Khaleel Radhi Hasan Alzlzly, Basim Abdullah Kadhim, Rahim Raad Hameed, Hussein Basim Furaij
"The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of real-time public procurement disclosure through distributed ledger technology (DLT) on reducing the cost of bank financing for public projects in Iraq The importance of this research stems from the growing need to increase financial transparency and reduce information asymmetry between government entities and the banking sector, thereby reducing credit risk and funding a descriptive research." methodology such as An applied field design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches is supported. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 165 senior and middle managers from three major Iraqi banks (Al-Rafidin, Al-Rashid and Trade Bank of Iraq) that finance public projects. Used multiple linear regression and F/T tests to validate the study hypotheses. Had gone The findings show that real-time disclosure via DLT significantly reduces funding costs (α ≤ 0.05) by improving transparency and shortening contract verification cycles. Furthermore the availability of immutable, time-stamped purchasing data increased banks' trust in public agencies The study recommends that Iraq's Ministry of Finance and public procurement authorities improve the security of digital data and government and adopts a pilot DLT-based tender and contract management system with a legal framework to integrate banking platforms
The study aims to examine how blockchain is used in the multimodal and interdisciplinary metaverse as a nexus of education and training, accounting, banking and finance, entertainment and media, marketing and e-commerce, and retail, healthcare, and wellness. It seeks to evaluate the influence of blockchain combined with artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and other emerging technologies in the metaverse, so evaluating the challenges and concerns in the field, new business prospects, and sustainable development paths corresponding to Sustainable Development Goals. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) technique, this article addresses the problem from a commercial viewpoint. The study investigates the topic structure of the literature by means of Biblioshiny for R combined with VOSviewer version 1.6.20. Furthermore, increasing the analytical depth is a bibliographic coupling method used on a dataset of 172 Scopus (2024) items. The study underlines the economic rationality and direct consequences of the characteristics of the blockchain—NFTs, DeFi, cryptocurrencies, transparency, decentralization, and security—on the relevance of business models in the metaverse. The information provided here is a vital literature study on how the blockchain addresses issues in constructing and metamorphosing the metaverse from several sectors and angles. In the framework of the metaverse, this article offers a thorough theoretical study of the possibilities and possible challenges in blockchain integration.
In the last decade, cryptocurrency has emerged as a major financial and technological phenomenon. This research explores the use of Bitcoin in Yemen. Yemen is a country currently facing a severe humanitarian and economic crisis. The study aims to analyze the opportunities offered by Bitcoin. These opportunities could help overcome traditional financial constraints. The research also examines the challenges that hinder its spread and use. An analytical descriptive methodology was used. The study looked at economic, legal, and social aspects. The results showed that Bitcoin provides real opportunities. It can facilitate financial transfers and offer alternatives to broken banking systems. However, it also faces significant challenges. These include the absence of a legal framework. Other challenges are weak infrastructure and the risks of security breaches and fraud. The research also addressed the legal stance towards these currencies, which remains unclear. The study concludes with recommendations. It provides suggestions for relevant authorities and users. The goal is to maximize benefits and reduce the risks of cryptocurrencies. It emphasizes the need for effective regulations. This will ensure safe and sustainable use.
Rural and underprivileged areas continue to grapple with the availability of affordable and dependable healthcare funding.Community based health insurance mechanisms are rife with inefficiencies including long delays in claim processing, fraudulent reporting, lack of transparency, and weak guardrails.This paper suggests a smart village-focused blockchain-based system on community health insurance.The platform is built on top of permissioned blockchain, smart contracts, and decentralized identity management to secure policy issuance, transparent premium collection, automated claims settlement, and community-based network governance.A prototype was implemented based on Hyperledger Fabric with off-chain storage of medical data and a mobile app for rural access.A simulation study was implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework on a synthetic claim data, which have shown to significantly decrease the claim processing time, increase the rate of fraud detection, and raise the trust perception by all the involved users.Contribution -The proposed study aims to contribute towards designing and implementing (blockchain-enabled) healthcare financing models to pave the way for the promotion of sustainable healthcare for equitable benefits in rural smart village ecosystems.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
The insurance sector is being transformed through the combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies. This study proposes the AI-Blockchain Hybrid Smart Contract Model (AIBSCM), which combines AI-based fraud detection with blockchain-based smart contracts to allow for automated insurance claim processing. A synthetic dataset of 1,000 insurance claims was used to train a random forest model, which achieved 92% accuracy on training data; however, real-world testing revealed difficulty in detecting fraudulent claims from under-represented categories. A blockchain simulation was conducted to demonstrate the secure storage and automated execution of claims, with smart contracts giving transparency and immutability. The architecture integrates decentralised oracles, zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), federated learning, and a DAO governance mechanism to provide a privacy-conscious, decentralised, and robust solution for the insurance business. Subsequent study will look at real-world deployment and integration with regulations. The integration of these technologies seeks to address traditional insurance systems' issues, such as data privacy concerns and a lack of transparency. By investigating real-world deployment and regulatory compliance, this model has the potential to transform the insurance business by delivering a safe and efficient method for dealing with false claims. This innovative method has the potential to boost client trust while also streamlining insurance company operations. Overall, the combination of blockchain and privacy-conscious technology might result in increased reliability and a transparent insurance sector.
