Máté Hidegföldi, Gergely Laszlo Csizmazia, Justina Karpavičė
Cryptocurrencies offer a novel approach to finance by eliminating the need for traditional banking and enabling secure, traceable, and internet-accessible peer-to-peer transactions. However, despite their advantages, cryptocurrencies face persistent trust issues and low levels of engagement and awareness. This research aims to investigate individuals’ behavioral intentions to use cryptocurrencies and identify factors influencing technology adoption. Employing a qualitative meta-analytic approach, a new predictive model was proposed, drawing from TAM, UTAUT, and IDT theories. A survey administered in Hungary utilized Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) for data analysis, identifying social influence, facilitating conditions, and awareness as key factors impacting perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PE).
在近二十年的迅猛发展中，电子商务行业以中心化平台为核心的运营模式虽然提高了交易效率，但也带来了数据垄断、信任危机及跨境支付低效等问题。区块链技术的去中心化、透明性和自动执行特性，为电商行业提供了新的解决方案。本文通过深入分析区块链的核心技术，包括去中心化账本、智能合约和通证经济模型，探讨其如何改善当前电子商务生态。然而，尽管区块链具备潜在优势，其在电商领域的大规模应用仍面临诸多挑战，如技术性能限制、监管不确定性及商业模式的可持续性。本文在总结现有研究和案例分析的基础上，提出了渐进式融合路径，建议从技术优化、政策支持及用户教育三方面构建适应性框架，为Web3时代电子商务的发展提供理论支持和实践指引。In nearly two decades of rapid development, the e-commerce industry’s centralized platform-centered operation model has improved transaction efficiency, but it has also brought about problems such as data monopoly, trust crisis and inefficient cross-border payments. The decentralization, transparency and automatic execution characteristics of blockchain technology provide a new solution for the e-commerce industry. This paper explores how blockchain can improve the current e-commerce ecosystem through an in-depth analysis of its core technologies, including decentralized ledgers, smart contracts and Token Economy models. However, despite the potential advantages of blockchain, its large-scale application in e-commerce still faces many challenges, such as technical performance limitations, regulatory uncertainties, and business model sustainability. Based on summarizing the existing studies and case studies, this paper proposes a progressive integration path and suggests constructing an adaptive framework in terms of technological optimization, policy support and user education, so as to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of e-commerce in the Web3 era.
An inventive blockchain-based e-business model for the fashion industry is demonstrated in this article. Analyses of Web3 and blockchain concepts are conducted, with a particular emphasis on how blockchain affects current business structures. The research's objective is to demonstrate how current e-business models integrate with blockchain platforms, the NFT marketplace, and the Web3 environment. An example of creating a blockchain and NFT-based business model for the fashion industry is provided as a proof of concept. The suggested model should demonstrate how blockchain technology may be used to trace business transactions between every stakeholder in the fashion industry's supply chain. The Fashion NFT Marketplace’s implementation and the demonstration of the smart contract created with the Solidity programming language are given particular attention.
Molly Zhuangtong Huang, Rui Jiang, Tanusree Sharma, Kanye Ye Wang
In the rapidly evolving Web3 ecosystem, transparent auditing has emerged as a critical component for both applications and users.However, there is a significant gap in understanding how users perceive this new form of auditing and its implications for Web3 security.Utilizing a mixed-methods approach that incorporates a case study, user interviews, and social media data analysis, our study leverages a risk perception model to comprehensively explore Web3 users' perceptions regarding information accessibility, the role of auditing, and its influence on user behavior.Based on these extensive findings, we discuss how this open form of auditing is shaping the security of the Web3 ecosystem, identifying current challenges, and providing design implications.
Cryptocurrencies have become one of the most disruptive financial innovations, attracting widespread interest worldwide. Despite their growing popularity, the risks associated with the use of cryptocurrencies remain a significant barrier to their adoption. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of perceived risks on international students’ cryptocurrency investment behavior. Results indicate that financial and regulatory risks are major barriers, while operational risks are less influential. Interestingly, security risks positively influence investment when perceived rewards or risk management capabilities are considered. Risk tolerance and cryptocurrency knowledge are strong positive predictors, highlighting the role of financial education in fostering adoption. The results suggest the implementation of specific policies that address perceived risk factors and improve financial literacy among younger generations of investors to support informed and responsible participation in cryptocurrency markets. Keywords: Cryptocurrency Investments, Perceived Risks, Investments Behavior.
