P. Maragathavalli, Aravindhar RS, R Keerthana, M. Harini · 5 authors
Cybercrime gives challenges to law enforcement agencies to secure digital evidence and maintain its integrity. Blockchain known for its decentralized and immutable nature, provides a secure ledger to record digital evidence transactions restricting unauthorized access. This project proposes a framework for digital forensic evidence management, contributing to the enhancement of security and reliability in digital forensic practices through the utilization of Ethereum Blockchain technology and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption. Through a systematic review, various studies, methodologies, and implementations employing Blockchain to safeguard digital evidence are explored. Blockchain, known for its decentralized and immutable nature, provides a secure ledger to record digital evidence transactions, restricting unauthorized access. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm ensures that the data stored on the blockchain remains tamper-resistant and secure. In the blockchain ecosystem, Proof of Stake (POS) plays a critical role by facilitating transaction validation and block creation. It distinguishes itself by selecting validators based on the amount of cryptocurrency they 'stake' or pledge as collateral, offering an energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable alternative to the traditional method.
The advent of large language models (LLMs) has marked a significant milestone in the realm of artificial intelligence, with their capabilities often matching or surpassing human expertise in various domains. Among these achievements, their adeptness in translation tasks stands out, closely mimicking the intricate and preliminary processes undertaken by human translators to ensure the fidelity and quality of the translated content. Despite the advancements in utilizing LLMs for translating programming code across different languages, the domain of smart contract translation, particularly into languages not previously encountered by the LLM, remains largely unexplored. In our research, we present a pioneering approach, SolMover, which harnesses the synergy of two distinct LLMs within a unified framework. This framework is designed to grasp coding principles and apply this understanding to the translation of code into an unfamiliar language. Our study delves into the capacity of LLMs to mimic human learning processes, offering an in-depth evaluation of our methodology for converting smart contracts written in Solidity to Move, a language with limited resources. The framework employs one LLM to decipher coding conventions for the new language, creating a blueprint for the second LLM, which, lacking planning abilities, possesses coding expertise. The empirical evidence from our experiments suggests that SolMover substantially enhances performance compared to gpt-3.5-turbo-1106, and achieves superior results over competitors such as Palm2 and Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct. Additionally, our analysis highlights the efficacy of our bug mitigation strategy in elevating code quality across all models, even outside the SolMover framework.
The use of new technologies, including blockchain and NFT, can become a tool to ensure protection of rights and legitimate interests of copyright holders and stimulate innovation in various fields. The paper considers two legal problems related to the deposit and turnover of the results of intellectual activities, including copyrighted works. The first problem is the possibility of using blockchain technology to deposit such works. The paper provides an overview of main methods of fixing the fact of existence of a copyrighted work, including options without depositing and with depositing. The author concludes that depositing an object of copyright, including blockchain, does not mean its use in the sense of civil law. The second problem is the turnover of rights to deposited objects. The author suggests the best way for the copyright holder, i. e., depositing the result of intellectual activity with subsequent transfer of the NFT to the copyright holder. This solution will make it possible to equate the transfer of NFT with the transfer of the exclusive right to the work.
This study explores the opportunities and challenges presented by smart contracts and their technological foundation, the blockchain.It details the history and mechanics of blockchain technology, emphasizing its decentralized, immutable, and tamper-proof nature.the paper delves into the concept of smart contracts, tracing their origins to nick Szabo and their evolution through the ethereum blockchain.It highlights the role of oracles in enabling smart contracts to interact with the physical world and addresses various practical issues such as immutability, code errors, and the legal implications of smart contracts.The study also examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in smart contracts, discussing how AI can function as an oracle to provide reliable information and support the contractual process.By examining different types of blockchains and smart contracts, the study provides insights into their potential applications and the inherent limitations and risks associated with their use, particularly in terms of legal enforcement and jurisdiction.