Rakan B Aldosari, Farah Kalmey, Abdullah T Alanazi, Ashraf A’aqoulah
Background: Blockchain is a cutting-edge innovation being applied to offer innovative solutions in various fields, including healthcare. The healthcare industry uses blockchain networks to store and distribute patient data across hospitals, physicians, diagnostic labs, and pharmaceutical firms. Blockchain applications are essential in the healthcare industry for identifying crucial fallacies that might be fatal. The effectiveness, security, and transparency in exchanging medical data may thus be improved in the healthcare industry. This technology may also aid medical institutions in procuring information and analysing patient data. Aim: To examine the published papers that discussed the ability of utilization and probable challenges of blockchain technology in KSA's healthcare supply chain management. Methods: Until February 10, 2023, the prime databases: Pub Med, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of science, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched. Published studies (except case reports), commentaries, editorials, reviews, and meta-analysis reporting on the use of blockchain technology in healthcare supply chain management were included and a Preferred Reporting Items of systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram was used to present the process. To assess risk of bias and the quality of the included studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) critical evaluation tools were implemented. Results: A total of 22 studies were included and most of them used blockchain in technology for ensuring transparency, security, and storage of electronic health or medical records. Patients benefited from seamless electronic health records provided by a multi-level blockchain eHealth system. It was observed that blockchain technology effectively addresses clinical trial misconduct, and its potential in this area is to boost data productivity for the healthcare sector. The distinctive data storage pattern of blockchain offers a high-security standard that potentially reduces concerns about data tampering. It provides flexibility, accountability, connection, and data access authentication. Blockchain helps the healthcare sector avoid certain risks and offers decentralized data protection. In our study, we observed that the most preferred network for integrating the healthcare authority, manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer, and service was Ethereum (ETH). Conclusion: Healthcare policymakers should implement blockchain in Healthcare Supply Chain Management. Moreover, they need to be aware that the primary issues with blockchain technology in the healthcare industry are the lack of practical applications, the high rate of failed initiatives, and the requirement for collaboration between diverse stakeholders. However, there is a lack of studies on how to evaluate the acceptability and assist healthcare organisations in using blockchain.
Blockchain (BC) and smart contract (SC), known for their decentralized and secure frameworks, have been successfully applied across industries to enhance security, efficiency, and transparency in technical and engineering aspects such as automated transactions, data management, and supply chain monitoring. In recent years, the construction industry has seen significant advancements in adopting BC and SC. This review paper examines the latest BC and SC prototypes, case studies, and technical applications published over the past four years, focusing on how these academic developments can be transitioned into industry practice. By categorizing the collected studies using Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and conducting an in-depth analysis, the paper seeks to identify strategies for accelerating the adoption of these technologies in the construction sector. Reviewing recent advancements, this paper uncovers key trends, benefits, and challenges associated with implementing BC and SC in construction. The findings suggest that these technologies can significantly enhance project efficiency, contract management, and supply chain transparency while fostering trust among stakeholders. While these technologies offer significant potential, critical challenges, including scalability, privacy, and integration complexities, hinder their widespread adoption. Moreover, specific limitations, such as the difficulty in establishing regulatory compliance and technical barriers in data management, remain unresolved. By providing actionable insights and highlighting pathways to bridge the adoption gaps, the paper aims to accelerate the integration of BC and SC into the construction industry, driving innovation, transparency, and operational efficiency.