Daniela Matušíková, Jaroslava Gburová, Andrea Vadkertiová
This study examines consumer attitudes toward cryptocurrencies in Slovakia, focusing on the perceived adequacy of their promotion and the influence of demographic factors such as education, gender, and age. The findings reveal that a significant majority of respondents view cryptocurrency promotion as insufficient, with 77.77% expressing dissatisfaction. Demographic factors were found to have minimal impact on attitudes, suggesting that universal barriers—such as trust, technological literacy, and perceived risks—play a more critical role. Social media emerged as a key platform for engaging consumers, particularly younger demographics, provided that campaigns are well-targeted and informative. These results highlight the need for innovative promotional strategies emphasizing transparency, education, and trust-building to bridge the gap between cryptocurrencies and broader consumer adoption. The study contributes to the growing literature on cryptocurrency marketing by providing actionable insights for addressing challenges in emerging markets like Slovakia.
One of the primary uses of blockchain technology is cryptocurrencies, which have grown significantly in popularity in recent years due to investors looking for alternatives to traditional currencies for value storage or speculation. But not every investor makes big financial commitments or does so for the same reasons. However, it appears that peer pressure and word-of-mouth are significant factors in the adoption of cryptocurrencies. This empirical study focuses on the factors that affect the adoption of cryptocurrencies from prospective investors. The study employs qualitative methodology and semi-structured interviews with investors from EU and UK that have digitally advanced economies when it comes to payment mediums. Purposive sampling was used to choose participants who were interviewed via video conference. Data analysis was done using grounded theory technique in conjunction with thematic analysis. Two dimensions can summarize the main findings. According to the first dimension, the perceived return on investment has a major role in influencing the adoption of cryptocurrencies, and the second dimension refers to peer and friend influence as a powerful effect. The present study contributes to the existing body of research and sets the stage for further quantitative investigation as policymakers can use the empirical findings to understand public perceptions of cryptocurrencies and safeguard investors with appropriate regulatory actions.
• Decision Support System enhances player decision-making in the dynamic Metaverse. • Blockchain and NFTs can be used for accurate asset representation in the Metaverse. • Genetic algorithms optimize character traits under constraints in the Metaverse. • Genetic algorithms dominate over greedy in repeated games simulation. The Metaverse, a virtual world enabling user interaction with digital environments and assets, increasingly utilizes blockchain and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) to represent unique characters and items. Representing and valuing individual digital characters is crucial in the Metaverse as it establishes ownership, identity, and status within these virtual worlds. This research investigates decision-making within collaborative online games, where players face the challenge of optimizing their character's value through strategic NFT acquisition. This challenge is analogous to the Knapsack Problem, aiming to maximize the value of items selected within a limited capacity, just as players seek to maximize character rarity within budget constraints. We propose a Decision Support System (DSS) employing genetic algorithms to assist players in tackling this complex optimization problem. A simulation framework, based on the "SunflowerLand" Metaverse, demonstrates that players using the DSS achieve significantly higher character rarity, highlighting the potential of this approach to enhance player experience.
Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative tool for data management in a variety of industries, including fintech, research and healthcare. We have developed a workable blockchain based system that utilizes non fungible tokens NFTs to tokenize and prove ownership of the academic institutions credentials. This makes it easier to create provenance and ownership documentation for academic data and meta credentials. This system enables the secure sharing of academic information while maintaining control, offering incentives for collaboration, and granting users full transparency and control over data access. While the initial adoption of these systems is crucial for ongoing service usage, the exploration of the user acceptance behavioural model remains limited in the existing literature. In this paper, we build upon the Technology Acceptance Model TAM, incorporating additional elements to scrutinize the impact of perceived ease of use, perceived usability, and attitude towards the system on the intention to use a blockchain based academic data and meta credentials sharing system. The research, grounded in user evaluations of a prototype, employs a TAM validated questionnaire. Results indicate that individual constructs notably affect the intention to use the system, and their collective impact is statistically significant. Specifically, perceived ease of use is the sole factor with an insignificant influence on the intention to use. The paper underscores the dominant influence of attitude towards the system on perceived usefulness. It concludes with a discussion on the implications of these findings within the context of blockchain based academic data and meta credentials sharing, incorporating NFTs for ownership definition.
Purpose Blockchain technology has been labeled as the most disruptive technological innovation of the current decade due to its impact on almost every major industry. Based on privacy calculus theory and prior adoption literature on emerging technologies, this research investigates the impact of blockchain technology in the consumer technology segment. It elaborated on the mechanism through which blockchain technology influences users’ willingness to share information with technology products enabled by blockchain. Design/methodology/approach Taking a heterogeneous pool of users, this study conducted multiple experiments with the application of blockchain (vs. regular database) technology to high (vs. low) sensitive data to study the impact of blockchain perception on users’ information-sharing tendencies. Findings Through a mediated moderation analysis, the result shows that the use of blockchain technology enhances the sense of security among users. However, the impact of this heightened sense of security only develops a higher willingness to share information when the data is highly sensitive. Practical implications The research reflects on the perception of blockchain technology and the leading impact on willingness to share information with firms. This could be a critical criterion for determining investment in blockchain technologies for consumer products, particularly based on the sensitivity of the data the consumer is sharing. Originality/value This research focuses on the perception of blockchain technology among consumers and its impact on consumers’ decision-making related to their data sharing. People have a higher sense of safety when it comes to blockchain-enabled products. However, we find that it would not be the same for all contexts, and the sensitivity of the data collected would have an impact on this relationship and consumers’ data-sharing decisions.
This study investigated the role of trust(TR)in mediating the impact of electronic word of mouth (EW) and security(SE)on cryptocurrency purchase decisions(PD). A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and data were collected through 330 distributed questionnaires, of which 320 valid responses were retained after validation steps that included confirming prior cryptocurrency usage. The sample consisted of active cryptocurrency users in Indonesia, aiming to explore the relationships between EW, SE, attitudes(AT), perceived behavioral control(PB), TR, and PD. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and test the hypothesized relationships. The findings highlighted that TRsignificantly mediated the effects of both EWand SEon PD, underscoring TRas a crucial factor in the cryptocurrency market. Additionally, the study revealed that PBplayed a significant role, particularly in mediating the relationship between SEand PD, suggesting that consumers' confidence in managing transactions greatly influences their purchasing behavior. The results contribute to the literature by validating an integrated model that combines key factors influencing cryptocurrency PDand extending the Theory of Planned Behavior by incorporating EWand SEas antecedents. The study provides practical implications for cryptocurrency platforms and marketers, emphasizing the need forrobust security measures, positive EWmanagement, and user-friendly interfaces to foster TRand enhance consumer engagement in the cryptocurrency market.
This study investigated the determinants of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) purchase intention(PI)by integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The research aimed to identify key factors influencing PI), including Attitude Toward NFTs (AT), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEU), Subjective Norms (SN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and Perceived Risk (PR). A quantitative research design was employed, with data collected through an online survey distributed via Google Forms in February 2024. Out of the 345 questionnaires initially distributed, 336 were validated and included in the analysis after filtering for participants with actual NFT usage experience.The findings revealed that PU and PEU positively influenced AT, which in turn significantly enhanced PI. PBC and SN were also found to have direct positive effects on PI, highlighting the importance of consumer confidence and social influence in driving behavior. Conversely, PR demonstrated a negative impact on PI, underscoring the deterrent effects of concerns related to security, privacy, and financial uncertainty. The study further confirmed the mediating role of attitude, showing that positive evaluations of NFTs play a crucial role in translating perceived benefits and usability into actionable PI. The integrated model combining TPB and TAM effectively explained the complexities of NFT PI, offering valuable insights for both theoretical understanding and practical applications in the NFT market. These results provide actionable recommendations for NFT platforms and marketers to enhance user engagement, mitigate PR, and foster positive consumer AT.
