradigm. The Internet of Things refers to the global networking of millions of networked smart gadgets that gather and exchange data. Integrating the IoT and blockchain technology would be a significant step toward developing a reliable, secure, and comprehensive method of storing data collected by smart devices. Internet-enabled devices in the IoT can send data to private blockchain networks, creating immutable records of all transaction history. As a result, these networks produce unchangeable logs of all transactions. This research looks at how blockchain technology and the Internet of Things interact to understand better how devices can communicate with one another. The blockchain-enabled Internet of Things architecture proposed in this article is a useful framework for integrating blockchain technology and the Internet of Things using the most cutting-edge tools and methods currently available. This article discusses the principles of blockchain-based IoT, consensus methods, reviews, difficulties, prospects, applications, trends, and communication between IoT nodes in an integrated framework.
Currently, the trust mechanisms of various Internet application platforms are still built under the orders of centralized authorities. This centralized trust mechanism generally suffers from problems such as excessive power of central nodes, single point of failure and data privacy leakage. Blockchain is a new type of distributed data architecture with non-tamperability, openness and transparency, and traceability, which can achieve secure and trustworthy sharing of data without the participation of third-party authorities. The decentralized trust mechanism built based on the blockchain provides a new research paradigm with broad development prospects to solve the problem of establishing reliable information sharing under the environmental conditions of incomplete reliability in finance, healthcare, energy, and data security. In response to the issues exposed by centralized trust mechanisms in recent years, based on the critical technology of blockchain, this paper surveys the relevant literature around the vital issue of building a decentralized and secure trust mechanism. First, the decentralized trust mechanism architecture is sorted out by comparing different decentralized platforms. The blockchain is divided into the data layer, network layer, consensus layer, contract layer and application layer, which correspond to the theory, implementation, operation, extension, and application of the decentralized trust mechanism of a blockchain, a district-centric platform. Secondly, the principles and technologies of blockchain are elaborated in detail, focusing on the underlying principles, consensus algorithms, and smart contracts. Finally, blockchain problems and development directions are summarized in light of relevant literature.
Blockchain (BC) has recently paved the way for developing Decentralized Identity Management (IdM) systems for different information systems. Researchers widely use it to develop decentralized IdM systems for the Health Internet of Things (HIoT). HIoT is considered a vulnerable system that produces and processes sensitive data. BC-based IdM systems have the potential to be more secure and privacy-aware than centralized IdM systems. However, many studies have shown potential security risks to using BC. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) conducted by the authors on BC-based IdM systems in HIoT systems showed a lack of comprehensive security and risk management frameworks for BC-based IdM systems in HIoT. Conducting a further SLR focusing on risk management and supplemented by Grey Literature (GL), in this paper, a security taxonomy, security framework, and cybersecurity risk management framework for the HIoT BC-IdM systems are identified and proposed. The cybersecurity risk management framework will significantly assist developers, researchers, and organizations in developing a secure BC-based IdM to ensure HIoT users' data privacy and security.
Kashif Mehboob Khan, Muhammad Abdullah Hayat, Rana Muhammad Ibrahim
In the current era, blockchain has emerged as one the best and promising technology. All the cryptocurrencies have also gained a lot of popularity around the globe which are based on blockchain technology. Blockchain provides a distributed architecture, in which transactions are verified by different validators using different algorithms and then are stored in distributed ledger. The verification of transactions is done using consensus algorithms which verifies that incoming transaction is correct and reliable by different distributed nodes working in a peer-to-peer network. Consensus algorithms ensure the integrity and security of blockchain. There are various types of consensus algorithms used in blockchain technology which are used depending on the architecture and usage, some of the consensus algorithms are Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS) etc. The Proof of Work algorithm is most widely used across the globe by the community. It is used by many popular cryptocurrency networks like Litecoin and Bitcoin. It requires larger computation power while verifying transactions. The selection of a consensus algorithm is one the most important parts of blockchain, as the consensus mechanism is considered to be the core of a network. It is easier to predict and guarantee the security, reliability, fault tolerance, and recoverability of the system if the correct consensus protocol is selected. A single algorithm can never fulfill all the requirements, there is always a tradeoff in the selection of consensus algorithms. Therefore, it is very important to select the best suited consensus algorithm for the network as the consensus mechanism validates transactions without any third-party platform and prevents malicious activities in the network. This paper investigates the comparison among types of consensus algorithms and their effectiveness and viability.