A smart contract is a computer protocol for creating or improving a contract. A smart contract allows for the creation of valid transactions without the need for an intermediary. With the advent of blockchain technology, the idea of smart contracts has received more attention and has found a wide range of applications. Privacy, digital assets, and data encryption are three important factors in the benefit of blockchain-based smart contracts. This article examines the impact of a blockchain-based approach on smart contracts in the development of e-commerce using data mining. The research method is descriptive with a data mining approach and regression computation, decision trees, and neural networks. The main objective of this research is to determine the impact of blockchain on smart contracts in the development of e-commerce using data mining. The predictive power of smart contracts based on blockchain is 55%, which shows a level higher than 0.5. Therefore it can be said that the proposed model has appropriate predictive power for examining smart contracts.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
Digital identity management that incorporates blockchain technology provides a safe and effective way to enhance safety systems. Typical issues with older methods of managing identities include data breaches, identity theft, and unauthorized access. This encrypted, decentralized, and irreversible blockchain method ensures 100% accurate identification verification by eliminating any weak points and consolidating power. By further automating the authentication process, smart contracts aim to boost transparency while lowering fraud risks. This paper focuses on how safety-critical settings may leverage blockchain-based digital identity management systems to provide data accessibility, integrity, and privacy. In addition to assisting corporations in meeting and exceeding security laws, blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, gives individuals more control over their data. The suggested method discourses problems like interoperability, scalability and regulatory constraints, paving the way for a more secure and reliable structure. The primary emphasis of this research is on the revolutionary potential of blockchain technology as it pertains to identity management. Therefore, current safety systems will have enhanced dependability, security and efficiency.
Adimas Agus Ahmad Asy’arie, Arlinta Prasetian Dewi, Binti Nur Asiyah
This paper proposes a conceptual blockchain-based Sharia accounting model designed to enhance transparency and trust within Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). The research addresses the growing yet challenged Islamic finance industry by leveraging blockchain's inherent features, including immutability, decentralization, and smart contracts. The model aims to improve accountability, reduce fraud, and strengthen Sharia compliance by providing real-time, verifiable financial records. This approach offers a novel contribution by systematically integrating advanced technology with Islamic ethical principles, leading to more robust and reliable financial reporting for all stakeholders.
Rozina Chohan, Gulshan Naheed, Dr Khakoo Mal, Muhammad Jalil Afridi · 6 authors
The growing popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) networks has called out a growing need in sound and scalable security. The blockchain technology and its features of decentralization, immutability, and transparency can offer an effective solution to manage key security vulnerabilities, namely, authentication, data integrity, and privacy. This paper discusses the use of blockchain to IoT security, namely: decentralized authentication systems, data integrity management, and the challenge of scalability of large IoT networks. The findings indicate that despite the fact that blockchain can greatly improve security by guaranteeing data integrity and scheme-level device authentication, the performance of blockchain faced with output times of heightened issuance, slow transaction processing, and network constraints only emerge as network sizes rise. It has been proven that Proof of Stake (PoS) performs better than Proof of Work (PoW) regarding energy consumption, transaction latency, and time of recovery after failures due to attacks. Nonetheless, the paper underlines that streamlining blockchain protocols can help to mitigate performance stalls during massive IoT usage. The paper shows that, despite blockchain offering a secure basis to IoT, refinements in autonomous agreements, privacy safety nets, and scalability methods are required to make it an opportunity with broad IoT implementations.
Bharat Bhasker, Patruni Muralidhara Rao, P. Vidhya Saraswathi, S. Gopal Krishna Patro · 8 authors
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) sector has advanced rapidly in recent years, and security and privacy are essential considerations in the IoMT due to the extensive scope and implementation of IoMT networks. Machine learning (ML) and blockchain (BC) technologies have dramatically improved the functionalities and services of Healthcare 5.0, giving rise to a new domain termed Smart Healthcare. A proactive healthcare system may prevent long-term harm by recognizing issues early. This would improve patients' quality of life while alleviating their worry and healthcare expenses. The IoMT facilitates several capabilities in information technology, including intelligent and interactive healthcare. Consolidating medical information into a singular repository to train a robust ML model engenders apprehensions around privacy, ownership, and adherence to regulatory standards due to increased concentration. Federated learning (FL) addresses previous challenges using a centralized aggregate server to distribute global learning models. The local participant controls patient data, ensuring data confidentiality and security. Hence, this study proposes the Federated Blockchain-IoT Framework for Sustainable Healthcare Systems (FBCI-SHS) for a secure health monitoring system. Additionally, this paper presents the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a tool for healthcare network intrusion detection, allowing doctors to track patients' vitals using medical sensors and anticipate when they could become sick so they can take preventative steps. The suggested system proves that the method is well-suited for medical monitoring. In contrast, the high prediction accuracy for intrusion detection and the high efficiency in disease detection achieved by the proposed FBI-SHS healthcare 5.0 system. The proposed method achieves data privacy and security by 98.73%, intrusion detection efficiency by 97.16%, disease detection accuracy by 96.425, proactive healthcare management by 98.37%, and interoperability by 96.74%.
