Mingming Cui, Dezhi Han, Han Liu, Kuan‐Ching Li · 9 authors
Data sharing in Vehicular Social Networks (VSNs) is an essential road service that assists vehicle driving and promotes intelligent transportation applications. In VSNs, vehicles regularly collect and upload valuable data to share with other vehicles. Data encryption can be employed during data uploading and sharing to prevent malicious tampering and privacy disclosure. However, existing data-sharing schemes lack security, have high overhead in obtaining decrypted data, and show low trust in the central authority controlling the entire network. To facilitate data sharing in VSNs, this paper proposes a new scheme using consortium blockchain to realize secure data sharing. Nodes in the blockchain invoke smart contracts and implement the location-based Speculative Byzantine Fault Tolerance (LSBFT) to accomplish data-sharing transactions among vehicles. The scheme not only ensures the security of vehicle information but also protects the privacy of the shared data. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme can resist attacks and has shown transaction fairness, data confidentiality, non-repudiation, and traceability. Simulation results show that the scheme has higher sharing efficiency and less time to reach a consensus in the data storage process.
O mercado de veículos conectados cresceu substancialmente nos últimos anos, fortale- cendo a Internet dos Veículos (IoV). Esse ecossistema viabiliza a conectividade entre veículos, infraestrutura dos sistemas de transporte inteligentes (ITS) e dispositivos de pedestres, além de permitir acesso a serviços de Internet e recursos de nuvens computacionais. Entretanto, a adoção mais ampla da IoV, com todo o seu potencial inovador para as cidades inteligentes, depende de estratégias eficazes de segurança e privacidade. Um dos pilares fundamentais para garantir segurança na IoV é o processo de autenticação. Por um lado, a autenticação deve assegurar que apenas veículos autorizados obtenham conectividade, armazenamento e proces- samento na IoV. Por outro lado, este processo não deve comprometer a qualidade de serviço (QoS) de aplicações críticas, como streaming de vídeo dos passageiros e atualizações remotas de software automotivas, conhecidas como over-the-air (OTA). O desafio desta pesquisa é equilibrar a necessidade de segurança com a manutenção da QoS em um ambiente de alta mobilidade e densidade variável de veículos. O estudo avaliou estratégias de autenticação para veículos em redes móveis 5G-V2X, comparando abordagens centralizadas, baseadas em auto- ridades de confiança (TA), e soluções distribuídas com suporte de blockchain, utilizando os algoritmos de consenso PoW (Proof of Work) e PoS (Proof of Stake). Foi proposta uma ar- quitetura em camadas para IoV, incorporando os dois métodos de autenticação em ambientes de computação de borda (edge) e nevoeiro (fog). Os mecanismos foram implementados utili- zando os simuladores OMNeT++, Veins, SIMU5G, INET e SUMO, com dados de tráfego da Avenida Agamenon Magalhães, Recife-PE, Brasil, para capturar a variabilidade do ambiente real. O objetivo foi desenvolver um arcabouço inteligente para a tomada de decisão ciente de contexto na escolha do método de autenticação mais adequado para a IoV, utilizando otimização bayesiana para melhorar a segurança e a eficiência operacional dos sistemas de transporte inteligente. A solução proposta, SIMA-IoV, seleciona dinamicamente o método de autenticação (centralizado ou descentralizado) mais adequado com base nos dados coletados. Os resultados das simulações indicam que a computação de borda distribuída entre as esta- ções rádio base 5G garantiu tempos de autenticação na ordem de milissegundos, mantendo a continuidade dos serviços em ambientes de alta mobilidade. O SIMA-IoV demonstrou que a autenticação baseada em blockchain com PoS é mais estável para cenários de alta densidade de veículos, enquanto a TA apresentou melhor desempenho em cenários de baixa densidade. Já o PoW mostrou instabilidade, destacando suas limitações em ambientes IoV de alta demanda. Os resultados obtidos foram inovadores, mostrando um avanço significativo na otimização do serviço de autenticação em redes móveis veiculares.