Rayed AlGhamdi, Madini O. Alassafi, Abdulrahman A. Alshdadi, Mohamed M. Dessouky · 6 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) has grown more pervasive in recent years. It makes it possible to describe the physical world in detail and interact with it in several different ways. Consequently, IoT has the potential to be involved in many different applications, including healthcare, supply chain, logistics, and the automotive sector. IoT-based smart healthcare systems have significantly increased the value of organizations that rely heavily on IoT infrastructures and solutions. In fact, with the recent COVID-19 pandemic, IoT played an important role in combating diseases. However, IoT devices are tiny, with limited capabilities. Therefore, IoT systems lack encryption, insufficient privacy protection, and subject to many attacks. Accordingly, IoT healthcare systems are extremely vulnerable to several security flaws that might result in more accurate, quick, and precise diagnoses. On the other hand, blockchain technology has been proven to be effective in many critical applications. Blockchain technology combined with IoT can greatly improve the healthcare industry’s efficiency, security, and transparency while opening new commercial choices. This paper is an extension of the current effort in the IoT smart healthcare systems. It has three main contributions, as follows: (1) it proposes a smart unsupervised medical clinic without medical staff interventions. It tries to provide safe and fast services confronting the pandemic without exposing medical staff to danger. (2) It proposes a deep learning algorithm for COVID-19 detection-based X-ray images; it utilizes the transfer learning (ResNet152) model. (3) The paper also presents a novel blockchain-based pharmaceutical system. The proposed algorithms and systems have proven to be effective and secure enough to be used in the healthcare environment.
Sejal Sudhendu Dhamgaye, Shrikant V. Sonekar, Mirza Moiz Baig
The rise of the internet of things has revolutionized the way people work and live. It has also created a vast amount of data that can be collected and stored by various devices. Unfortunately, the centralization of this data has raised concerns about its security. With the help of blockchain technology, a secure and decentralized method of transmission can be established. The concept of blockchain technology is a globally distributed ledger that records and transactions using cryptography. Due to the rapid technological development taking place in the field, it is now considered a key component of Web 3.0. It allows applications to run on a secure and stable basis. In terms of tech terms, data stored on a blockchain is immutable. Various sectors where blockchain shows comprehensive success like e-learning Banking & Finance Online shopping. Reason for success of blockchain. These innovations have the potential to transform our daily lives. The Internet of Things is a vast network that collects and transmits vast data. This data is often sensitive and non-critical, raising questions about its ownership and protection of it. The goal of this paper is to explore the potential of blockchain technologies to address the security challenges of the Internet of Things (IoT). It will first introduce the concept of the secure blockchain framework and its various features. The paper will then introduce the framework for implementing secure and decentralized transmission of IoT data. It will discuss the various features of this technology and its selection of appropriate cryptographic methods and consensus algorithms. It will be subjected to a series of tests to evaluate its performance and security. The findings of the tests will be discussed and analyzed, and recommendations for future developments will be provided. The paper also concludes by summarizing the results. The paper will provide an evaluation of the various aspects of secure blockchain technology for the transmission of data from the Internet of Things. It will also explore its potential to improve the security of the networks that are connected to it.
Social distancing has been imposed to prevent substantial transmission of the COVID-19 outbreak, which is presently a global public health issue. Medical healthcare providers rely on telemedicine to monitor their patients, particularly those with chronic conditions. However, telemedicine faces many implementation-related risks, including data breaches, access restrictions within the medical community, inaccurate diagnosis, fraud, etc. The authors propose a transparent, tamper-proof, distributed, decentralized smart healthcare system (DSHS) that uses blockchain-based smart contracts. The authors use an immutable modified Merkel tree structure to hold the transaction for viewing contracts on a public blockchain, updating patient health records (PHR), and exchanging PHR to all entities. It is verified by a performance evaluation based on the Ethereum platform. The simulation results show that the proposed system outperforms existing approaches by enhancing transparency, boosting efficiency, and reducing average latency in the system. The proposed system improves the functionality of the SHS environment.
The Internet of Things is an essential component in the growth of an ecosystem that enables quick and precise judgments to be made for communication on the battleground. The usage of the battlefield of things (BoT) is, however, subject to several restrictions for a variety of reasons. There is a potential for instances of replay, data manipulation, breaches of privacy, and other similar occurrences. As a direct result of this, the implementation of a security mechanism to protect the communication that occurs within BoT has turned into an absolute requirement. To this aim, we propose a blockchain-based solution that is both safe and private for use in communications inside the BoT ecosystem. In addition, research is conducted on the benefits of integrating blockchain technology and cybersecurity into BoT application implementations. This work elaborates on the importance of integrating cybersecurity and blockchain-based tools, techniques and methodologies for BoT.
Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) has emerged as a new distributed computing paradigm for its ability to offer low-latency services to users. Suffering from constrained computational resources because of their limited physical sizes, edge servers usually cannot handle all the incoming compute tasks on time when they operate independently. Thus, they need to cooperate by peer-offloading. Incentive and trust are the two major challenges towards to cooperative computing among edge servers operating in a distrusted environment. Another specific challenge in the MEC environment is to facilitate incentive and trust in a decentralized manner. This article proposes CoopEdge+, a novel blockchain-based decentralized platform, to drive and support cooperative multi-access edge computing to tackle these challenges in a systematic manner. On CoopEdge+, an edge server can publish a compute task for other edge servers to contend for. A winner is selected from candidate edge servers as the task executor based on their reputation to perform the compute task. After that, CoopEdge+ employs a random leader election scheme to elect a task recorder without revealing its leadership until its consensus epoch. The task recorder will coordinate a consensus among edge servers to record the task executor's performance on blockchain. We implement CoopEdge+ based on Hyperledger fabric and evaluate it experimentally against a baseline implementation and three state-of-the-art implementations in a simulated MEC environment. The results validate the usefulness of CoopEdge+ and demonstrate its performance.
Blockchain technology provides a secure and reliable platform for managing data in various application areas, such as supply chain management, multimedia, financial sector, food sector, Internet of Things (IoT) , healthcare, and many more. The recent emergence of blockchain with IoT provides significant growth in the healthcare industry to improve security, privacy, efficiency, and transparency with more business opportunities. Nevertheless, conventional healthcare schemes suffer from various security attacks like collusion, phishing, masquerade, etc. Therefore, a privacy-preserving Distributed Application (DA) is proposed in this paper using blockchain technology to create and maintain healthcare certificates. Here, the distributed application provides an interface between the blockchain network and system objects like healthcare centers, verifiers, and regular authorities to generate and issue medical documents. In addition, it also ensures security by specifying rules using various smart contracts. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, various experimental tests are conducted using the Etherscan tool for measuring operation cost, latency, and processing time. Here, the efficiency of the proposed system is also compared to the existing systems in terms of latency, throughput, and response time. The experimental results and comparative analysis show that the proposed work is more efficient than the existing techniques.
Fathe Jeribi, Rashid Amin, Mohammed Alhameed, Ali Tahir
Because of the rising population density, relationships are necessary to raise living standards through sending and receiving a wide range of services. Because of this, many means of object communication—regardless of their nature—are necessary to meet our daily needs. IoT is a network of physical things integrated with sensors, and software to communicate with each other. To establish a good connection, every object considered to be an associate of another object should meet certain requirements including scalability, interoperability, and trustworthiness. IoT security is a challenging task to protect the hardware and networks in the IoT system and a significant constraint to the deployment and realization of IoT. IoT security may include data confidentiality, authentication, access control, anonymity, and trust among services and products. Exchanging trust information is critical for assessing an entity’s trustworthiness. Therefore, trust information must be shared and stored securely to ensure reliability, honesty, and safety. We propose a secure trust management scheme built on blockchain technologies to secure the entire system in transparency, traceability, and material integrity. We implement a blockchain-based trust management architecture for smart buildings that collect node trust proof. It assigns a trust score to each node, securely stores them in an array, then the threshold value is computed using the ID3 Algorithm. IoT threshold value is broadcasted into the blockchain network and stored in the trusted list. According to the findings, our approach encompasses security measures such as tamper-proofing, attack resistance, reliability, and low functionality for IoT in smart buildings.
Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) have become one of the most researched topics in recent years. The application areas of both these fields are quite broad and one can complement the other in bringing in the best possible outcome. Keeping that in mind, this paper proposed how Blockchain can be utilized to provide a more secure and improved IoT ecosystem where the components of the ecosystem will be more protected and less susceptible to unwanted intrusions. We also considered using InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and Hyperledger Fabric as a means of IoT data storage, which can ensure better protection compared to centralized cloud storage. We have also utilized Ethereum Smart Contracts (SC) for Proof of Concept deployment of our model. The experimental outcome as well as the cost and security analysis of our deployed Smart Contracts suggest that it is more beneficial to use Blockchain and distributed storage systems to safeguard the IoT ecosystem and its data.
Blockchain has become a popular emergent technology in many industries. It is suitable for a broad range of applications, from its base role as an immutable distributed ledger to the deployment of distributed applications. Many organizations are adopting the technology, but choosing a specific blockchain implementation in an emerging field exposes them to significant technology risk. Selecting the wrong implementation could expose an organization to security vulnerabilities, reduce access to its target audience, or cause issues in the future when switching to a more mature protocol. Blockchain interoperability aims to solve this adaptability problem by increasing the extensibility of blockchain, enabling the addition of new use cases and features without sacrificing the performance of the original blockchain. However, most existing blockchain platforms need to be designed for interoperability, and simple operations like sending assets across platforms create problems. Cryptographic protocols that are secure in isolation may become insecure when several different (individually secure) protocols are composed. Similarly, utilizing trusted custodians may undercut most of the benefits of decentralization offered by blockchain-based systems. Even though there is some research and development in the field of blockchain interoperability, a characterization of the interoperability solutions for various infrastructure options is lacking. This paper presents a methodology for characterizing blockchain interoperability solutions that will help focus on new developments and evaluate existing and future solutions in this space.