Financial resilience is influenced by Decentralized finance (DeFi) adoption only if individuals possess financial literacy and have limited risk perception, while the intermediary of trust in blockchain technology also influences DeFi adoption. Through quantitative research, the study investigates the positive role that DeFi adoption plays in improving financial resilience via superior liquidity management, asset diversification, and enhanced absorption of adverse economic shocks. It demonstrates the critical role trust plays in a technology such as blockchain, which uses its transparency, security, and immutability to gain users' trust. Fifth, findings demonstrate how financial literacy is a bridging link in the relationship between DeFi take-up and financial resilience, while risk perception weakens the encouraging effects of trust in blockchain technology. To uncover direct, mediating, and moderating relationships, structural equation modeling will be utilized to analyze results from individuals and organizations involved with DeFi platforms. The research findings provide policymakers, academics, and practitioners with insights into potential solutions to promote a safe and inclusive DeFi ecosystem. The study fosters financial resilience and inclusion in an increasingly evolving decentralized financial landscape by addressing the trust, financial literacy, and risk perception of two distinct groups.
Smart contracts are computer codes that represent contract terms and are designed to run on a blockchain platform, automatically enforced upon receiving predetermined inputs. This technological innovation, a key component of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, provides an advanced and innovative approach to executing contract terms. Incorporating this technology into Shariah-compliant contracts within Islamic Banks (IBs) holds the potential to reduce Shariah non-compliance risk (SNC) and enhance operational transparency, ensuring compatibility with contemporary technological applications. In particular, blockchain-based smart contracts have the potential to be integrated into the operations of IBs’ products that are based on tawarruq contracts. This study aims to investigate the potential application of blockchain-based smart contract technology in tawarruq contract operations within IBs and to suggest directions for future research. This study adopted a qualitative approach, drawing on relevant literature. The findings indicated that blockchain-based smart contracts can address Shariah Non-Compliance (SNC) issues in IB’s tawarruq operations while enhancing transaction transparency. This paper discussed the Shariah and operational challenges associated with blockchain technology and posits that blockchain-based smart contracts can improve the practices of tawarruq contracts within Islamic Banks. This paper offers insights for IB entities and regulatory authorities to evaluate the potential and impact of blockchain-based smart contracts within their operations and the broader financial system.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain-powered chatbots are revolutionizing customer service, significantly enhancing customer satisfaction, experience, and loyalty. This research paper investigates the development and implementation of AI chatbots, emphasizing their capability to facilitate personalized and efficient customer interactions. Utilizing natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML), these chatbots can comprehend and address customer inquiries in real-time, providing smooth support akin to human conversations. The paper highlights current trends, such as the use of sentiment analysis to understand customer emotions and customize responses accordingly, creating a more interactive and empathetic experience. Additionally, the deployment of predictive analytics allows chatbots to foresee customer needs and offer proactive solutions, thereby minimizing response times and boosting overall satisfaction. Moreover, the study examines how AI chatbots enhance customer loyalty by delivering consistent, round-the-clock support, making customers feel appreciated and heard. Through various industry studies, the research demonstrates the positive effects of AI chatbots on customer retention and brand reputation. The study suggests that ongoing innovation and the integration of sophisticated AI features will continue to improve the efficiency of chatbots in the customer service sector.