Location-Based Services (LBS) have greatly improved efficiency and functionality in various domains, but privacy and security concerns remain due to the centralized nature of many existing systems. To address these issues, this paper introduces the V-Track system, a decentralized architecture using blockchain technology for reliable vehicle location verification. By integrating GPS devices (SparkFun GPS NEO-M9), IoT-enabled sensors, and a Cosmos blockchain-based ledger (network of interconnected blockchains), V-Track aims to solve centralized LBS problems. Through rigorous simulation experiments, this paper evaluates the performance and security of the V-Track system and demonstrates its potential to provide reliable location verification while preserving user privacy. This paper makes significant contributions by presenting V-Track as a decentralized solution to centralized LBS privacy and security problems, enhancing reliability and trustworthiness through blockchain integration, improving tracking mechanisms with GPS devices and IoT sensors for improved accuracy, and providing a privacy-preserving alternative to centralized LBS through its decentralized design and use of blockchain technology. These advancements hold promise for applications across multiple sectors, including logistics, supply chain management, urban planning, and emerging fields such as autonomous vehicles and augmented reality.
Mahmoud A. Shawky, Ahmed Gamal Abdellatif Ibrahim, Mostafa M. Ahmed, Mostafa Hadhouda · 9 authors
The increasing complexity and connectivity of modern vehicular networks underscore the necessity for efficient authentication mechanisms to ensure secure and reliable communication among vehicles. This paper introduces a novel approach using smart contract-based blockchain technology for trust delegation among vehicles in VANETs. Addressing challenges in 5G-enabled vehicular networks, the proposed scheme aims to optimise authentication processes, reducing computation and communication costs while enhancing handover mechanisms. Through comprehensive analysis, the scheme's security robustness against potential active attacks is evaluated, demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing costs. The numerical analysis reveals a remarkable reduction of computation and communication costs by 66% and 81 %, respectively, showcasing the superior efficiency of the proposed smart contract-based blockchain solution compared to conventional authentication methods.
Frederico Baptista, Marina Dehez-Clementi, Jonathan Detchart
The integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) into the current airspace poses significant challenges in terms of safety, security, and operability. As an example, in 2019, the European Union defined a set of rules to support the digitalization of UAS traffic management (UTM) systems and services, namely the U-Space regulations. Current propositions opted for a centralized and private model, concentrated around governmental authorities (e.g., AlphaTango provides the Registration service and depends on the French government). In this paper, we advocate in favor of a more decentralized and transparent model in order to improve safety, security, operability among UTM stakeholders, and legal compliance. As such, we propose DFly, a publicly auditable and privacy-preserving UAS traffic management system on Blockchain, with two initial services: Registration and Flight Authorization. We demonstrate that the use of a blockchain guarantees the public auditability of the two services and corresponding service providers’ actions. In addition, it facilitates the comprehensive and distributed monitoring of airspace occupation and the integration of additional functionalities (e.g., the creation of a live UAS tracker). The combination with zero-knowledge proofs enables the deployment of an automated, distributed, transparent, and privacy-preserving Flight Authorization service, performed on-chain thanks to the blockchain logic. In addition to its construction, this paper details the instantiation of the proposed UTM system with the Ethereum Sepolia’s testnet and the Groth16 ZK-SNARK protocol. On-chain (gas cost) and off-chain (execution time) performance analyses confirm that the proposed solution is a viable and efficient alternative in the spirit of digitalization and offers additional security guarantees.
Christos N Kontos, Theodor Panagiotakopoulos, Achilles Kameas
Transportation plays an important role in urban development. Population growth and environmental burden have turned the efforts of cities globally towards smarter and greener mobility. Cooperative and Connected Automated Mobility (CCAM) serves as a concept with the power and potential to help achieve these goals building upon technological fields like Internet of Things, computer vision and distributed computing. However, its implementation is hindered by various challenges covering technical parameters such as performance and reliability in tandem with other issues, such as safety, accountability and trust. To overcome these issues, new distributed and decentralized approaches like blockchain and smart contracts are needed. This paper aims at identifying a comprehensive inventory of CCAM challenges and use it as a framework to describe methodologies using blockchain and smart contracts to address them. It provides a comparative analysis of the findings to draw useful conclusions and discuss future directions in CCAM and relevant blockchain applications. The paper contributes to intelligent transportation systems’ research by offering an integrated view of the difficulties in substantiating CCAM and providing insights on the most prominent blockchain and smart contract technologies that tackle them.
