The purpose of blockchain technology is to solve the trust problem between people or institutions and make the communication data and network communication of the Internet. In the past, cryptography lost money. Passwords are used to protect data, and the cost is relatively high. But with blockchain, cryptography becomes valuable. The formation of blockchain has made new contributions to cryptography and done something we could not do in the past. With blockchain, cryptography is "valuable". In fact, there are many cryptographic primitives used in blockchain, such as hash, digital signature, and etc. Moreover, digital signature not only uses standard digital signature, but also uses ring signature, connectable ring signature, one-time signature, borromer ring signature, multi signature, homomorphic encryption, homomorphic commitment, accumulator, zero knowledge proof, etc. As well as the recently popular password signature toss. As mentioned above, the popularity of blockchain technology will completely break the centralized pattern, indicating the advent of a new era in the future - Web3.0. This paper focuses on the application of encryption technology in blockchain and expounds in detail the applications of such as hash function and ring signature in blockchain. This study analyzes the application of cryptography in blockchain and discusses to the development of encryption technology in the future.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Cryptography and Data Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Alaa Haddad, Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, Fakher Eldin M. Suliman, Elfatih A. A. Elsheikh · 6 authors
Accessing healthcare services by several stakeholders for diagnosis and treatment has become quite prevalent owing to the improvement in the industry and high levels of patient mobility. Due to the confidentiality and high sensitivity of electronic healthcare records (EHR), the majority of EHR data sharing is still conducted via fax or mail because of the lack of systematic infrastructure support for secure and reliable health data transfer, delaying the process of patient care. As a result, it is critically essential to provide a framework that allows for the efficient exchange and storage of large amounts of medical data in a secure setting. The objective of this research is to develop a Patient-Centered Blockchain-Based EHR Management (PCEHRM) system that allows patients to manage their healthcare records across multiple stakeholders and to facilitate patient privacy and control without the need for a centralized infrastructure by means of granting or revoking access or viewing one’s records. We used an Ethereum blockchain and IPFS (inter-planetary file system) to store records because of its advantage of being distributed and ensuring the immutability of records and allowing for the decentralized storage of medical metadata, such as medical reports. To achieve secure a distributed, and trustworthy access control policy, we proposed an Ethereum smart contract termed the patient-centric access control protocol. We demonstrate how the PCEHRM system design enables stakeholders such as patients, labs, researchers, etc., to obtain patient-centric data in a distributed and secure manner and integrate utilizing a web-based interface for the patient and all users to initiate the EHR sharing transactions. Finally, we tested the proposed framework in the Windows environment by compiling a smart contract prototype using Truffle and deploy on Ethereum using Web3. The proposed system was evaluated in terms of the projected medical data storage costs for the IPFS on blockchain, and the execution time for a different number of peers and document sizes. The findings of the study indicate that the proposed strategy is both efficient and practicable.
Ranking algorithms in traditional search engines are powered by enormous training data sets that are meticulously engineered and curated by a centralized entity. Decentralized peer-to-peer (p2p) networks such as torrenting applications and Web3 protocols deliberately eschew centralized databases and computational architectures when designing services and features. As such, robust search-and-rank algorithms designed for such domains must be engineered specifically for decentralized networks, and must be lightweight enough to operate on consumer-grade personal devices such as a smartphone or laptop computer. We introduce G-Rank, an unsupervised ranking algorithm designed exclusively for decentralized networks. We demonstrate that accurate, relevant ranking results can be achieved in fully decentralized networks without any centralized data aggregation, feature engineering, or model training. Furthermore, we show that such results are obtainable with minimal data preprocessing and computational overhead, and can still return highly relevant results even when a user's device is disconnected from the network. G-Rank is highly modular in design, is not limited to categorical data, and can be implemented in a variety of domains with minimal modification. The results herein show that unsupervised ranking models designed for decentralized p2p networks are not only viable, but worthy of further research.