P. Chinnasamy, B. Subashini, Ramesh Kumar Ayyasamy, Ajmeera Kiran · 7 authors
The emergence of digital technology has led to a significant increase in the importance of educational credential storage, exchange, and verification for organisations, enterprises, and universities. Academic record forgery, record misuse, credential data tampering, time-consuming verification procedures, ownership and control difficulties, and other problems plague the education sector. Machine learning (ML) and blockchain, two of the most disruptive methods, have replaced traditional techniques in the education sector with highly technological and efficient ways. Our study aims to propose a novel electronic educational document management technique using a blockchain-based fuzzy feed-forward convolutional temporal neural network that detects malicious users. Here, the training is carried out based on NLP analysis in document word weight indexing. This document management access control is based on role-based access with simulated remora swarm optimisation. In order to identify malicious users, this suggested system logs access requests on the blockchain and authenticated users. The findings demonstrate that this suggested architecture performs as intended in every case. The experimental analysis is based on a malicious user detection dataset regarding Prediction accuracy, Mean average precision, F-measure, Latency, QoS, Contract execution time, and Throughput. Based on dataset feature analysis, the proposed B-FCTNN_SRSO achieved a prediction accuracy of 98%, a mean average precision (MAP) of 95%, and an F1 score of 97%, with a latency of 96%. Additionally, based on blockchain security analysis, the B-FCTNN_SRSO attained a QoS of 97%, a precision of 94%, and a throughput of 96%.
This study assesses public trust in Bahrain regarding the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to mitigate the use of cryptocurrencies in financial fraud and terrorist financing. The increasing risks associated with illicit financial activities have been exacerbated by the rapid expansion of e-commerce linked to cryptocurrencies, leading to vulnerabilities in financial technology systems. AI presents a viable solution for detecting, analyzing, and assessing the risks associated with cryptocurrency transactions, strengthening confidence in financial institutions’ regulatory measures. Evaluating public trust is crucial to understanding societal awareness of AI’s role in monitoring and regulating virtual financial transactions to prevent fraud. This research employs a quantitative approach to examine the key factors that enhance confidence in AI-driven auditing and oversight of cryptocurrency transfers. The findings indicate that, while AI offers significant advantages in combating financial crime, certain challenges remain. These include technological complexities, difficulties in accurately identifying users, and weaknesses in electronic financial and legal regulatory frameworks. Such challenges may undermine public trust in AI’s effectiveness in financial oversight. Addressing these concerns is essential to ensuring the successful integration of AI in financial regulation and reinforcing its role in enhancing security and transparency in cryptocurrency transactions.
Atta Yaw Agyeman, Samuel Gbli Tetteh, Sofo Mohammed-Nurudeen, Lois Azupwah
Today, as digitalisation and the service economy gain prominence, the integrity of information and data has become crucial across all sectors. As a digitalised public ledger, blockchain has significant potential to enhance transparency and trust both within and across organisational boundaries. The primary objective of this essay is to bridge the gap between the theoretical understanding of blockchain and its practical application for further development and research of the technology. It also explores why it took many years for blockchain to emerge as a prominent topic and discusses the actual usability of this technology. Understanding the subject and research questions will facilitate comprehension of the discussion and the key findings of the systematic review. The main aim is to search for and analyse articles and information regarding how blockchain technology can improve transparency and trust within organisations and the associated benefits and challenges. Three research questions guide the search for relevant literature to deepen understanding and provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the technology: “What is blockchain technology and how does it work?”, “How can blockchain be employed to achieve transparency?” and “What are the benefits and challenges of utilising blockchain technology for transparency and trust?”. Presently, the most pertinent question related to contemporary society concerns how blockchain technology can be harnessed to provide transparency. Although blockchain technology is currently in its introductory phase, it is expected to grow exponentially in the future. As the private information of individuals or organisations can be stored in the distributed network of blockchain, data security challenges are more pronounced in this context. Achieving a higher degree of transparency is an effective strategy for fostering public awareness and trust, especially in today’s data-driven society. Consequently, the significance of transparency at all levels is underscored, whether for an individual seeking transaction security and legitimacy or a governmental organisation striving for greater trust and reliability.