S. Gopalakrishnan, E. D. Kanmani Ruby, D. Hemanand, R. Anitha · 6 authors
The incorporation or combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology into Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) shows important factor for modern and advance smart city infrastructure and autonomous vehicular networks. This paper describes the complementary potential of the technologies to help the built-in difficulties of MANETs includes flexibility, protection, and data integrity. AI techniques such as machine learning and reinforcement learning, are emphasized to improve routing protocols to optimize data transmission rates, and decrease latency. Blockchain technology using Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) and other consensus mechanisms, gives a tight and decentralized architecture for data handling assuring trust and integrity amidst network nodes. The appeal of these incorpoarted technologies is especially related for smart cities which depand on collection of data and evaluation for effective handling of urban operations such as flow of traffic, environmental observing, and consumption of energy. Autonomous vehicular networks needing rigd and strong communication and data transfer between vehicles and infrastructure, also help from the enhanced network functions and security provided by AI and blockchain incorpoaration. Experimental evaluation denotes improvements in crucial performance metrics. Sensor 2 persists the highest data transmission rate of 12 Mbps. Sensor 4 had the decreased at 9 Mbps. Latency measurements observed that Sensor 2 recorded the lowest latency at 45 ms, with Sensor 3 having the highest at 55 ms.
The emergence of the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) has also exposed security challenges that require advanced strategies to maintain secure data provenance (SDP) and ensure data credibility and anomaly detection. This paper introduces an innovative framework tailored for the dynamic and distributed nature of IoVs that enables the secure tracing of data origins and ensures the reliability of data through plausibility checks. Our approach leverages the principles of decentralized SDP using Verifiable Credentials (VCs) and distributed ledger technology (DLT) to establish a traceable and tamper-evident data lineage, enhancing the integrity and authenticity of vehicular communications. To address the complexities of anomaly detection, we integrate checks that scrutinize data streams for abnormal patterns, enabling the timely identification and mitigation of potential security breaches. We also propose a robust mechanism to assess data plausibility, ensuring that only credible and verifiable data influence the decision-making processes in the IoVs ecosystem. Through detailed experimentation and analysis, our methodology demonstrates significant improvements in securing IoVs against common threats such as impersonation, data tampering, and privacy breaches. This fosters a trustworthy and resilient vehicular network environment.
Joseph Wheeder, Sivaram Ponnusamy, Rais Abdul Hamid Khan, Pawan R. Ponnusamy · 5 authors
The use of blockchain technology to strengthen the privacy and security of vehicle ad hoc networks has recently garnered much attention. A private and secure network for vehicular communication can be set up by taking advantage of Blockchain's decentralized and tamper-proof properties. One of the key advantages of integrating Blockchain with VANET is creating an open and immutable record of transactions. This function guarantees no one can tamper with the securely recorded data exchanges and vehicle communications. In addition, an extra layer of protection for VANET communication can be achieved by authenticating and encrypting messages using cryptographic techniques within the blockchain framework. Smart contracts, which execute themselves according to predetermined rules written into code, are another innovation that emerged from blockchain technology. VANET's security and privacy policies can be automated and enforced, making the network even more trustworthy and reliable by using this feature. By adopting a blockchain-based architecture, VANET can enhance the privacy, security, and trust between vehicles and infrastructure parts. In this paper, we look at blockchain technology, its advantages and disadvantages, and how it could solve the privacy and security issues in VANET.