The future iteration of the internet is often branded as Web3, claimed to be a decentralising phase of its evolution, a reaction to the centralisation in the Web 2.0 era. This upcoming version of the internet, afforded by distributed ledgers and blockchain technologies, is sometimes also called the "Web of Value". It highlights the expectation that as much of the content and services on the internet get “tokenised”, which enables their trade and related operations of ‘value creation’. It is claimed that as the value of everything on the internet becomes more salient, conditioning new kinds of economic activities, relationships and forms of organising. In this article we discuss these expectations as imaginaries, the implications of which vary based on how they are framed or interpreted by different economic theories. More specifically, the article discusses the interpretations deriving from neoclassical economics, classical economics, heterodox economics and public value theory. We demonstrate significant differences between these interpretations and how they are offering competing imaginaries on the future internet.
Justin Goldston, Tomer Jordi Chaffer, Justyna Osowska, Charles von Goins
In recent years discussions centered around digital inheritance have increased among social media users and across blockchain ecosystems. As a result digital assets such as social media content cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens have become increasingly valuable and widespread, leading to the need for clear and secure mechanisms for transferring these assets upon the testators death or incapacitation. This study proposes a framework for digital inheritance using soulbound tokens and the social recovery pallet as a use case in the Polkadot and Kusama blockchain networks. The findings discussed within this study suggest that while soulbound tokens and the social recovery pallet offer a promising solution for creating a digital inheritance plan the findings also raise important considerations for testators digital executors and developers. While further research is needed to fully understand the potential impacts and risks of other technologies such as artificial intelligence and quantum computing this study provides a primer for users to begin planning a digital inheritance strategy and for developers to develop a more intuitive solution.
BACKGROUND: Wearable devices have limited ability to store and process such data. Currently, individual users or data aggregators are unable to monetize or contribute such data to wider analytics use cases. When combined with clinical health data, such data can improve the predictive power of data-driven analytics and can proffer many benefits to improve the quality of care. We propose and provide a marketplace mechanism to make these data available while benefiting data providers. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to propose the concept of a decentralized marketplace for patient-generated health data that can improve provenance, data accuracy, security, and privacy. Using a proof-of-concept prototype with an interplanetary file system (IPFS) and Ethereum smart contracts, we aimed to demonstrate decentralized marketplace functionality with the blockchain. We also aimed to illustrate and demonstrate the benefits of such a marketplace. METHODS: We used a design science research methodology to define and prototype our decentralized marketplace and used the Ethereum blockchain, solidity smart-contract programming language, the web3.js library, and node.js with the MetaMask application to prototype our system. RESULTS: We designed and implemented a prototype of a decentralized health care marketplace catering to health data. We used an IPFS to store data, provide an encryption scheme for the data, and provide smart contracts to communicate with users on the Ethereum blockchain. We met the design goals we set out to accomplish in this study. CONCLUSIONS: A decentralized marketplace for trading patient-generated health data can be created using smart-contract technology and IPFS-based data storage. Such a marketplace can improve quality, availability, and provenance and satisfy data privacy, access, auditability, and security needs for such data when compared with centralized systems.
Carla Ferraro, Melissa Wheeler, Jason Pallant, Samuel Wilson · 5 authors
Web3 technology is described as trustless in that interactions and transactions do not require trusted third parties and instead rely on smart contracts and the immutability of the decentralized blockchain. Thus, in contrast to earlier iterations of the web, Web3 users are asked to trust the technology itself rather than the human intermediaries. On its face , this shift to a trustless web calls into question the traditional conceptions of and requirements for trust. However, in this article, we caution against claims that advocate distrusting Web3 on the basis that, despite how quickly Web3 technology is advancing, the psychological processes through which people perceive and make sense of the social world remain fundamentally unchanged. Drawing on the psychology of trust and the evolution of web technologies and associated objects of trust, we argue that Web3 is not so trustless after all. We also highlight opportunities for brands to build trust in Web3 technology, including key considerations in leveraging opportunities and directions for further research. Overall, this article provides critical guidance to brand managers, policy advisors, and academics seeking to understand, build, and trust Web3 technology.