• Blockchain enhances security, efficiency, transparency and trust in maritime sector. • Five research clusters identified including secure data sharing and IoT integration. • Key adoption barriers: scalability, interoperability, standards and legal frameworks. • Publication trend shows growing interest in maritime blockchain applications since 2018. • China, Singapore and their institutions are leading research in this domain. This paper presents systematic literature review with bibliometric analysis that aims at studying and identifying potential uses of blockchain technology in the context of Maritime Single Window and Port Community Systems. The research aims to examine the state of development of the blockchain technology, to determine the trends of the industry and to analyze the prevalent strengths and weaknesses of the industry. Through analyzing 51 peer-reviewed articles from Scopus and Web of Science (between 2013 and 2023), it is possible to state that the rate of scholars’ engaging with the topic has risen significantly since 2018 within the countries in Asia, especially China, Singapore, and other countries. Our mapping outlines five major streams of research: security and sharing of data in ports and port innovation; behavioral analysis of decentralized technologies in smart ports; factors leading to success of blockchains; effects of blockchains on container shipping; and integration of blockchains with IoT and supply chain management. The review highlights how blockchain can improve security, increase the performance of procedures, guarantee signature and credibility, and build trust, which are fundamental for growth in the maritime sectors. However, the study identifies several main implementation challenges, namely, scale-up features, interoperability, open-endedness, institutional implications, and variable management. As a result, we offer suggestions to the practitioners, policymakers, and scholars on how best to go about the adoption and implementation of blockchain in the maritime industry. Further research in the form of implementation studies, case, legal, and probes on how Blockchain interacts with other emerging technologies is recommended in the study. Namely, they establish foundational domains and define further methodology for subsequent studies and advancement related to blockchain enablement of maritime industries.
Mahmood A. Bazel, Fathey Mohammed, Mazida Ahmad, Abdullah O. Baarimah · 5 authors
Blockchain technology has gained significant attention in several sectors owing to its distributed ledger, decentralized nature, and cryptographic security. Despite its potential to reform the healthcare industry by providing a unified and secure system for health records, blockchain adoption remains limited. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the intention to adopt blockchain in healthcare by focusing on healthcare providers. A theoretical model is proposed by integrating the Technological-Organizational-Environmental framework, Fit-Viability Model, and institutional theory. A quantitative approach was adopted and data were collected through an online survey of 199 hospitals to evaluate the model. The collected data were analysed using PLS-SEM. The results indicated that technology trust, information transparency, disintermediation, cost-effectiveness, top management support, organizational readiness, partner readiness, technology vendor support, fit, and viability significantly and positively influenced the intention to adopt blockchain-based Health Information Systems in hospitals. Conversely, coercive pressure from the government negatively affects adoption decisions. Moreover, the study found that the hospital ownership type did not moderate the relationship between the identified factors and blockchain adoption. This study provides valuable insights into the various factors that influence blockchain adoption in hospitals. The developed model offers guidelines for hospitals, blockchain providers, governments, and policymakers to devise strategies that promote implementation and encourage widespread adoption of blockchain in healthcare organizations.
In recent years, the term Metaverse emerged as one of the most compelling concepts, captivating the interest of international companies such as Tencent, ByteDance, Microsoft, and Facebook. These company recognized the Metaverse as a pivotal element for future success and have since made significant investments in this area. The Metaverse is still in its developmental stages, requiring the integration and advancement of various technologies to bring its vision to life. One of the key technologies associated with the Metaverse is blockchain, known for its decentralization, security, trustworthiness, and ability to manage time-series data. These characteristics align perfectly with the ecosystem of the Metaverse, making blockchain foundational for its security and infrastructure. This paper introduces both blockchain and the Metaverse ecosystem while exploring the application of the blockchain within the Metaverse, including decentralization, consensus mechanisms, hash algorithms, timestamping, smart contracts, distributed storage, distributed ledgers, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to provide insights for researchers investigating these topics.
Advances in digital technology - particularly Web3’s pseudonymity and decentralized naming systems, combined with information flows’ anonymity, accessibility, and cross-border nature - enable terrorist organizations to recruit members and perpetrate discrete socially dangerous acts. Conventional reactive counterterrorism measures prove inadequate against rapid illicit content dissemination that leaves detectable digital traces. This study explores artificial intelligence’s (AI) counter-criminal potential on machine learning and predictive analytics for proactively identifying and preventing terrorist activity through behavioral indicators and digital footprints that facilitate a strategic shift to proactive security paradigms. The research develops a multimodal analytical framework integrating natural language processing, computer vision, audio analysis, and social network analysis, detailing the complete machine learning pipeline from data preprocessing to model deployment. It examines the “RED-Alert” system as practical implementation and proposes a novel “Threshold Adaptive Intervention” (PORA) module utilizing graph neural networks and time-series analysis for digital risk assessment. Machine learning excels at threat detection and digital evidence generating, necessitating reevaluation of internet service providers’ (ISP) liability - particularly collective digital inaction. A differentiated liability framework accounts for providers’ technical influence while treating AI-derived risk indicators as ancillary tools for establishing individual culpability. Machine learning and predictive analytics enable a strategic shift to proactive counterterrorism.
Open access
Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence