Relay Mining presents a scalable solution employing probabilistic mechanisms, crypto-economic incentives, and new cryptographic primitives to estimate and prove the volume of Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) made from a client to a server. Distributed ledgers are designed to secure permissionless state transitions (writes), highlighting a gap for incentivizing full non-validating nodes to service non-transactional (read) RPCs. This leads applications to have a dependency on altruistic or centralized off-chain Node RPC Providers. We present a solution that enables multiple RPC providers to service requests from independent applications on a permissionless network. We leverage digital signatures, commit-and-reveal schemes, and Sparse Merkle Sum Tries (SMSTs) to prove the amount of work done. This is enabled through the introduction of a novel ClosestMerkleProof proof-of-inclusion scheme. A native cryptocurrency on a distributed ledger is used to rate limit applications and disincentivize over-usage. Building upon established research in token bucket algorithms and distributed rate-limiting penalty models, our approach harnesses a feedback loop control mechanism to adjust the difficulty of mining relay rewards, dynamically scaling with network usage growth. By leveraging crypto-economic incentives, we reduce coordination overhead costs and introduce a mechanism for providing RPC services that are both geopolitically and geographically distributed. We use common formulations from rate limiting research to demonstrate how this solution in the Web3 ecosystem translates to distributed verifiable multi-tenant rate limiting in Web2.
Nilesh P. Sable, Rahul Ganpatrao Sonkamble, Vijay U. Rathod, Swati Shirke · 6 authors
Web3 is the next evolution of the internet, which uses blockchains, cryptocurrencies, and NFTs to return ownership and authority to the consumers. The potential of Web3 is highlighted by the creation of decentralized applications (dApps), which are more secure, transparent, and tamper-proof than their centralized counterparts, allowing for new business models that were previously impossible on the traditional internet.Web3 also focuses on user privacy, where users have more control over their personal data and can choose to share only what they want. The emergence of Web3 represents an exciting new frontier in blockchain technology, and its focus on decentralization, user privacy, and trustless systems has the potential to transform the way we interact with the internet.Web3 authentication is required for enhanced security, increased privacy, and simplified user interface. Traditional login procedures and an authorization flow using web3 authentication work together seamlessly. However, there are several challenges associated with Web3, including scalability and regulatory issues. Chain Authentication and Authorization (CAA) is a multi-layer security mechanism that allows users to choose the security layer that suits them, just like a heavy iron chain, where the user and CAA developers act as blacksmith and form their security protocol that suits them. CAA is a solution to the challenges associated with Web3 authentication and authorization, and it focuses on creating a secure and decentralized authentication and authorization system that is scalable, flexible, and user-friendly.
The first cryptocurrency was invested in 2008/09, but the Blockchain-Web3 concept is still in its infancy, and the cyber risk is constantly changing. Our cybersecurity should also be adapting to these changes to ensure security of personal data and continuation of business for organisations. This review paper starts with a comparison of existing cybersecurity standards and regulations from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - ISO27001, followed by a discussion on more specific and recent standards and regulations, such as the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (CPMI-IOSCO), and more general cryptography and post-quantum cryptography, in the context of cybersecurity. These topics are followed up by a review of recent technical reports on cyber risk/security and a discussion on cloud security questions. Comparison of Blockchain cyber risk is also performed on the recent EU standards on cyber security, including European Cybersecurity Certification Scheme (EUCS) – cloud, and additional US standards – The National Vulnerability Database (NVD) Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS). The study includes a review of Blockchain endpoint security, and new technologies e.g., IoT. The research methodology applied is a review and case study analysing secondary data on cybersecurity. The research significance is the integration of knowledge from the United States (US), the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and international standards and frameworks on cybersecurity that can be alighted to new Blockchain projects. The results show that cybersecurity standards are not designed in close cooperation between the two major western blocks - US and EU. In addition, while the US is still leading in this area, the security standards for cryptocurrencies, internet-of-things, and blockchain technologies have not evolved as fast as the technologies have. The key finding from this study is that although the crypto market has grown into a multi-trillion industry, the crypto market has also lost over 70% since its peak, causing significant financial loss for individuals and cooperation’s. Despite this significant impact to individuals and society, cybersecurity standards and financial governance regulations are still in their infancy.
Mr. Rugved Bahadure, Ms. Riya Khasare, Ms. Sakshi Mahure, Mr. Lakhan Rathod · 6 authors
Abstract: Blockchain has the potential to shake the foundation of e-commerce by enabling exchange relations that are trustless and operate without dedicated intermediaries or even central authorities in the case of permissionless blockchains. Furthermore, the exchange of information and value between companies and consumers might change considerably by enabling unified access to immutable data along the entire supply chain. In this paper, we build a Dapp called Thr3ebay which offers buyers and sellers a secure and transparent platform where transactions are conducted directly between participants, without the need for intermediaries. The platform also provides a userfriendly interface for managing wallets and identities, making it easy for users to buy and sell products on the blockchain. We then examine the potential benefits of building a Web3 e-commerce platform, such as increased security, transparency, and trust, as well as the challenges in terms of scalability, user adoption, and interoperability. Key feature of the Thr3ebay Dapp is its integration with various web3 technologies, including IPFS for decentralized file storage, and the Third-web SDK for user authentication and wallet management. The P2P Decentralized app has also developed a custom front-end for the platform using React, making it easy for users to interact with the marketplace. The purpose of building a Web3 e-commerce app is to create a more secure, transparent, and democratic platform for buying and selling goods and services online, while also providing greater trust and confidence for buyers and sellers
We identify a subtle security issue that impacts mechanism design in scenarios in which agents can absolutely commit to strategies. Absolute commitments allow the strategy of an agent to depend on the commitments made by the other agents. This changes fundamental game-theoretic assumptions by inducing a meta-game in which agents choose which strategies they commit to. We say that a game that is unaffected by such commitments is Stackelberg resilient and show that computing it is intractible in general, although it can be computed efficiently for two-player games of perfect information. We show the intuitive, but technically non-trivial result, that, if a game is resilient when some number of players have the capacity to make commitments, it is also resilient when these commitments are available to fewer players. We demonstrate the non-triviality of Stackelberg resilience by analyzing two escrow mechanisms from the literature. These mechanisms have the same intended functionality, but we show that only one is Stackelberg resilient. Our model is particularly relevant in Web3 scenarios, where these absolute commitments can be realized by the automated and irrevocable nature of smart contracts. Our work highlights an important issue in ensuring the secure design of Web3. In particular, our work suggests that smart contracts already deployed on major blockchains may be susceptible to these attacks.
A Metaverse as a point cloud for visual photometry is generated from a combination of drone, telescope and mobile images using VSLAM telemetry and photometry technologies, to create a Metaverse with many applications, ranging from public data sets for data mining phenomenological models to navigational uses and dark sky maps.<br> Images are saved as NFTs to generate a Metaverse, and mined to create a point cloud stored on a blockchain web3 and web2 storage systems, commonly called cloud storage as publicly published data sets,<br> In this paper we propose two such observational schedules using naked eye observation, drone imaging and observation on various telescopes in the Indian subcontinent.<br> The first schedule consists of imaging possible exoplanet candidates from the TESS database, and the second schedule of Supernovae candidates based on a filter using a decision tree on the linear sky survey data and published information on Supernovae predictions.<br> Keywords: VSLAM, Point Cloud, Photometry, Metaverse, 3D Point Cloud, IPFS, FileCoin, Azure, Supernovae, NFT, drone, mobile.