The paper discusses formation features of the metaverse concept in terms of the active introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) into the state governance and business. The work’ goal is to study the concept content, its structure and development prospects. The author used such general scientific research methods as content analysis, comparative and correlation analysis, grouping, synthesis, systematization. In order to reveal the concept content, the paper reflects various approaches to the definition of the term “metaverse”. The author proposes his understanding and analyzes the issues of transition to the Web3 era and its relationship with the metaverse in the digital transformation of society and economy. The research presents a vision of the major elements of the metaverse at the current time. Despite the emerging risks, it assumes the active use of ICT and trends towards decentralization of the economy will contribute to the further implementation of the metaverse concept in our daily life. A practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using its provisions in the compilation of strategies for the development of corporations and state institutions. As an inference, the study gives some recommendations to corporations on taking part in the creation and it makes development of virtual worlds and a conclusion about the prospects for the concept progress in the medium term.
Open access
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Since the dawn of human civilization, trust has been the core challenge of social organization. Trust functions to reduce the effort spent in constantly monitoring others' actions in order to verify their assertions, thus facilitating cooperation by allowing groups to function with reduced complexity. To date, in modern societies, large scale trust is almost exclusively provided by large centralized institutions. Specifically in the case of the Internet, Big Tech companies maintain the largest Internet platforms where users can interact, transact and share information. Thus, they control who can interact and conduct transactions through their monopoly of online trust. However, as recent events have shown, allowing for-profit corporations to act as gatekeepers to the online world comes with a litany of problems. While so far ecosystems of trust on the Internet could only be feasibly created by large institutions, Web3 proponents have a vision of the Internet where trust is generated without centralised actors. They attempt to do so by creating an ecosystem of trust constructed using decentralised technology. This survey explores this elusive goal of Web3 to create a "Universal Trust Machine", which in a true decentralised paradigm would be owned by both nobody and everybody. In order to do so, we first motivate the decades-old problem of generating trust without an intermediary by discussing Robert Axelrod's research on the evolution of cooperation. Next, we present the challenges that would have to be overcome in order to enable long term cooperation. We proceed to present various reputation systems, all of which present promising techniques for encouraging trustworthy behaviour. Then, we discuss Distributed Ledger technologies whose secure transaction facilitating and privacy preserving techniques promise to be a good complement to the current limitations of vanilla reputation systems.
In this sessions speakers discuss:
 
 What elements of blockchain technology can healthcare benefit from TODAY without committing to decentralization
 The strategy for utilizing DAML for the purpose of progressive decentralization in enterprise
 Converging how TradFi was brought on chain to innovate healthcare payments
 Future strategies utilizing DAO’s and NFT’s in a heavily regulated environment
Abstract The potential of the metaverse in the field of education is an area of increasing interest, with many researchers exploring the space to increase the ease and efficacy of student education while reducing time and labor requirements to deliver effective teaching. However, there has been little work into the systematic and technological aspects of delivering education through the metaverse. To fill this gap, we propose a metaverse education system that takes good advantages of virtual reality and Web3 blockchain techologies to create a social learning environment. With this added emphasis on social aspects, learners are able to socialize and engage in collaborative efforts to improve their own knowledge. Using blockchain technology, the system can also help to ensure security and transparency while also keeping progression and grading fair for all participating students.
Метою роботи є створення додатку для зберігання та обміну медичної інформації на централізований мережі блокчейн. Об’єктом роботи є процес збереження та редагування та медичної інформації лікарями та її перегляд та обмін пацієнтами. Предметом роботи є програмний засіб для зберігання та обміну медичної інформації в централізованій мережі. Інструменти розроблення: безкоштовне, вільно поширюване середовище розробки Microsoft Visual Studio Code, мова програмування TypeScript, використання бібліотек React, web3-react, CSS бібліотеки Tailwind, програмного середовища розробки Hardhat, мова програмування смарт-контрактів Solidity, бібліотеки смарт-контрактів OpenZeppelin Contracts. У ході дослідження виконано загальний огляд типів медичної інформації, проблем її зберігання та обміну, архітектуру існуючих додатків, її переваги та недоліки. Також було досліджено та описано технологію блокчейн, її особливості, переваги та недоліки в порівнянні з клієнт-серверною архітектурою. Розроблено програмний продукт для зберігання та обміну медичної інформації на блокчейні. Ключові слова : WEB-3, децентралізована архітектура, клієнт-серверна архітектура, медична інформація, надійність, програмне забезпечення, приватна інформація, безпека, блокчейн.
Daniel F. Escobar, Carlos Navarro, Evangelia Papaspyrou
Planetary scale computation is evolving the way we digitize the physical urban space. The following research aims to provide an architectural response to the accelerating digitization of our physical world and societal life processes of economy and communications. It acknowledges the legitimate bias in the perceptual value of territories favored by the new Attention Economy of the Metaverse and Blockchain-based Virtual Environments. It proposes the analogy of a theme park derived from the distorted collective vision of todayÂs reality, of a reduced collection of favored attraction locations. The research provides first a review of contemporary studies related to the operation of the Attention Economy in the Metaverse, Web3 platforms, and Gamified Virtual Environments, as well as studies on recent architectural expressions or typologies of these spaces. A series of methodologies are described next to convey the impact of recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the creation of digital personas and worldmaking for this type of economy. The methodologies comprise a three-stage workflow based on data mining and curation, processing through AI-aided generative methods, and implementation with game engine environments, ultimately discussed regarding simulation and creative agency.
Este breve estudio de situación demuestra cómo Brasil ha intentado en las últimas dos décadas actuar en el área de la cultura digital mediante la implantación de infraestructuras y la formación de agentes e instituciones. Sin embargo, la asimetría educativa, financiera y cultural del país y la singularidad de la producción de la cultura y la formación del patrimonio en una sociedad posdigital implican complejidades que requieren nuevas actualizaciones de las prácticas, regímenes, habilidades y políticas de información, junto con la comprensión y el dominio de las tecnologías emergentes como web3, blockchain, “tokenización”, OADs e IA. El estudio pretende presentar este escenario y sus retos en el contexto de los acervos y colecciones, basadas en modelos tradicionales y nuevas colecciones artístico-científicas mediadas por estas tecnologías. Palabras clave: Cultura digital; acervos; colecciones; Blockchain; IA; Brasil. Technologies and digital culture in the redefinition of digital collections and heritage: a look to the future in the context of Brazil and its challenges Abstract: This brief survey demonstrates how Brazil has tried over the last two decades to act in the area of digital culture through the implementation of infrastructures and the training of agents and institutions. However, the educational, financial and cultural asymmetry of the country and the uniqueness of culture production and heritage formation in a post-digital society imply complexities that require new updates of information practices, regimes, skills and policies, along with the understanding and mastery of emerging technologies such as web3, blockchain, tokenisation, OADs and AI. The study aims to present this scenario and its challenges in the context of collections and collections based on traditional models and new art-science collections mediated by these technologies. Keywords: Digital culture; collections; collections; Blockchain; AI; Brazil. Artículo recibido: 18/10/2023. Revisado: 22/10/2023. Aceptado: 03/11/2023
[ES]Nos encontramos actualmente ante una evolución tecnológica que hace que las personas pasen más tiempo en línea y realicen actividades cotidianas de forma virtual constantemente. Este desarrollo está relacionado con el avance de Internet, la red de redes, que ha sido clasificada en tres etapas: Web1, Web2 y Web3. Desde la Web2, debido al auge de las redes sociales, los ciudadanos han avanzado cada vez más en la creación de una identidad digital, facilitando su información a las plataformas digitales de forma recurrente. En atención a ello, ¿Qué responsabilidad llevan aparejadas las plataformas digitales al gestionar la identidad? Igualmente, con el metaverso se comienza a hablar de una nueva “identidad soberana”, con la que los ciudadanos recuperarán el control de los datos que componen su identidad digital gracias a técnicas de blockchain. ¿Cómo cambiará la responsabilidad de las plataformas en este nuevo mundo digital? Estas preguntas serán tratadas a lo largo de esta investigación. [EN]We are currently facing a technological evolution that makes the population spend more time online and constantly perform daily activities virtually. This development is related to the advance of the Internet, the network of networks, which has been classified into three stages: Web1, Web2 and Web3. Since Web2, due to the rise of social networks, citizens have increasingly advanced in the creation of a digital identity, providing their information to digital platforms on a recurring basis. In view of this, what responsibility do digital platforms carry when managing identity? Likewise, the metaverse is the beginning of a new “sovereign identity”, with which citizens will regain control of the data that make up their digital identity thanks to blockchain techniques. How will the responsibility of platforms change in this new digital world? These questions will be addressed throughout this research.