Sara Houshmand, Pejman Piroozi, Hossein Monavari, Alireza Mazloum Rahani
The emergence of smart contracts and the increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) have introduced new dimensions to traditional contract law. These advancements have fundamentally transformed the nature of contractual relationships, raising questions about their legal validity, enforceability, and alignment with established legal doctrines. This research article aims to examine the profound impact of smart contracts and AI on the principles and foundations of contract law, particularly within the legal systems of Iran and India. Smart contracts, which operate through blockchain technology and automated execution mechanisms, challenge conventional notions of offer, acceptance, and consideration. The study explores the extent to which these contracts conform to existing legal frameworks and whether legislative adaptations are required to accommodate their unique characteristics. Additionally, the research investigates issues of liability, dispute resolution, and contractual interpretation in the context of AI-driven automation. Given the decentralized nature of blockchain and the self-executing nature of smart contracts, concerns regarding jurisdiction, regulatory oversight, and consumer protection have also emerged. This study employs a comparative legal analysis by examining relevant judicial precedents, academic literature, and statutory provisions from both Iran and India. The findings highlight the need for regulatory frameworks that balance innovation with legal certainty, ensuring that smart contracts function effectively while upholding fundamental legal principles. The article also provides insights into the broader implications of AI in contract law, discussing whether AI-generated contracts challenge traditional notions of contractual autonomy and intent. By addressing the advantages, challenges, and legal implications of smart contracts, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on legal adaptation in the face of rapid technological change. The study emphasizes the importance of legal reform in facilitating the seamless integration of smart contracts within modern legal systems.
Abeer Mirdad, Abdulaziz Khan, Farookh Khadeer Hussain
Blockchain technology has recently been used to provide a secure storage environment through a distributed ledger. Blockchain has increasingly been used in other sectors such as real estate and supply chains, where trust and transparency are paramount considerations. In the pharmaceutical industry, for operational efficiencies, information must be shared reliably between the various stakeholders. A significant limitation in the existing literature is the lack of work to address niche problems such as the just-in-time disposal of drugs that are close to expiry. To address this gap, we propose using blockchain technology. The architectural underpinning of the proposed system (PharmaBlock) is presented and discussed. The primary contribution of this paper is the use of an early warning system (EWS) coupled with marketplace to intelligently identify and dispose of near-expiry drugs. The EWS and marketplace are evaluated and benchmarked using an experimental setup. The result of this experimental has shown that over 90% of notifications were sent correctly and shown also more than 92% of the optimal prices were predicted correctly in PharmaBlock.
Genetic research has significantly advanced with the utilization of DNA Short Tandem Repeat (STR) profiling, playing a pivotal role in forensic investigations and medical studies.However, the surge in genetic data usage has sparked concerns about the privacy and security of individuals' genetic information.In response to these challenges, this paper introduces a pioneering framework that integrates zero-knowledge proofs and blockchain technology to enhance the security of DNA STR profiles.The primary objective of this study is to establish a secure and privacypreserving environment for the comprehensive management of DNA STR profiles.The proposed framework combines the cryptographic guarantees of zero-knowledge proofs with the decentralized and tamper-resistant nature of blockchain technology to enable secure transactions involving DNA STR profiles.This cryptographic technique allows parties to validate the authenticity of information without exposing the actual data, ensuring privacy during data interactions.Blockchain technology is leveraged for the creation of a decentralized and distributed ledger that stores DNA STR profiles for tamper proofing.Smart contracts play a crucial role in enforcing security policies within the blockchain network.These contracts automate the execution of predefined rules, such as access control and data sharing permissions.Additionally, a consensus mechanism is implemented within the blockchain network to ensure agreement among network participants on the validity of transactions.A detailed pseudo algorithm is introduced in the research paper, outlining the step-by-step processes involved in securing DNA STR profiles using zero-knowledge proofs and blockchain.The proposed framework not only addresses current challenges in genetic privacy but also establishes a foundation for the future development of secure genetic databases.
Abstract The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has made it increasingly difficult to protect and enforce intellectual property (IP) rights in a digital landscape where content can be easily accessed and utilized without clear authorization. First, we explain why LLMs make it uniquely difficult to protect and enforce IP, creating a ‘tragedy of the commons.’ Second, drawing on theories of polycentric governance, we argue that non-fungible tokens (NFTs) could be effective tools for addressing the complexities of digital IP rights. Third, we provide an illustrative case study that shows how NFTs can facilitate dispute resolution of IP on the blockchain.