Hussin Chowdhury Md Kamran, Imtiyaj Uddin Shah Muhammad, Moon-Il Joo, Hee‐Cheol Kim
크라우드펀딩은 비즈니스, 발명, 교육, 의료, 사회적 대의 등 다양한 프로젝트를 지원하는 데 중요한 금융 솔루션으로 자리 잡고 있다. 그러나 기존 플랫폼은 투자자와 프로젝트 제작자의 개인 및 금융 정보를 보호하는 데 있어 여러 보안 취약점을 노출하고 있다. 본 연구는 크라우드펀딩 거래의 보안을 강화하고 탈중앙화를 실현하기 위해 블록체인 기술을 도입하였다. IPFS와 같은 탈중앙화 파일 저장 솔루션을 사용함으로써 데이터 보호를 강화하고, 중앙화된 클라우드 스토리지의 문제점을 해결하고자 한다. ESC(이더리움 스마트 계약)를 활용한 블록체인 기반 크라우드펀딩 프로토타입을 구축하며, 스마트 계약을 통해 사전 정의된 마일스톤에서 자금이 자동으로 해제되어 크라우드펀딩의 효율성과 신뢰성을 크게 향상시킨다. 블록체인 기술은 변경 불가능하고 투명한 원장을 제공하여 중개자에 대한 의존을 줄이고 운영 비용을 최소화한다. 또한, 탈중앙화된 시스템을 통해 단일 기관이 모든 권한을 가지지 않도록 하여 크라우드펀딩 생태계에서 공정성과 보안을 증진시킨다.
With the continuous updating and reform of digitization and blockchain technology, digital currency and digital assets are getting more and more attention from the public, and their research is widely used in the field of technology and finance, and gradually extended to the field of management. In recent three years, NFT (Non-Fungible Token), as an emerging product based on blockchain technology, has made a name for itself in the international field of vision, and in domestic incarnation of a more localized concept of digital collectibles known to consumers, and at one time, there was a burst of fire within the public figures. However, due to its rapid development and dissemination, the theoretical level of the research lag is obvious, most of the domestic exploration of NFT digital collectibles are still in the legal level and the artistic level of the basic definition, for the practical significance of its has in the field of commercial marketing is not fully in-depth, as a strong correlation with the brand as a product of the impact of the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this paper proposes the effect of NFT digital collection attributes on brand co-creation in the field of branding, introducing perceived value as a mediator variable and brand attitude as a moderating variable, in order to explore its clear inner mechanism path.
Monitoring a company's efficiency is one of its primary responsibilities. There are many approaches in our contemporary society that either use IT or the conventional technique. Methods for measuring efficiency fall into three primary categories: parametric, nonparametric, and ratio indicators. We prioritize a firm's inputs and outputs when choosing metrics to measure efficiency. Establishing objectives and goals in entrepreneurship necessitates a thorough comprehension, appreciation, and knowledge of sustainability, and assessing the economic growth quality of a corporation is an essential task for theoretical and empirical sustainability assessment. When measuring the efficiency of entrepreneurship in terms of achieving desired values of macroeconomic indicators (e.g., sustainable economic growth objectives), data envelopment analysis (DEA), a widely used technique in efficiency analysis, has taken into account the economic, environmental, and social impact of entrepreneurship as the three dimensions of sustainability. The objective of this paper is to test the influence of FinTech/Blockchain adoption on corporate ESG and DEI performances using a novel DEA approach for sustainable development assessment. It highlights the significance of using a scalable technique for ESG efficiency study and gives scholars a more thorough viewpoint on the subject. In a collection of 50 enterprises, a DEA model was utilized for the analysis. For sustainable performance assessment using the proposed DEA technique, we defined as inputs six financial metrics, and as outputs 11 ESG/Blockchain adoption, and four DEI quality metrics to measure the firm’s efficiency. The annual business data was gathered between 2017 and 2023. In all country situations we discovered that, when DEI initiatives mediate, there is a strong correlation between ESG corporate performance and the quality of economic growth (particularly in the innovation and integrity blockchain adoption performance success metrics). Our study provides additional in-depth details on the FinTech/blockchain adoption environment in comparison to the findings of previous researchers. The sustainable entrepreneurship performance (a latent variable regarded as a dependent target factor) is calculated using eight (8) factors as observed variables, which is the first to consider the dynamics of ESG/BCA and DEI quality metrics as DEA outputs. The study also examines the mediating role of DEI corporate initiatives. By conducting an empirical investigation, the suggested scalable framework makes it evident which company is more efficient in moving toward sustainability, assisting corporate management in increasing the effectiveness of economic growth.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are unique digital assets which operate in a decentralised system that facilitate true digital ownership and product authenticity, leading to significant consumer interest. Despite growing interest, a gap exists in understanding the consumer journey regarding NFT purchase and consumption. This study aims to enhance comprehension of the consumer motivations and ownership intentions in NFT markets through the theoretical framework of Consumer Culture Theory (CCT). By exploring the three stages of the consumption journey - pre-purchase, acquisition and possession and post-purchase evaluation and behaviour – this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of consumer behaviour. Employing a qualitative phenomenological methodology, the study involved in-depth, one-on-one interviews with twenty-five NFT consumers. These participants were selected through purposive sampling within a virtual community to understand consumers lived experiences of NFT purchasing and consumption. The findings revealed a comprehensive consumer journey of NFT consumption. This was categorised through three stages: risk and motivation of consumption, digital ownership and market processes, and value creation and consumer behaviour. Additionally, twelve distinct personas were identified, illustrating varied motivations and behaviours among NFT consumers. Theoretical contributions include a holistic expansion of CCT research to encompass decentralised digital asset consumption, addressing a critical gap in existing literature. Practically, the findings provide valuable insights for organisations and marketing teams, enhancing their understanding of consumer motivations, ownership intentions, and value attributed to NFTs. This knowledge empowers marketers to better interact with communities, customer journeys and experiences of both current and prospective consumers of Non-Fungible Tokens.
The full implementation of the metaverse requires the integration of the physical and digital worlds. Applications built on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) hold the power to move society closer towards the ideal metaverse through innovations like Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Due to a combination of the infancy of this technology and the significant implications it holds in the public and private sectors, adoption across both sectors is currently limited. To foster the creation of sustainable smart cities built on this technology, education on how this technology may function in an integrated metaverse is paramount. This is due to the necessary compatibility across industries needed between public and private data. As certain industries are more regulated than others, such as finance or healthcare, a robust system is needed to allow for varying degrees of freedom. This chapter illustrates numerous facets of this conceptual framework.
Cong Doanh Duong, Thi Van Hoa Tran, Thanh Hieu Nguyen, Thi Viet Nga Ngo · 5 authors
Blockchain technology is increasingly recognized as a transformative tool for enhancing clarity and responsibility in the organic food supply chain , where concerns about product authenticity and safety are paramount. By offering provable and translucent information about the origination , production processes, and administration of organic items, blockchain helps to reduce information asymmetry and builds consumer trust, which is critical for purchase decisions in the organic food market. Drawing on insights from the trust theory and the stimulus-organism-response framework, this study uses a moderated mediation model to explore how technology anxiety negatively moderates the direct and indirect influences of blockchain-based food traceability systems on trust in organic food products and organic food purchase intention. Using a targeted sample of 5326 consumers in Vietnam, the PROCESS macro approach (models 8 and 4) is utilized to examine the formulated hypotheses. The results demonstrate that blockchain-based food traceability systems notably enhance consumer trust in organic food products and their intention to buy these products. Trust in organic food products serves as a mediator in the connection between blockchain-based traceability and purchase intention, while technology anxiety weakens the positive impacts of blockchain technology on trust and purchase intention when anxiety levels are high. This research makes crucial contributions to the literature by offering a mechanism-based explanation of how blockchain technology enhances consumer trust in organic food products and integrates technological anxiety as a moderator, providing a deeper understanding of how technological innovations shape consumer behavior. In light of the findings, several critical recommendations have been proposed for practitioners and policymakers.