Anuj Nepal, Mohamed Ahzam Amanullah, Robin Doss, Frank Jiang
The evolution of the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) presents many opportunities for intelligent transport systems; however, it brings significant security challenges that threaten the security and reliability of the data. Security, reliability, and trustworthiness are the essential critical requirements for the IoVs to ensure secure and efficient decision-making processes in an accurate, secure, and trustworthy manner. Traditional research paradigms have predominantly focused on data integrity, overlooking the essential need for data to be realistic, consistent, trustworthy, and reliable. Addressing this gap, our paper introduces a decentralized secure data provenance (SDP) protocol for the dynamic and distributed nature of IoVs to ensure verifiable security properties regarding data plausibility, source identity, data privacy, location authenticity, and data integrity, properties that are fundamental for achieving SDP. Our protocol integrates Verifiable Credentials (VCs) with distributed ledger technology (DLT), Road-Side Unit (RSU) infrastructure, cryptographic techniques, and plausibility checks to ensure secure, traceable, and tamper-evident data lineage. This comprehensive approach enables the timely identification and mitigation of potential security breaches, such as impersonation, data tampering, and privacy violations which are crucial for maintaining SDP and ensuring data credibility through anomaly detection and plausibility checks. Through detailed security analysis and validation, our methodology demonstrates improved resilience against common threats, ensuring that only credible and verifiable data inform its decision-making processes.
Jie Li, Yuanyuan Lin, Yibing Li, Yan Zhuang · 5 authors
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) connects an isolated individual on the road to share information, which can improve traffic efficiency. However, the promotion of information sharing brings the critical security issues of identity authentication, followed by privacy protection issues in the authentication process in the IoV. In this study, we designed a blockchain-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for the IoV (BPA). Our scheme implements zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) to verify the identities of vehicles, which moves the authentication process down to the Roadside Units (RSUs) and achieves decentralized authentication at the edge nodes. Moreover, blockchain technology is utilized to synchronize a consistent ledger across all RSUs for recording and disseminating vehicle authentication states, which enhances the overall authentication process efficiency. We provide a theoretical analysis asserting that the BPA ensures enhanced security and effectively protects the privacy of all participating vehicles. Experimental evaluations confirm that our scheme outperforms existing solutions in terms of the computational and communication overhead.
Recent advances in aerial robotics and wireless transceivers have generated an enormous interest in networks constituted by multiple compact unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). UAV adhoc networks, i.e., aerial networks with dynamic topology and no centralized control, are found suitable for a unique set of applications, yet their operation is vulnerable to cyberattacks. In many applications, such as IoT networks or emergency failover networks, UAVs augment and provide support to the sensor nodes or mobile nodes in the ground network in data acquisition and also improve the overall network performance. In this situation, ensuring the security of the adhoc UAV network and the integrity of data is paramount to accomplishing network mission objectives. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to secure UAV adhoc networks, referred to as the blockchain-assisted security framework (BCSF). We demonstrate that the proposed system provides security without sacrificing the performance of the network through blockchain technology adopted to the priority of the message to be communicated over the adhoc UAV network. Theoretical analysis for computing average latency is performed based on queuing theory models followed by an evaluation of the proposed BCSF approach through simulations that establish the superior performance of the proposed methodology in terms of transaction delay, data secrecy, data recovery, and energy efficiency.
Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC) has emerged as a promising paradigm to enable low-latency Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services by bringing computing resources closer to vehicles. However, the high dynamicity of vehicular networks poses significant challenges in designing an optimal policy for delivering V2X services while ensuring security and timely service delivery. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a BlockchainEnabled Vehicular Edge Computing (BEVEC) framework that employs a dual-layer verification process empowered with a permissioned blockchain to ensure data accuracy and integrity. A novel system utility function is designed to measure the performance of the BEVEC, which also serves as the basis for a consensus mechanism of the permissioned blockchain. To optimize this utility, a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm is proposed to enable timely service delivery in BEVEC. Simulation-based results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm when compared to existing approaches. On average, it obtained an 18% reduction in latency, a 38% improvement in successful service delivery, and a 65% decrease in energy consumption.
Recently, big data related to human movement, air quality, and meteorology have been generated in urban computing through sensing technology and the computing infrastructure. However, security problems arise as data utilization increases. If the sensing data from internet of things devices are constantly exposed, the users’ private information can be determined, a critical security risk that could result in privacy breaches. This paper proposes a secure data processing system using the blockchain and differential privacy for data security and privacy protection in urban computing. When a service provider requests information, the system generates it from urban computing data using machine learning. We apply differential privacy to these data to protect privacy. However, if a query repeats, differential privacy may provide insufficient privacy protection. Therefore, we reduce the total privacy cost by reusing noise for the same data and privacy parameters using the blockchain. Machine learning accuracy may decrease when noisy data are used for training. Thus, we increase accuracy by storing and appropriately using the model parameters generated by the same data in the blockchain. We design, simulate, and analyze the results of an experimental environment for reusing noise for differential privacy and parameter utilization of machine learning using the blockchain. The proposed approach reduces privacy costs compared to the existing mechanism while protecting data privacy. We demonstrate that, through parameter utilization, the accuracy improves compared to conventional mechanisms.
As the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has become the critical part of Intelligent Vehicular Transportation Systems (IVTS), massive IoV entities (e.g., RSU, OBU, pedestrians’ mobile devices, etc.) get involved into IVTS. At present, one of the biggest challenges with IoV/IVTS is how to maintain a balance between security and privacy. The receivers need to be sure that they are receiving reliable messages from the origin and could trace or link the attacker’s identity, but the tracing or linking may work against the sender’s need for identity privacy. To solve the security and privacy problem, most of current works have proposed authentication solutions to provide anonymous, traceable and unlinkable schemes, which are still vulnerable to either Sybil attacks or quantum attacks. Therefore, we propose the blockchain-based post-quantum anonymous, traceable and linkable authentication scheme by utilizing NIST winner post-quantum algorithms and related post-quantum linkable ring signature. Grounded on the authentication scheme, we also develop key exchange mechanism, which help IoV entities perform efficient message authentication encryption/decryption during P2P communication and broadcast. The security analysis shows that our proposal is resistant to Sybil attack and provides other essential security characteristics including man-in-the-middle-proof and anti-replay. Finally, we perform detailed performance evaluation including each on-chain API execution time, the off-chain communication time and the on-board/on-chain storage requirements. To further evaluate the feasibility of our scheme in the IoV/IVTS environment, we also show the effectiveness of our proposal in a blockchain-based simulation study.
Query exchange in the Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) can protect users’ trajectory information. However, this method lacks an appropriate incentive mechanism, which leads to cooperative users refusing to participate in query exchange. In order to provide cooperative users with incentives to participate in query exchange, this paper proposes a smart contract-based query exchange (SC-QE) trajectory privacy protection method. By creating a many-to-many smart contract, the method encourages the cooperative users to bid to the requesting users. Subsequently, in order to select a Best Similarity Deviation User (BSDU) for the requesting user to perform query exchange, the users in the smart contract are modeled as a weighted bipartite graph, and the matching between the requesting users and BSDUs is realized by means of a weighted bipartite graph best matching algorithm. Following successful verification of the query exchange transaction in the smart contract, the base station distributes rewards to the BSDU and uploads the query exchange transaction to the consortium blockchain. Experimental results show that compared with the deviation-based query exchange (DQE) method, the proposed method reduces the user processing time by 12% while increasing the continuous anonymous success rate by 29%. Therefore, the proposed method can reduce the service query time and improve the level of trajectory privacy protection.
Mishri Saleh Al-Marshoud, Mehmet Sabır Kiraz, Ali H. Al-Bayati
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are powerful platforms for vehicular data services and applications. The increasing number of vehicles has made the vehicular network diverse, dynamic, and large-scale, making it difficult to meet the 5G network’s demanding requirements. Decentralized systems are interesting and provide attractive services because they are publicly available (transparency), have an append-only ledger (robust integrity protection), remove single points of failure, and enable distributed key management and communication in a peer-to-peer network. Researchers dedicated substantial efforts to advancing vehicle communications, however conventional cryptographic mechanisms are insufficient which enabled us to look at decentralized technologies. Therefore, we revisit decentralized approaches with VANETs. Endpoint devices hold a wallet which may incorporate threshold key management methods like MPC wallets, HD Wallets, or multi-party threshold ECDSA/EdDSA/BLS. We also discuss trust management approaches and demonstrate how decentralization can improve integrity, security, privacy, and resilience to single points of failure. We also conduct a comprehensive review, comparing them with current requirements, and the latest authentication and secure communication architectures, which require the involvement of trusted but non-transparent authorities in certificate issuance/revocation. We highlight the limitations of these schemes from PKI deployment and recommend future research, particularly in the realm of quantum cryptography.