The First Amendment has long provided protections for artists’ creative expression and is a fundamental right for all United States citizens. However, with the rise of a predominantly digital world, those protections begin to blur with the introduction of non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Artistic creation often stems from an inspired source, and sometimes, that inspiration may come from registered intellectual property, specifically trademarks. Trademarks are everywhere we look, so it is not unusual for artists to be inspired by the logos, images, colors, figures, or symbols that are featured on billboards, magazine covers, or everyday items. When these trademarks are used in third-party artistic works, the situation often results in trademark owners gearing up to protect their marks and artists invoking their First Amendment rights to protect their creations. NFTs have become an extremely lucrative market, presenting a new route for artists to explore their creative ideas and an appealing business opportunity for luxury brands to enter into a unique space. Courts and practitioners must focus their attention on the rise of NFTs and trademark-related issues as litigation gradually increases. There has been a longstanding precedent formed by Rogers v. Grimaldi that gives courts some guidance on how to balance First Amendment protections and trademark rights, but with the introduction of NFTs, circuit courts are interpreting and applying the Rogers test in various ways resulting in inconsistent outcomes. This calls for another look at the Rogers test and a reconsideration of its design to balance First Amendment and trademark interests. This Article examines the nuances of First Amendment and trademark law to determine the effectiveness of the traditional Rogers test. This Article concludes that while courts have applied Rogers in unique ways, the emergence of NFTs requires a uniform approach that can only be accomplished by reconsidering Rogers’s application to the digital world. This Article encourages courts to include a more fact-intensive analysis in Rogers cases so fact finders can distinguish between expressive artistic works and ordinary consumer products while discerning the works’ true motives.
NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, present a valuable case study of the ways in which courts fill in the gaps where technological development gets ahead of regulation. In this Article, I offer a descriptive account of the first three years of litigation involving NFTs to come before federal district courts. These early cases implicate intellectual property and “traditional” property disputes, fraud and breach of contract claims, securities regulation, alleged criminal conduct, and service of process issues. This Article will be of particular interest to practitioners advising clients in the crypto industry and to legal scholars teaching or writing about law and innovation in general or crypto in particular. NFTs caught many consumers, courts, and lawmakers off guard in 2021 when they started selling for vertiginous prices despite the fact that they do not, in certain key respects, exist. Some predict that NFTs will come to assume an increasingly central role in art and commerce, while others see NFTs as an unfortunate trend that has already passed its expiration date. Whatever the NFT’s fate, it will not be the last disruptive technology to capture the public imagination and excite the market, with enthusiasm fast outpacing lawmakers’ ability to make sense of the innovation and propose sensible guardrails for its use. This Article tells the story of one such technology that has challenged settled assumptions about art, ownership, and value.
This article looks at the protection of works produced by artificial intelligence, interpreted as objects of copyright in Indonesia.This article uses doctrinal research methods.This article answers legal issues regarding trading copyrighted works resulting from Artificial Intelligence in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens.The conceptual approach uses interpretation theory to examine statutory regulations to see the ideal form of recognition of intellectual property rights.The results of this research show that the existence of variations in AI as an object of intellectual property rights and the protection of works produced by AI in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens is protected preventively in the form of a license.Its repression is qualified as an infringement, and trade in works produced by artificial intelligence in Indonesia does not provide certainty because it only regulates in general, not specifically.The research concludes that the Indonesian government needs to review laws related to artificial intelligence and create regulations implementing the trading mechanism for digital copyrighted works in the form of NFTs and resolving disputes.
Advances in information technology have driven economic globalization. The interests protected by such are no longer only its products but also its intellectual property rights. One form of utilizing digital technology and the internet in the economic field for two-dimensional artworks is through Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). NFT is a form of digital asset in the field of art, where usually transactions that occur are carried out on a special platform. This article examines the protection of the creator's exclusive rights from the tokenization of his work by other parties as well as the responsibilities of the NFT Marketplace. Normative analytical and juridical descriptive research methods are used for legal norms in copyright law related to the exclusive rights of creators and marketplace responsibilities for the commercialization of copyrighted works as NFTs based on these principles and theories.How to cite item: Kirana, Nabilah Putri, “Legal Protection of NFT Digital Objects by NFT Marketplace Based on Comparison with Domain Names†Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 14 no. 3 (2023): 312-321. DOI: 10.26905/idjch.v14i3.11255.