Le développement d’une collection de NFTs nécessite des compétences variées qui ne seront que très rarement réunies au sein d’une seule et même personne. La réussite d’un tel projet passe en effet a minima par la réalisation d’œuvres d’art, le développement de programmes informatiques, la réalisation d’opérations de communication adaptées à un projet Web3, ou encore la modération et l’animation de réseaux sociaux dans le respect des usages propres à un projet
In 2022, the Japanese government is strongly proposing to focus on developing the Web3 industry. The government is exploring the use of NFTs to commercialize content such as Japanese animations and games as Web3 businesses. NFT (Non-Fungible Token) means "unique and non-substitutable data unit recorded in blockchain". NFT indicates the owner of digital content by linking the NFT with digital content such as image or audio data. On the other hand, NFTs are constructed using complex technologies such as “blockchain” and “smart contracts”. For this reason, many people do not understand the technical mechanism of NFTs. There are also aspects of excessive expectations for NFTs based on misunderstandings. I think that the bubble caused by excessive expectations negatively affects the development of technology. Therefore, in this research, I investigated what kind of value people find after understanding the mechanism of NFTs. Also, based on the survey, I find the functions desired for NFTs. Specifically, I made a video for non-technical people to easy to understand how NFTs work. And I showed the non-technical people the video with a demonstration of NFT tampering. After showing the video to the viewers, I surveyed them to investigate how their understanding of NFTs and the perceived value of NFTs changed. As a result, people understood that NFTs were not used as keys to access contents, but rather as a way to brag about what the holders had.
Jan 1, 2023·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
The purpose of the minitrack is to attract research on the innovation, design, development, management, and use of digital services and the digitalization of services.The key drivers in this area of research are the multiplying technological opportunities for digital services, such as ubiquitous connectivity, artificial intelligence, wearable devices, cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things (IoT), virtual/augmented reality, web3, and so on.The minitrack provides a discussion forum for researchers interested in theoretical and practical problems related to such services (Huang & Rust, 2013;Lusch & Nambisan, 2015).
11,9 milliards de dollars, c’est le montant engendré en 2021 par le marché des NFT appliqué à l’art1, l’un des nombreux cas d’application de cette technologie. Les NFT, ou « non fungible token », sont devenus un nouveau media qui compte dans le marché de l’art et, plus généralement, un segment prépondérant du « Web3 », l’Internet décentralisé.Mais la distinction entre
В роботі виконано порівняльний аналіз програмних реалізацій спеціальних мереж смартфонів (SPAN), а саме FireChat, Bridgefy, Serval Project та Briar та проаналізовано їхні підходи до безпеки та автентифікації користувачів. В роботі виявлено, що існуючі механізми автентифікації користувачів недостатні та вразливі, тому запропоновано рішення, що використовує технологію розподілених застосунків Blockchain для автентифікації користувачів. Рішення написане на мові програмування Java та NextJS та використовує Ngrok для публічного доступу до застосунку з використанням SSL. Таке рішення використовує Web3 гаманець MetaMask для виконання процедури автентифікації та спеціальний API від Moralis. Результуюче рішення є більш безпечне завдяки особливостям роботи технології Blockchain та окрім автентифікації, дозволяє перевірити користувача в мережі Blockchain. Воно може бути застосоване для програмних реалізацій SPAN, а також для будь-яких інших мобільних застосунків, що потребують механізму автентифікації користувачів. Ключові слова: БЛОКЧЕЙН, СПЕЦІАЛЬНІ МЕРЕЖІ СМАРТФОНІВ, METAMASK, MORALIS, WEB3, SPAN.