In recent years, Blockchain-based Online Social Media (BOSM) platforms have evolved fast due to the advancement of blockchain technology. BOSM can effectively overcome the problems of traditional social media platforms, such as a single point of trust and insufficient incentives for users, by combining a decentralized governance structure and a cryptocurrency-based incentive model, thereby attracting a large number of users and making it a crucial component of Web3. BOSM allows users to downvote low-quality content and aims to decrease the visibility of low-quality content by sorting and filtering it through downvoting. However, this feature may be maliciously exploited by some users to undermine the fairness of the incentive, reduce the quality of highly visible content, and further reduce users' enthusiasm for content creation and the attractiveness of the platform. In this paper, we study and analyze the downvoting behavior using four years of data collected from Steemit, the largest BOSM platform. We discovered that a significant number of bot accounts were actively downvoting content. In addition, we discovered that roughly 9% of the downvoting activity might be retaliatory. We did not detect any significant instances of downvoting on content for a specific topic. We believe that the findings in this paper will facilitate the future development of user behavior analysis and incentive pattern design in BOSM and Web3.
Konstantin D. Pandl, Chun-Yin Huang, Ivan Beschastnikh, Xiaoxiao Li · 6 authors
Existing research on data valuation in federated and swarm learning focuses on valuing client contributions and works best when data across clients is independent and identically distributed (IID). In practice, data is rarely distributed IID. We develop an approach called DDVal for decentralized data valuation, capable of valuing individual data points in federated and swarm learning. DDVal is based on sharing deep features and approximating Shapley values through a k-nearest neighbor approximation method. This allows for novel applications, for example, to simultaneously reward institutions and individuals for providing data to a decentralized machine learning task. The valuation of data points through DDVal allows to also draw hierarchical conclusions on the contribution of institutions, and we empirically show that the accuracy of DDVal in estimating institutional contributions is higher than existing Shapley value approximation methods for federated learning. Specifically, it reaches a cosine similarity in approximating Shapley values of 99.969 % in both, IID and non-IID data distributions across institutions, compared with 99.301 % and 97.250 % for the best state of the art methods. DDVal scales with the number of data points instead of the number of clients, and has a loglinear complexity. This scales more favorably than existing approaches with an exponential complexity. We show that DDVal is especially efficient in data distribution scenarios with many clients that have few data points - for example, more than 16 clients with 8,000 data points each. By integrating DDVal into a decentralized system, we show that it is not only suitable for centralized federated learning, but also decentralized swarm learning, which aligns well with the research on emerging internet technologies such as web3 to reward users for providing data to algorithms.
In recent years, permissionless blockchains have gained significant attention for their ability to secure and provide transparency in transactions. The development of blockchain technology has shifted from cryptocurrency to decentralized finance, benefiting millions of unbanked individuals, and serving as the foundation of Web3, which aims to provide the next generation of the internet with data ownership for users. The rise of NFTs has also helped artists and creative workers to protect their intellectual property and reap the benefits of their work. However, privacy risks associated with permissionless blockchains have become a major concern for individuals and institutions. The role of blockchain in the transition from Web2 to Web3 is crucial, as it is rapidly evolving. As more individuals, institutions, and organizations adopt this technology, it becomes increasingly important to closely monitor the new risks associated with permissionless blockchains and provide updated solutions to mitigate them. This paper endeavors to examine the privacy risks inherent in permissionless blockchains, including Remote Procedure Call (RPC) issues, Ethereum Name Service (ENS), miner extractable value (MEV) bots, on-chain data analysis, data breaches, transaction linking, transaction metadata, and others. The existing solutions to these privacy risks, such as zero-knowledge proofs, ring signatures, Hyperledger Fabric, and stealth addresses, shall be analyzed. Finally, suggestions for the future improvement of privacy solutions in the permissionless blockchain space shall be put forward.
Web3, the next generation of the Internet, represents a decentralized and democratized web. Although it has garnered significant public interest and found numerous real-world applications, there is a limited understanding of people's perceptions and experiences with Web3. In this study, we conducted an empirical study to investigate the categories of Web3 application and their popularity, as well as the potential challenges and opportunities within this emerging landscape. Our research was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, we analyzed 200 popular Web3 projects associated with 10 leading Web3 venture capital firms. In the second phase, we collected and examined code-related data from GitHub and market-related data from blockchain browsers (e.g., Etherscan) for these projects. Our analysis revealed that the Web3 ecosystem can be categorized into two groups, i.e., Web3 infrastructure and Web3 applications, with each consisting of several subcategories or subdomains. We also gained insights into the popularity of these Web3 projects at both the code and market levels and pointed out the challenges in the Web3 ecosystem at the system, developer, and user levels, as well as the opportunities it presents. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of Web3 for researchers and developers, promoting further exploration and advancement in this innovative field.
G Sairam, Sankalp Kumar, Sheifali Gupta, Syed Sharique Haider
Abstract: The current healthcare system has traditionally relied on paper-based medical records or electronic medical records (EMRs) that are stored in centralized databases. This method, however, has shown to be ineffective and unreliable, causing major delays in patient care. Medical documents are frequently sent over email as a temporary fix; however, this approach is unsafe and unreliable. Data breaches or unauthorised access to sensitive patient information pose a serious danger and may have far-reaching repercussions for both patients and healthcare providers. Blockchain technology can provide a more secure, decentralized, and efficient way to store and share medical records. Blockchain offers a tamper-proof and auditable method to trace transactions while using cryptographic methods to secure the integrity and confidentiality of data, access to patient data and modifications. Patients, physicians, and hospitals may easily, anytime, anywhere, and with total safety and security, access medical records via a decentralised blockchain network. Patients have discretion over who gets access to their information and can allow healthcare professionals and organisations access to their medical records. We are employing a number of technologies, like MetaMask, Ganache, Web3JS, and Solidity, to develop a blockchain-based solution. Users may connect with blockchain networks via the browser plugin MetaMask, and a local blockchain development tool called Ganache offers a testing environment for blockchain-based apps. Programmers may interface with the Ethereum blockchain using Web3JS, a JavaScript framework, and Solidity, a language used to create smart contracts the blockchain of Ethereum. A centralised blockchain network that can safely store and distribute patient data is the predicted result of a blockchain-based system for medical record sharing. The system's interoperability and scalability may be ensured via integration with already-existing healthcare systems and databases. Medical record sharing may be automated with smart contracts, allowing for safe and auditable access based on predefined criteria and permissions.
The development of Web3 — a stack of decentralised technologies underpinned by blockchains — isn’t simply a technical or financing challenge, it is also a problem of innovation and entrepreneurial discovery. In this paper we apply the lens of user innovation toolkit theory to the development of Web3. Toolkits are an organizational design solution to an innovation problem with sticky and local information. Our aim is to explore how toolkits theory applies to Web3 innovation, proposing that Web3 innovation is being organized through toolkits (e.g., blockchains, token standards, DAO frameworks) that enable efficient organization of sticky information to facilitate innovation. The contribution of this paper is the first application of toolkits theory to Web3, reframing its development as a problem of entrepreneurship and innovation in the context of distributed information. We provide implications for the role of developers as user innovators, the economic problem of emergent toolkit stacking, and the design of toolkit business models.
Abstract The audiovisual media content (AMC) industry, focused on film and television drama production, is confronted with a broken business model due to the dominance of centralized streaming platforms. The top platforms dominate global distribution but only offer slices of produced and heritage content. In addition, they compete with the AMC industry by producing a majority of content distributed. This leaves fewer gatekeepers deciding on the content to be distributed and less diverse content easily accessible to audiences Consequently, audiences are compelled to engage in pirating movies despite a willingness to pay. Recent blockchain innovations towards the so-called Web3 promise to restore this broken business model by re-establishing direct contact between the producers of films and their audiences. The benefits of networks (peer-to-peer or community based) in combination with Web3 follow the principle of decentralized disintermediation while comprising elements such as FIAT to crypto-payment mechanisms, self-sovereign identity authentication, blockchain oracles, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO), and so on. A gap exists with regard to methodological designs of Web3 decentralized applications (DApp) and their ecosystems for restoring a viable AMC business model that not only eliminates the need for piracy activities but even the need for platforms. The DApp architecture designs for the film- and media industry ecosystem creation in this paper allow, on the one hand, for a legal compliance check ahead of a costly deployment. On the other hand, the DApp designs of this paper also allow for a tailored blockchain technology stack development. Ultimately, this research is a continuation of an earlier whitepaper to establish a participatory economy in the film industry from peer-to-peer streaming.
Wenrui Zuo, Aravindh Raman, Raúl J. Mondragón, Gareth Tyson
There has been growing interest in the so-called “Web3” movement. This loosely refers to a mix of decentralized technologies, often underpinned by blockchain technologies. Among these, Web3 social media platforms have begun to emerge. These store all social interaction data (e.g., posts) on a public ledger, removing the need for centralized data ownership and management. But this comes at a cost, which some argue is prohibitively expensive. As an exemplar within this growing ecosytem, we explore memo.cash, a microblogging service built on the Bitcoin Cash (BCH) blockchain. We gather data for 24K users, 317K posts, 2.57M user actions, which have facilitated $6.75M worth of transactions. A particularly unique feature is that users must pay BCH tokens for each interaction (e.g., posting, following). We study how this may impact the social makeup of the platform. We therefore study memo.cash as both a social network and a transaction platform.
Web3, based on blockchain technology, is the evolving next generation Internet of value. Massive active applications on Web3, e.g. DeFi and NFT, usually rely on blockchain transactions to achieve value transfer as well as complex and diverse custom logic and intentions. Various risky or illegal behaviors such as financial fraud, hacking, money laundering are currently rampant in the blockchain ecosystem, and it is thus important to understand the intent behind the pseudonymous transactions. To reveal the intent of transactions, much effort has been devoted to extracting some particular transaction semantics through specific expert experiences. However, the limitations of existing methods in terms of effectiveness and generalization make it difficult to extract diverse transaction semantics in the rapidly growing and evolving Web3 ecosystem. In this paper, we propose the Motif-based Transaction Semantics representation method (MoTS), which can capture the transaction semantic information in the real-time transaction data workflow. To the best of our knowledge, MoTS is the first general semantic extraction method in Web3 blockchain ecosystem. Experimental results show that MoTS can effectively distinguish different transaction semantics in real-time, and can be used for various downstream tasks, giving new insights to understand the Web3 blockchain ecosystem. Our codes are available at https://github.com/wuzhy1ng/MoTS.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that provide unique ownership and authenticity of digital media such as art, music, and collectibles.NFT Marketplace is a blockchain-based platform that enables the creation, trading, and collecting of NFTs.The platform leverages blockchain technology to ensure the authenticity and ownership of NFTs, providing a secure and transparent way to transact digital assets.In this major project report, we explore the NFT Marketplace and its underlying blockchain technology.We provide an overview of the platform's features, including the ability to tokenize any digital asset, create customizable smart contracts, and sell NFTs with low fees and instant trades.We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the platform, including its ease of use, potential for fraud, and scalability challenges.The Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have revolutionized the digital realm, redefining the concept of ownership and trade of unique digital assets.NFTs represent one-of-a-kind tokens, each verifiably and indelibly linked to a specific digital or physical asset, encompassing diverse forms of content, including video, audio, and images.These unique tokens have paved the way for creators to monetize their digital creations while providing collectors with an innovative means to invest, trade, and showcase their multimedia NFT collections.Central to the NFT ecosystem are NFT marketplaces, digital platforms designed to facilitate the creation, sale, and management of NFTs in various multimedia formats.These marketplaces have proliferated, providing creators with the means to mint NFTs, buyers with the opportunity to acquire them, and collectors with platforms to curate and trade their diverse NFT portfolios.We explore the multifaceted world of NFT marketplaces, focusing on their pivotal role in the creation, sale, and management of video, audio, and image NFTs.We analyze the economic implications, including pricing strategies and royalties, while addressing environmental sustainability concerns associated with NFTs.Challenges and opportunities encountered within this dynamic ecosystem are critically examined, including scalability, intellectual property rights, and the emergence of decentralized NFT marketplaces.Through in-depth case studies, we offer insights into the unique features and innovative approaches adopted by leading NFT marketplaces, shedding light on the transformative potential of this digital metaverse.This report serves as a valuable resource for those seeking a comprehensive understanding of NFT marketplaces catering to video, audio, and image NFTs, emphasizing the profound impact these tokens have on the creation, trade, and experience of digital content across various media formats.Navigating this dynamic digital frontier necessitates a nuanced perspective, and our survey aims to provide a holistic view of this rapidly evolving landscape.
The metaverse is a virtual world, consisting of a collective virtual shared space where users can interact with one another through avatars and computer-generated objects. Its goal is to mimic our real world as closely as possible, integrating elements of various trends like AI, immersive reality, advanced connectivity, and Web3. While there is currently no universally accepted definition of the metaverse, the emergence of metaverse technologies across multiple sectors, including animal farming, is rapidly gaining momentum. The potential value of the metaverse, particularly in relation to its capacity for solving complex problems (e.g., climate change and sustainability) in precision food production systems makes it an exciting endeavor. However, it is crucial to consider ethical implications during the development of metaverse technologies for modern animal farming, given the sensitive and controversial nature of animal welfare. Failure to address these ethical considerations could lead to a lack of credibility and insensitivity towards the adoption of metaverse technologies in the animal farming sector. It is therefore important to ensure that the development of metaverse technologies does not prioritize technology over animal welfare, ethics, and socio-economic implications. Additionally, addressing the topic of diversity and equity in the context of animal farming and the metaverse is crucial to avoid perpetuating existing inequalities during the implementation of metaverse technologies. The purpose of this critical review is to stimulate dialogue among stakeholders such as farmers, animal scientists, bioengineers, veterinarians, policymakers, consumers, and business-to-business clients. It aims to help them better understand the potential and power of the metaverse, identify ethical implications and strategic imperatives, and act as a force for its positive evolution.
The explosive growth of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on Web3 has created a new frontier for digital art and collectibles, but also an emerging space for fraudulent activities. This study provides an in-depth analysis of NFT rug pulls, which are fraudulent schemes aimed at stealing investors' funds. Using data from 758 rug pulls across 10 NFT marketplaces, we examine the structural and behavioral properties of these schemes, identify the characteristics and motivations of rug-pullers, and classify NFT projects into groups based on creators' association with their accounts. Our findings reveal that repeated rug pulls account for a significant proportion of the rise in NFT-related cryptocurrency crimes, with one NFT collection attempting 37 rug pulls within three months. Additionally, we identify the largest group of creators influencing the majority of rug pulls, and demonstrate the connection between rug-pullers of different NFT projects through the use of the same wallets to store and move money. Our study contributes to the understanding of NFT market risks and provides insights for designing preventative strategies to mitigate future losses.
This paper presents the development of a web application, which aims to provide a platform for white paper authors to upload and have their documents reviewed by industry experts and scholars. The web app will utilize Ethereum block chain technology to provide security and authenticity to the uploaded white papers, which will be converted into non-fungible tokens to ensure their uniqueness. The authors will have the ability to self-upload their white papers onto a secured IPFS (Inter Planetary File System) database and use ERC721 (Ethereum Request for Comments) protocols to mint them as non-fungible tokens. In addition, the web app will allow white paper authors to receive crowdfunded support from users holding ETH in their web3 wallets. With our unique authentication system utilizing decentralized techniques, the Paper Publication Portal ensures that only verified authors can publish their work, enhancing both the security and credibility of the platform.
Farooq Sunar Mahammad, S. Sai Shreya, H. Beebe Hazeera, P. Sravani · 6 authors
Decentralized Application is majorly used for sharing the most important information of the students' among various users.Blockchain technology is used to address security concerns associated with students' credential sharing.A revolutionary blockchain-based architecture is proposed, and the application is then built as a distributed one (DApp).In order to avoid the counterfeiting of the students' credentials the features of block chain technology are more widely used.This application is used to share the credentials of the student by the college/school directly to student and those data can be used by the companies those who recruit students can directly access students' data by getting the permission from students' without any third-party involvement, this saves time and money.Ethereum framework is used to create an application in which Truffle framework is used to make the developer's life easier by creating smart contracts and has the migration and uses web3.js as it is beginner friendly.Furthermore, the results of the tests are used to analyses both costs and efficiency.
The Internet has revolutionized education and learning, presenting both opportunities and challenges with the continuous evolution of web-based technologies. The earlier version of the web, known as Web 1.0, was primarily a readonly medium, while Web 2.0 allowed for greater interactivity with read/write capabilities. Now, the emerging version of the web, Web 3.0, is considered to be a technologically advanced medium that not only facilitates read/write capabilities but also enables a machines to carry out some of the thinking that was previously expected only of humans. In a relatively short period of time, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 have introduced new tools and technologies that have greatly facilitated web-based education and learning. This paper will explore the definition, evolution, and characteristics of Web 3.0, as well as discuss potential future technologies, trends, tools, and services that can support online learning, personalization, and knowledge construction powered by the Semantic Web.
<p>The proliferation of novel technologies such as Web3.0, Blockchain, Smart Contracts, and Cryptocurrency has resulted in a burgeoning interest in the concept of Decentralized Finance (DeFi). DeFi represents a transformation in financial instruments that diverges dramatically from traditional financial systems that rely on centralized platforms governed by government entities and various intermediaries. Instead, DeFi is predicated on a protocol that operates on a decentralized infrastructure facilitated by Blockchain, particularly Ethereum. This decentralization permits software developers to create bespoke, high-performance, and secure financial platforms that are universally available to anyone with an internet connection and a computing device. DeFi's intrinsic value is predicated on its ability to empower millions of individuals worldwide who lack access to conventional financial systems (over 1.7 billion people globally are unbanked for various reasons) to control their finances and engage in transactions with anyone. This decentralized framework ensures equal access and unprecedented economic growth while simultaneously addressing concerns such as centralized control, restricted access, inefficiencies, lack of interoperability, and obscurity.</p>
As we are transitioning from the age of information to the age of artificial intelligence, this study aims to explore the potential of blockchain and Holochain technologies as solutions to the data privacy, security, and integrity concerns in medical education, and to provide standpoints of a medical education researcher for their use that also minimize negative impacts regarding planetary health and climate change. While these technologies offer promising solutions, their environmental impact has not been discussed in the literature with regard to medical education. This study offers two key standpoints for medical education researchers, educators, and policy makers to ensure the responsible use of Web3 technologies in this field. Standpoint 1: If the use of blockchain technology is necessary, avoid using proof-of-work blockchains. Standpoint 2: Use Holochain instead of blockchain. A medida que estamos pasando de la era de la información a la era de la inteligencia artificial, este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar el potencial de las tecnologías blockchain y Holochain como soluciones a los problemas de privacidad, seguridad e integridad de los datos en la educación médica, y proporcionar puntos de vista de un investigador de educación médica para su uso que también minimizan los impactos negativos con respecto a la salud planetaria y el cambio climático. Si bien estas tecnologías ofrecen soluciones prometedoras, su impacto ambiental no se ha discutido en la literatura con respecto a la educación médica. Este estudio ofrece dos puntos de vista clave para los investigadores de la educación médica, los educadores y los encargados de formular políticas para garantizar el uso responsable de las tecnologías Web3 en este campo. Punto de vista 1: si es necesario el uso de tecnología blockchain, evite usar blockchains de prueba de trabajo. Punto de vista 2: use Holochain en lugar de blockchain.