Usama Arshad, Zahid Halim, Hisham Alasmary, Muhammad Waqas
Blockchain technology is used often as a merger with other technologies to achieve a high level of security, privacy, and robustness and to handle issues such as maliciousness of nodes, privacy leakage, the selfishness of nodes, communication delays, and high execution and transaction costs. There is currently a lack of a comprehensive system for automating and cost-effectively managing vehicle repairs, maintenance, and other associated services. To solve such issues we proposed a novel futuristic comprehensive model that integrates a blockchain-based framework to safely record vehicle maintenance, validate repair services, and oversee parts inventory. It employs smart contracts and consensus protocols to secure communications and data storage, thus reducing data breaches and vulnerabilities from single-point failures. A reward system is embedded within the network to encourage positive behavior and deter detrimental actions. We also incorporated advanced privacy-ensuring methods, like zero-knowledge proofs and secure multi-party computation, to safeguard sensitive data while preserving its utility. Our model features automatic detection and response mechanisms for node failure, improving network resilience by 25% thus also providing a 20% reduction in execution, operational costs, and scalability with an enhancement of 15%, underscoring the model’s efficiency in vehicular repair and maintenance activities. Results and simulations clearly depict the overall performance and efficiency in terms of security, privacy, node failure, and the management of vehicle repairs with respect to other closely related models.
Tudor Andreica, Adrian Musuroi, Alfred Anistoroaei, Camil Jichici · 5 authors
The development of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for in-vehicle buses has gained a lot of momentum in recent years as the number of reported vulnerabilities and the degree of interconnectivity for modern vehicles are on the rise. Since intrusion detection is resource consuming, it can be performed on computationally capable Android head units that are now present inside vehicles. Moreover, these units are connected to the internet, which enables the use of more complex algorithms that run in cloud environments. In this work we develop one such approach: an IDS that consists of a locally installed copy, running on head units, and a centralized instance of it that runs in the cloud and monitors traffic for groups of similar vehicles. Additionally, the centralized instance is part of a cloud service for intrusion detection which is continuously updated with the most recent types of attacks. The classification results of the cloud-based service are further analyzed by an incident response team which confirms the presence of known attacks, analyzes new types of attacks and assesses their impact. The output of this activity is stored on the Blockchain as ISO/SAE 21434 compliant reports, ensuring the transparency and traceability of the reported incidents.