Adebunmi Okechukwu Adewusi, Njideka Rita Chiekezie, Nsisong Louis Eyo-Udo
Blockchain technology offers a promising decentralized approach to enhancing cybersecurity in the agricultural sector, addressing the increasing threats to data integrity and confidentiality. As agriculture becomes increasingly digitized, with the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, smart farming, and data-driven decision-making, the sector faces significant cybersecurity challenges, including data breaches, tampering, and unauthorized access. Traditional centralized security models are often inadequate in managing these risks, given the complex and distributed nature of modern agricultural operations. Blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized, immutable ledger, provides a robust solution to these cybersecurity challenges. By storing data across a distributed network of nodes, blockchain ensures that information is protected from unauthorized alterations and cyberattacks. Each transaction or data entry in a blockchain is encrypted and linked to the previous one, creating a secure chain that is difficult to tamper with. This makes blockchain an ideal tool for safeguarding sensitive agricultural data, such as supply chain information, crop yield records, and proprietary research data. Furthermore, blockchain enhances transparency and traceability in agricultural processes, enabling stakeholders to verify the authenticity and origin of products, thereby reducing the risk of fraud and ensuring compliance with food safety standards. Smart contracts, another feature of blockchain technology, can automate and enforce security protocols, ensuring that only authorized parties have access to specific data or can execute certain actions within the network. However, the adoption of blockchain in agriculture also presents challenges, including technical complexities, high implementation costs, and the need for widespread industry collaboration. Despite these hurdles, the potential benefits of blockchain for cybersecurity in agriculture are significant, offering a powerful tool to protect data, enhance trust, and support the sector's digital transformation. In conclusion, blockchain technology represents a promising decentralized approach to enhancing cybersecurity in agriculture. By providing robust data protection, improving transparency, and enabling secure transactions, blockchain can play a critical role in safeguarding the future of digital agriculture. Keywords: Blockchain, Cybersecurity, Agriculture, Decentralized Approach, Data Protection.
Ildar Begishev, Veronika Denisovich, Timur Sabitov, A. A. Pass · 5 authors
The article is devoted to the analysis of global issues of the existence in law of a completely new object of criminal legal protection — metaverses. The authors consider it necessary to regulate not only the interactive space of the metaverses, but also the relationships that develop within them. A person is able to realize himself inside the digital space. The metaverse has entered social life, economics and law. They attributed metaverse technology to one of the ten technologies that affect the efficiency of business processes. According to analysts, a significant growth of the virtual economy based on digital assets is expected, and by 2027 40 % of companies will use a combination of Web3, cloud augmented reality and digital twins. And of course, this will require from digital law a comprehensive legal regulation of the metaverse technology, which is absent today as a phenomenon. There were complaints from users about the need to protect their rights in the process of using interactive content, in particular: protection of personal data, property, money, physical integrity, the ability to exercise their intellectual rights. However, before outlining the range of crimes that can be committed in completely new conditions, it is necessary to define in the concept of criminal law the need to protect this space, to regulate human activity in it.
In recent years, technological advancements have brought forth significant innovations in various sectors, including the realm of intellectual property. Notable among these innovations are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and the virtual universe (Metaverse). While these innovations offer new opportunities for intellectual property creators, they also pose potential threats to the ownership of intellectual assets. This article presents a normative legal research, descriptive in nature and based on primary and secondary literature. The gathered data is analyzed using a qualitative method, incorporating statute and conceptual approaches, as well as comparative analysis. The study aims to analyze how regulations can respond to these innovations, highlighting potential threats related to intellectual property infringement, identity theft, privacy, and money laundering. It also explores legal protection efforts for intellectual assets found in NFTs and Metaverse in line with existing regulations, community guidelines, and collaboration with various stakeholders.