Dounia Marbouh, Mecit Can Emre Simsekler, Khaled Salah, Raja Jayaraman · 5 authors
Medical errors are recognized as major threats to patient safety worldwide. Lack of streamlined communication and an inability to share and exchange data are among the contributory factors affecting patient safety. To address these challenges, blockchain can be utilized to ensure a secure, transparent and decentralized data exchange among stakeholders. In this study, we discuss six use cases that can benefit from blockchain to gain operational effectiveness and efficiency in the patient safety context. The role of stakeholders, system requirements, opportunities and challenges are discussed in each use case in detail. Connecting stakeholders and data in complex healthcare systems, blockchain has the potential to provide an accountable and collaborative milieu for the delivery of safe care. By reviewing the potential of blockchain in six use cases, we suggest that blockchain provides several benefits, such as an immutable and transparent structure and decentralized architecture, which may help transform health care and enhance patient safety. While blockchain offers remarkable opportunities, it also presents open challenges in the form of trust, privacy, scalability and governance. Future research may benefit from including additional use cases and developing smart contracts to present a more comprehensive view on potential contributions and challenges to explore the feasibility of blockchain-based solutions in the patient safety context.
Huma Jamshed, Ansha Zahid, Rizwan Ul Hassan, Ahmad Hussain · 5 authors
Trustworthy smart contracts is usually challenging due to the multifaceted semantics of essential domain-specific languages and their testability. A vulnerability in smart contracts possibly comprises numerous code-security and may allow an attacker to gain control of a system resulting in financial tribulations. Therefore, it is very essential to design safe and secure smart contracts in blockchain’s immutable environment by applying numerous techniques for assessing flaws before deployment. Application programmers building smart contracts must test their code for vulnerabilities. Security and privacy is top in the list. The objective of this research is to explore: 1) the emerging landscape of smart contracts, 2) identifies the vulnerabilities faced by the developers and 3) What tools are available to address these issues? Our study showed: 1) comprehensive realistic studies in the smart contract security are at present lagging as related to primary studies. 2) 73% of contracts implemented in Solidity had security vulnerabilities. 3) Poor programming technique and 4) Slack programming activity.
Blockchain has quickly emerged as one of the trendiest Internet technologies in recent years due to the fast pace of technological advancement. With its integrated cryptography and consensus process, blockchain has redefined trust as a decentralized and distributed data management solution, ensuring security, privacy, and data integrity without the involvement of a third party. However, there are still certain technological difficulties and restrictions with blockchain. This essay has studied the present blockchain applications in cybersecurity in a methodical manner. The paper evaluates the benefits that blockchain has brought to cybersecurity and provides a summary of recent studies and blockchain applications in cybersecurity-related fields in order to address the security challenges. The paper presents four key security challenges of blockchain through in-depth research and overview of the existing work, and then conducts a more detailed investigation of each issue. The research also propos
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the significance of digital health record management systems for pandemic mitigation. Existing smart healthcare systems (SHSs) fail to preserve system-level medical record openness and privacy while including mitigating measures such as testing, tracking, and treating (3T). In addition, current centralised compute architectures are susceptible to denial of service assaults because of DDoS or bottleneck difficulties. In addition, these current SHSs are susceptible to leakage of sensitive data, unauthorised data modification, and non-repudiation. In centralised models of the current system, a third party controls the data, and data owners may not have total control over their data. The Coviblock, a novel, decentralised, blockchain-based smart healthcare assistance system, is proposed in this study to support medical record privacy and security in the pandemic mitigation process without sacrificing system usability. The Coviblock ensures system-level openness and trustworthiness in the administration and use of medical records. Edge computing and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) are recommended as part of a decentralised distributed storage system (DDSS) to reduce the latency and the cost of data operations on the blockchain (IPFS). Using blockchain ledgers, the DDSS ensures system-level transparency and event traceability in the administration of medical records. A distributed, decentralised resource access control mechanism (DDRAC) is also proposed to guarantee the secrecy and privacy of DDSS data. To confirm the Coviblock’s real-time behaviour on an Ethereum test network, a prototype of the technology is constructed and examined. To demonstrate the benefits of the proposed system, we compare it to current cloud-based health cyber–physical systems (H-CPSs) with blockchain. According to the experimental research, the Coviblock maintains the same level of security and privacy as existing H-CPSs while performing considerably better. Lastly, the suggested system greatly reduces latency in operations, such as 32 milliseconds (ms) to produce a new record, 29 ms to update vaccination data, and 27 ms to validate a given certificate through the DDSS.