Akhtar Badshah, Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Waqas, Fazal Muhammad · 7 authors
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) supported by smart vehicles have revolutionized modern transportation, offering a wide range of applications and services, such as electronic toll collection, collision avoidance alarms, real-time parking management, and traffic planning. However, the open communication channels among various entities, including smart vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and fleet management systems, introduce security and privacy vulnerabilities. To address these concerns, we propose a novel security framework, named blockchain-assisted lightweight authenticated key agreement security framework for smart vehicles-enabled ITS (BASF-ITS), which ensures data protection both during transit and while stored on cloud servers. BASF-ITS employs a combination of efficient cryptographic primitives, including hash functions, XOR operator, ASCON, elliptic curve cryptography, and physical unclonable functions (PUF), to design authenticated key agreement schemes. The inclusion of PUF significantly enhances the system’s resistance to physical attacks, preventing tampering attempts. To ensure data integrity when stored on the cloud, our framework incorporates blockchain technology. By leveraging the immutability and decentralization of the blockchain, BASF-ITS effectively safeguards data at rest, providing an additional layer of security. We rigorously analyze the security of BASF-ITS and demonstrate its strong resistance against potential security ass aults, making it a robust and reliable solution for smart vehicle-enabled ITS. In a comparative analysis with contemporary competing schemes, BASF-ITS emerges as a promising approach, offering superior functionality traits, enhanced security features, and reduced computation, communication, and storage costs. Furthermore, we present a practical implementation of BASF-ITS using blockchain technology, showcasing the computational time versus the “transactions per block” and the “number of mined blocks”, confirming its efficiency and viability in real-world scenarios.Note to Practitioners—This article is motivated by designing an efficient, lightweight, and anonymous blockchain-enabled authenticated security framework that can fix the security and privacy concerns in insecure environments for ITS applications, such as automated road speed enforcement, collision avoidance alarm systems, and traffic planning and management, etc. Authenticated key agreement schemes are extensively used to secure communications in the ITS environment. However, the existing state-of-the-art schemes are not efficient in terms of performance, are not resilient against potential security attacks, and do not support anonymity, untraceability, and unlinkability. Therefore, we propose the authenticated security framework to secure communication among the participating entities in the ITS environment. It utilizes efficient cryptographic primitives, such as hash function, XOR-operator, ASCON, elliptic curve cryptography, and PUF. It is shown that the proposed framework can be deployed as a robust tool to address the ITS security problems efficiently. Moreover, the proposed framework is lightweight and efficient and can be easily deployed in various ITS applications and other resource-constrained environments. However, the participating entities, such as vehicles and roadside units, must be PUF-enabled to deploy the proposed framework.
Introduction/Background This study explores the limitations of conventional encryption in real-world communications due to resource constraints. Additionally, it delves into the integration of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) in autonomous cars for trajectory management within Connected And Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). This study unveils the resource-constrained real-world communications, conventional encryption faces challenges that hinder its feasibility. This introduction sets the stage for exploring the integration of DRL in autonomous cars and the transformative potential of Blockchain technology in ensuring secure data transfer, especially within the dynamic landscape of the transportation industry. Materials and Methods The research methodology involves implementing DRL techniques for autonomous car trajectory management within the context of connected and autonomous CAVs. Additionally, a detailed exploration of Blockchain technology deployment, consensus procedures, and decentralized data storage mechanisms. Results Results showcase the impracticality of conventional encryption in resource-constrained real-world communications. Moreover, the implementation of DRL and Blockchain technology proves effective in optimizing autonomous car subsystems, reducing training costs, and establishing secure, globally accessible government-managed transportation for enhanced data integrity and accessibility. Discussion The discussion delves into the implications of the study's findings, emphasizing the transformative potential of DRL in optimizing autonomous car subsystems. Furthermore, it explores the broader implications of Blockchain technology in revolutionizing secure, decentralized data transfer within the transportation industry. Conclusion In conclusion, the study highlights the impracticality of conventional encryption in real-world communications and underscores the significant advancements facilitated by DRL in autonomous vehicle trajectory management. The integration of Blockchain technology not only ensures secure data transfer but also paves the way for a globally accessible transportation blockchain, reshaping the future landscape of the industry.
Shovon Das Chowdhury, Tanjil Ahmed, Ruhul Amin, Rahat Ahmed Chowdhury · 6 authors
The escalating growth in population has led to a substantial increase in both private and public transportation on roads. Consequently, the surge in accidents, traffic rule violations, and other traffic-related offenses has become a daily concern. Addressing these issues is crucial for ensuring the safety of passengers and enhancing transparency in driver recruitment, especially when considering violations that may have occurred abroad. This paper introduces S- DrivingRecords, focusing on pivotal functionalities such as the registration of cases related to traffic rule violations or accidents, case withdrawal, and the sharing of driver history with external Decentralized Applications (DApps). The system facilitates case registration through a dedicated traffic DApp, enabling drivers to share their records with other entities, be they companies or individuals. This feature allows individuals to conduct thorough checks on a driver's history before making decisions such as hiring or booking. The implementation employs Hyperledger Fabric as a distributed ledger to ensure the security of data, while the use of Hyperledger Cacti facilitates seamless collaboration with different systems.