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar, Fabiana Sepe, Luana Nanu, Fabiana Roberto
Purpose This study aims to investigate the perceptions of service providers in the travel and hospitality industry toward the adoption of blockchain technology (BCT), focusing on its impact on consumer experiences and expectations, especially in terms of trustworthiness and the management of privacy and security concerns. Design/methodology/approach The research used a quantitative methodology, collecting data from 135 industry practitioners across five tourism sectors (lodging, connected industries, entertainment, FandB, transportation) in Europe. This approach aimed to understand the diverse perspectives on the benefits and challenges of implementing BCT in their opera Findings The results indicate mixed perceptions regarding blockchain adoption. While there are positive views on BCT’s potential to enhance customer experience and service quality, there are significant concerns about its impact on trust and security. A consensus exists between customer and provider perspectives on BCT’s trustworthiness, but significant differences were observed in views on privacy and security enhancement. Originality/value This research contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into the service providers’ and customers’ perspectives on BCT within the travel and hospitality industry. It underscores the complexities of adopting new technologies and calls for more in-depth studies to address the identified concerns, thereby offering a novel viewpoint on the adoption of distributed ledger technologies in enhancing customer experience and service delivery.
ABSTRACT Product quality is essential for companies' success because it is integral to meeting customers' expectations. In this context, blockchain technology (BT) offers potential solutions for tracking products' origins and flows, eliminating or reducing fraudulent activities efficiently and effectively. Drawing upon signaling theory, this study investigates how BT's traceability and transparency attributes can enhance consumers' urge to buy impulsively and impulsive buying behavior. The results reveal that transparency positively affects perceived product quality and trust in BT‐enabled e‐commerce platforms. Moreover, traceability positively affects perceived product quality and product affection. The study also identifies that perceived product quality positively affects the urge to buy impulsively and product affection. In addition, product affection and consumers' trust positively affect the urge to buy impulsively and impulsive buying behavior. Furthermore, the urge to buy impulsively positively affects impulsive buying behavior. Finally, consumers' situations moderate the relationship between the urge to buy impulsively and impulsive buying behavior. The findings provide insight for e‐commerce platforms and sellers to refine marketing strategies by providing BT‐related signals.
Eugene Bland, Chuleeporn Changchit, Robert Cutshall, Long Pham
With their potential for high returns and expanding role in the financial landscape, cryptocurrency investments have garnered the attention of the financial press and investors. Applying an integrated research model based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), this study investigates the factors influencing individual investors’ attitudes toward cryptocurrency investments and their intention to continue investing. The model incorporates constructs such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, perceived risk, perceived privacy, technology competency, perceived enjoyment, and prior experience. Data from 506 cryptocurrency investors located in the United States were collected through a 50-item questionnaire. The findings indicate that performance expectancy and perceived enjoyment positively impact attitudes toward cryptocurrency investments, which, in turn, influence the intention to continue investing. Perceived privacy positively affects performance expectancy, while technology competency enhances effort expectancy. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers and cryptocurrency exchanges to foster sustainable growth in the cryptocurrency market. Despite its contributions, the study acknowledges limitations, including a focus on current investors in the US and the exclusion of factors such as optimism and innovativeness. Future research should explore these aspects across different populations and regions to gain a more comprehensive understanding of cryptocurrency investment behavior.
Waeal J. Obidallah, Waleed Rashideh, Ahmed Mohammed Kamaruddeen, Taher Alzahrani · 7 authors
In complementing our existing knowledge of blockchain technology adoption in the construction industry, this research investigated how the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) applies to adopting blockchain technology among Saudi Arabian Construction companies. This study utilized cross-sectional data collection, causal research design, a quantitative research approach, and a simple random sampling technique to collect data from 248 Saudi Arabian construction companies. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to analyze the data. The results showed that attitude toward adopting Blockchain (ATT) and perceived ease of use (PEU) are good predictors of behavioural intention to adopt Blockchain. The findings showed that when construction companies perceive the ease of use of Blockchain, they intend to adopt the technology. Attitude toward adopting Blockchain, directly and indirectly, influences behavioural intention to adopt the Technology. However, top management support only directly leads to intention once the companies perceive the usefulness of blockchain technology. This paper complements the existing literature on adopting Blockchain in the Saudi Arabian construction industry. The study provides insight into the influence of top management support, attitude toward adoption, and perceived ease of use in the blockchain adoption process.