The new power system is an energy interconnection network based on renewable energy generation. Information interconnection, data security, and reliability are the basis for the digital transformation of the power grid. Data sharing, lifecycle management, security, and user information privacy are issues that need to be addressed urgently. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the multi-combination of power grid data across services and introduces smart contract, cross-chain, and security encryption-related technologies. Based on the effective combination of smart contract and CP-ABE, data sharing schemes, including data sharing mechanism and data access control model are designed. Given this scheme, the blockchain system’s overall architecture is proposed, including the main chain, side chain, data sharing, and cross-chain information interaction. Finally, the underlying blockchain service platform is built using the Hyperledger open-source framework. We deploy the platform to verify the feasibility of the scheme according to the requirements of the data center, trust center, and blockchain-distributed nodes.
Sharded blockchain offers scalability, decentralization, immutability, and linear improvement, making it a promising solution for addressing the trust problem in large-scale collaborative IoT. However, a high proportion of cross-shard transactions can severely limit the performance of decentralized blockchain. Furthermore, the dynamic assemblage characteristic of collaborative sensing in sharded blockchain is often ignored. To overcome these limitations, we propose HMMDShard, a dynamic blockchain sharding scheme based on the Hidden Markov Model. HMMDShard leverages fine-grained blockchain sharding and fully embraces the dynamic assemblage characteristic of IoT collaborative sensing. By integrating the Hidden Markov Model, we achieve adaptive dynamic incremental updating of blockchain shards, effectively reducing cross-shard transactions across all shards. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of the security issues and properties of HMMDShard, and evaluate its performance through the implementation of a system prototype. The results demonstrate that HMMDShard significantly reduces the proportion of cross-shard transactions and outperforms other baselines in terms of system throughput and transaction confirmation latency.
Jeyakumar Samantha Tharani, Ryan K. L. Ko, Vallipuram Muthukkumarasamy
Ensuring the reliability and integrity of data, command and control in critical infrastructure is becoming challenging. The evolving technologies like 5G, Artificial General Intelligence, and edge computing increase the attack vector in critical infrastructure. A trusted exchange of information among anonymous participants may become possible using Blockchain technology. Decentralised peer-to-peer communication combined with cryptographic mechanisms in Blockchain enhances the integrity and the authenticity of the data shared among entities in smart critical systems. However, the pseudo-anonymous nature of the blockchain may be exploited by adversaries. This increases the threat to accountability and attribution of malicious activities. Visualisation tools may be used as an aid to alleviate such challenges. The existing tools concentrate on tabular or line-based representations without the full potential of visual exploration. This paper proposes a framework for the user-centric visualisation of blockchain transactions. The framework integrates the transaction data, expert domain knowledge, and user feedback to identify malicious or anomalous events. This facilitates tracking crime data movements and locating potential disruption points in critical infrastructures.
Security and privacy are primary concerns in IoT management. Security breaches in IoT resources, such as smart sensors, can leak sensitive data and compromise the privacy of individuals. Effective IoT management requires a comprehensive approach to prioritize access security and data privacy protection. Digital twins create virtual representations of IoT resources. Blockchain adds decentralization, transparency, and reliability to IoT systems. This research integrates digital twins and blockchain to manage access to IoT data streaming. Digital twins are used to encapsulate data access and view configurations. Access is enabled on digital twins, not on IoT resources directly. Trust structures programmed as smart contracts are the ones that manage access to digital twins. Consequently, IoT resources are not exposed to third parties, and access security breaches can be prevented. Blockchain has been used to validate digital twins and store their configuration. The research presented in this paper enables multitenant access and customization of data streaming views and abstracts the complexity of data access management. This approach provides access and configuration security and data privacy protection.
Kithmini Godewatte Arachchige, Philip Branch, Jason But
Blockchain technology is an information security solution that operates on a distributed ledger system. Blockchain technology has considerable potential for securing Internet of Things (IoT) low-powered devices. However, the integration of IoT and blockchain technologies raises a number of research issues. One of the most important is the energy consumption of different blockchain algorithms. Because IoT devices are typically low-powered battery-powered devices, the energy consumption of any blockchain node must be kept low. IoT end nodes are typically low-powered devices expected to survive for extended periods without battery replacement. Energy consumption of blockchain algorithms is an important consideration in any application that combines both technologies, as some blockchain algorithms are infeasible because they consume large amounts of energy, causing the IoT device to reach high temperatures and potentially damaging the hardware; they are also a possible fire hazard. In this paper, we examine the temperatures reached in devices used to process blockchain algorithms, and the energy consumption of three commonly used blockchain algorithms running on low-powered microcontrollers communicating in a wireless sensor network. We found temperatures of IoT devices and energy consumption were highly correlated with the temperatures reached. The results indicate that device temperatures reached 80 °C. This work will contribute to developing energy-efficient blockchain-based IoT sensor networks.
During the crisis of COVID-19, the need to stay at home has raised dramatically. In addition, the number of sick people, especially elderly persons, has increased exponentially. In such a scenario, home monitoring of patients can ensure remote healthcare at home using advanced technologies such as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). The IoMT can monitor and transmit sensitive health data, however, it may be vulnerable to various attacks. In this paper, an efficient healthcare security system is proposed for IoMT's applications. In the proposed system, the medical sensors can transmit sensed encrypted health data via a mobile application to the doctor for privacy. Then, three consortium blockchains are constructed for load balancing of transactions and reducing transaction latency. They store the credentials of system entities, doctor's prescriptions, and recommendations according to the data transmitted via mobile applications and the medical treatment process. Besides, cancelable biometrics are used for providing authentication and increasing the security of the proposed medical system. The investigational results show that the proposed system outperforms existing work where the proposed model consumed less processing time by values of 18%, 22%, and 40%, and less energy for processing a 200 KB file by values of 9%, 13%, and 17%. Finally, the proposed model consumed less memory usage by values of 7%, 7%, and 18.75%. From these results, it is clear the proposed system gives a very reliable and secure performance for efficiently securing medical applications.
Dominique Bernard Kanga, Mohamed Azouazi, Mohammed Yassine El Ghoumrari, Abderrahmane Daif
A blockchain is a technology that allows the storage and transmission of information without a control body. Technically, it is a distributed database in which the information sent by users is verified and grouped into blocks, thus forming a chain. Thanks to the secure encryption of the data and the fact that new transactions are linked to the previous ones, it is almost impossible to modify the old records without modifying the following ones. On the other hand, the control of the blockchain by more than half of the nodes in the network (by consensus) makes it impossible to falsify the data in the blockchain. However, this public/private, anonymous, and unforgeable ledger that is the blockchain contains a set of information (metrics, logs, etc.) that can provide clues for an efficient monitoring and allow the reinforcement of the security of the blockchain that could be discussed in the future with the advent of quantum machines.
Communication and information technologies have accelerated the implementation of electronic medical records, but at the same time, have put patient privacy, information security and health data at risk. An alternative to address the problem of security and privacy of medical data is the use of blockchain. Scalability has become one of the biggest challenges facing the development of blockchain-based electronic health records (EHRs). The purpose of this article is to implement and test a scalable blockchain-based EHR management system. For this reason, we present a scalable blockchain-based EHR management architecture. In this paper, we propose an EHR management model based on entities and user roles, adapt, and then implement with Hyperledger Fabric in a two-channel configuration. We develop a prototype in Fabric using a one-and two-channel configuration. We then designed and conducted an experiment to verify the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of scalability improvement. This scalable blockchain-based EHR management solution, such as the Hyperledger Fabric platform, offers a viable alternative to address scalability issues, as well as to protect patient’s privacy and the security of their medical data.
Abstract Achieving efficient and secure sharing of data in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is of great significance for the development of smart transportation. Although blockchain technology has great potential to promote data sharing and privacy protection in the context of IoV, the problem of securing data sharing should be payed more attentions. This paper proposes an IoV data sharing scheme based on the hybrid architecture of blockchain and cloud-edge computing. Firstly, to improve protocol’s efficiency, a dual-chain structure empowered by alliance chain is introduced as the model architecture. Secondly, for the space problem characterized by data storage and security, we adopt distributed storage with the help of edge devices. Finally, to both ensure the efficiency of consensus protocol and protect the privacy of vehicles and owners simultaneously, we improve DPoS consensus algorithm to realize the efficient operation of the IoV data sharing model, which is closer to the actual needs of IoV. The comparison with other data sharing models highlights the advantages of this model, in terms of data storage and sharing security. It can be seen that the improved DPoS has high consensus efficiency and security in IoV.
Data security and sharing remains nuisance among many applications like business data, medical data, banking data etc. In this research, block chain technology is built with encryption algorithm for high level data security in cloud storage. Medical data security seems critical aspect due to sensitivity of patient’s information. Unauthorized access of medical data creates major issue to patients. This article proposed block chain with hybrid encryption technique for securing medical data stored in block chain model at cloud storage. New Two fish encryption model is implemented based on RSA Multiple Precision Arithmetic (MPA). MPA works by using library concept. The objective of using this methodology is to enhance security performance with less execution time. Patient data is processed by encryption algorithm and stored at blockchain infrastructure using encrypted key. Access permission allows user to read or write the medical data attached in block chain framework. The performance of traditional cryptographic techniques is very less in providing security infrastructure. Proposed blockchain based Two fish encryption technique provides high security in less encryption and decryption time.
Abstract Smart cities driven by modern technologies are the need of the day to alleviate the urbanisation challenges and improve the overall experience of the citizens. As the role of data‐sharing to facilitate systems integration across city sectors for developing smart cities has grown ever so profoundly, there is a need for decentralisation, transparency, and openness in terms of integration of city sectors to have efficient data diffusion among them. This is extremely important as the requirements of smart sustainable cities are open data sharing to allow service providers to better serve the citizens. Blockchain technology offers these characteristics with the extremely important added advantage of maintaining data security via an immutable record. However, the notion of the use of Blockchain for smart sustainable cities is still in the early years and requires extensive efforts to research and test it. In this research, a state‐of‐the‐art review is conducted to explore the usefulness of Blockchain technology in smart sustainable city development with a specific focus on cross‐sectoral systems integration, highlighting the gaps in the existing body of knowledge. This leads to the proposal of a novel framework for the use of Blockchain for smart sustainable cities, linking together service providers and citizens.
A hybrid blockchain structure (hybrid directed acyclic graph, or H-DAG) is proposed in this article to solve the existing problem of blockchain architectures using symmetric key encryption technology by combining the characteristics of single-chain blockchains and DAG distributed ledgers. By improving the block and transaction structures and optimizing the consensus mechanism, the H-DAG confirmed transaction orders while maintaining the high-throughput characteristics of a DAG, thus solving the transaction order dependence problem. We introduced a lightweight PoW mechanism to the H-DAG to improve the anti-fork ability of the blockchain. An incentive mechanism was adopted in our model to compel honest nodes to be more enthusiastic about participating in, maintaining, and enhancing the security of a given network. The blockchain states achieved strong levels of consistency, and their transaction confirmation times were predictable. We evaluated the performance of the H-DAG by comparing and analyzing multiple experiments, and we modeled a forking attack strategy, verifying the resistance of the H-DAG to this attack strategy. The experimental results demonstrated that the order of transactions in the H-DAG was globally consistent, and the confirmation time of transactions was predictable. The H-DAG improved the anti-fork ability and enhanced the security of the blockchain to ensure a degree of decentralization of the blockchain system. Therefore, the system throughput was enhanced by improving the block structure using symmetric key technology.
The exponential growth in connected devices with Internet-of-Things (IoT) and next-generation wireless networks requires more advanced and dynamic spectrum access mechanisms. Blockchain-based approaches to Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) seem efficient and robust due to their inherited characteristics such as decentralization, immutability, and transparency. However, conventional consensus mechanisms used in blockchain networks are expensive to be used due to the cost, processing, and energy constraints. Moreover, addressing spectrum violations (i.e., unauthorized access to the spectrum) is not well-discussed in most blockchain-based DSA systems in the literature. In this work, we propose a newly tailored energy-efficient consensus mechanism called “Distributed-Proof-of-Sense (DPoS)” that is specially designed to enable DSA and detect spectrum violations. The proposed consensus algorithm motivates blockchain miners to perform spectrum sensing, which leads to the collection of a full spectrum of sensing data. An elliptic curve cryptography-based zero-knowledge proof is used as the core of the proposed mechanism. We use MATLAB simulations to analyze the performance of the consensus mechanism and implement several consensus algorithms in a microprocessor to highlight the benefits of adopting the proposed system.
T. Rajendran, Shri Bharathi S V, Sridhar S, T. Anitha
Integrating the Internet into many applications has made securing users’ data and maintaining their privacy a significant concern. In recent years, blockchains (BC) have garnered much attention due to their distinctive properties, which include decentralization, immutability, anonymity, security, and auditability. BC technology was utilized in various nonfinancial applications, like the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and cloud computing. The objective of this study is to conduct an analysis of previously published research and provide a summary of the efforts put into researching BC applications for network security. In this study, many networking technologies, including IoT, Industrial IoT, Cloud, WSN, VANET, and MANET, were used in conjunction with BC technology to investigate applications for network security. This study presents an analysis of network security, along with its limitations and contributions, with an overview of the BC evolution, BC architecture, its working principle, and its application, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with BC. In this study, recently published articles on BC-based solutions for network security and privacy preservation that were published between 2018 and 2022 are analyzed. The surveyed articles are categorized according to the network application, methodology, and contribution. In conclusion, an analysis of the implementation of BC technology across various networks and their issues and challenges are presented.
The exponential growth of Big Data has heightened concerns surrounding privacy, security, and data ownership. Traditional centralized models often struggle to provide scalable and resilient privacy assurances. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) such as blockchain offer decentralized frameworks that enhance privacy, integrity, and control over Big Data assets. This article explores the potential of decentralized privacy solutions by examining the integration of DLTs into Big Data ecosystems. We discuss emerging frameworks, key technological innovations, and challenges in adoption. Graphical analysis further highlights trends in adoption and security improvements.
Lorenzo Petrosino, Giordano Pescetelli, Quirino Fieramosca, Stefano Della Valle · 6 authors
The rapid increase in the number and variety of smart devices connected to the Internet has increased the need to ensure resilience, reliability, and traceability when transferring data within the current Internet of Things (IoT) network. The adoption of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) can provide data with the above-mentioned features, but the low scalability and high cost related to the adoption of classical DLTs, like the blockchains, results in ineffective integration with most of IoT systems. Conversely, other DLTs, DAGs (Directed Acyclic Graph), possess benefits comparable to those of blockchains without presenting most of the limitations that prevent their application in the IoT domain. Therefore we present dRAIN: a distributed Reliable Architecture for IoT Networks. The adoption of this architecture can grant the communication, management, supervision, and updating of distributed IoT devices, guaranteeing the resilience of the system and the reliability and traceability of exchanged data. In order to test the scalability potential and to assess the actual limitation of the proposed architecture, we developed both a physical and virtual (simulated) Proof of Concept. The results of our analysis show adequate execution times for the operations, guaranteeing high levels of security with acceptable performance, and prove the architecture suitable for most IoT applications that do not require to process external data in real-time.
The use of blockchain technology is expanding in various industries, including finance, supply chain management, food, energy, IoT, and healthcare. The article aims to address the challenges of complex medical procedures, large-scale medical data management, and cost optimization in the healthcare industry. By employing blockchain technology, the article aims to enhance data security and privacy while ensuring the integrity and efficiency of the healthcare system. This article focuses on the application of blockchain technology in the healthcare system by reviewing the existing literature and proposing multiple workflows for better data management. These workflows were implemented using the Ethereum blockchain platform and involve complex medical procedures such as surgery and clinical trials, as well as managing a large amount of medical data. The feasibility of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of associated costs, and a model-driven engineering approach is used to recover the architecture of traditional healthcare systems. The aim is to provide stakeholders in the healthcare system with better healthcare services and cost optimization. The solution being proposed automates interactions between different parties involved. Smart contracts were created using Solidity language, and their functions were tested using the Remix IDE. This paper illustrates that our smart contract code was designed to avoid common security vulnerabilities and attacks. To test the framework, a prototype of the smart contract was deployed on an Ethereum TESTNET blockchain in a Windows environment. This study found that the proposed approach is both practical and efficient.
Emerging technologies including such Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain contribute significantly to the improvement of health services. The purpose of this chapter is to achieve and democratize services through the provision of medical care as a service. The result was the development of medical gadgets integrating healthcare sensors. It links medical equipment like the temperature controller to the cloud environment of medical doctors and staff. This study introduced the combination of IoT and Blockchain as a secure platform to reduce the scarcity of nurses. Blockchain was employed for storing and validating patient information in the proposed operating framework. A significant reduction in nursing gaps for large-scale patients has been shown. All technological specifications have been given to allow the prototyping execution of these suggested medical services simply adaptable. This article deals with Blockchain technology inclusion in Remote Medical Monitoring Devices Internet of Things (IoT) security. The document provides the advantages of Blockchain based safety methods and practical barriers in remote health monitoring via IoT devices. The study also examines several cryptographic methods appropriate for IoT implementation.
Internet of Things (IoT) fog nodes are distributed near end-user devices to mitigate the impacts of low delay, position awareness, and spatial spread, which aren't permitted by numerous IoT apps. Fog computing (FC) also speeds up reaction times by decreasing the quantity of data sent to the cloud. Despite these advantages, FC still has a lot of work to do to fulfill security and privacy standards. The constraints of the FC resources are the cause of these difficulties. In reality, FC could raise fresh concerns about privacy and security. Although the Fog security and privacy problems have been covered in several articles recently, most of these studies just touched the surface of these difficulties. This paper provides a unique solution for the authentication of data by using hyperledger fabric. The fog layer store data transferred by the IoT layer and calculate the hash value. These hash values are now stored in hyperledger fabric for authentication purposes. The proposed model results compared with lewako’s and Fan’s scheme and found that the proposed model has 25.00 % less encryption time, 09.3 % less decryption time, 17.48 % less storage overhead, and 23.38 % less computation cost as compared to Fan’s scheme.
Yanbo Song, Tao Feng, Chungang Yang, Xinru Mi · 6 authors
Software-defined network (SDN) is characterized by its programmability, flexibility, and the separation of control and data planes. However, SDN still have many challenges, particularly concerning the security of network information synchronization and network element registration. Blockchain and intent-driven networks are recent technologies to establish secure and intelligent SDN. This article investigates the blockchain-based architecture and intent-driven mechanisms to implement intent-driven security software-defined networks (IS2N). Specifically, we propose a novel four-layer architecture of the IS2N with security capabilities. We integrate an intent-driven security management mechanism in the IS2N to achieve automate network security management. Finally, we develop an IS2N platform with blockchain middle-layer to achieve security capabilities and security store network-level snapshots, such as device registration and OpenFlow messages. Our simulations show that IS2N is more flexible than conventional strategies at resolving problems during network operations and has a minimal effect on the SDN.
Hassaan Malik, Tayyaba Anees, Muhammad Faheem, Muhammad Umar Chaudhry · 6 authors
Blockchain-based drug supply management (DSM) requires powerful security and privacy procedures for high-level authentication, interoperability, and medical record sharing. Researchers have shown a surprising interest in Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart cities in recent years. By providing a variety of intelligent applications, such as intelligent transportation, industry 4.0, and smart financing, smart cities (SC) can improve the quality of life for their residents. Blockchain technology (BCT) can allow SC to offer a higher standard of security by keeping track of transactions in an immutable, secure, decentralized, and transparent distributed ledger. The goal of this study is to systematically explore the current state of research surrounding cutting-edge technologies, particularly the deployment of BCT and the IoT in DSM and SC. In this study, the defined keywords “blockchain”, “IoT”, drug supply management”, “healthcare”, and “smart cities” as well as their variations were used to conduct a systematic search of all relevant research articles that were collected from several databases such as Science Direct, JStor, Taylor & Francis, Sage, Emerald insight, IEEE, INFORMS, MDPI, ACM, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The final collection of papers on the use of BCT and IoT in DSM and SC is organized into three categories. The first category contains articles about the development and design of DSM and SC applications that incorporate BCT and IoT, such as new architecture, system designs, frameworks, models, and algorithms. Studies that investigated the use of BCT and IoT in the DSM and SC make up the second category of research. The third category is comprised of review articles regarding the incorporation of BCT and IoT into DSM and SC-based applications. Furthermore, this paper identifies various motives for using BCT and IoT in DSM and SC, as well as open problems and makes recommendations. The current study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering a complete review of potential alternatives and finding areas where further research is needed. As a consequence of this, researchers are presented with intriguing potential to further create decentralized DSM and SC apps as a result of a comprehensive discussion of the relevance of BCT and its implementation.
The proliferation of smart devices, sensors, autonomous robots, drones, and other similar instruments have profoundly changed the way of implementing and deploying systems in industrial and home environments, for diverse scenarios such as smart agriculture, healthcare, or manufacturing. Devices in these settings are not limited to simply observe and acquire data for monitoring, but they are also equipped with actuation capabilities, as well as the possibility of autonomously processing the incoming data through various techniques. However, given their intrinsic limitations regarding the capacity to store and process computations, it is often necessary to delegate some of these processing tasks to intermediary edge nodes in the network. These nodes, given their unique position can act as orchestrators guiding the decentralized work of the interconnected autonomous devices. Beyond static and pre-defined organization structures, in this work we propose the usage of agent and multi-agent-based models for designing and implementing swarms of edge nodes, conceived to dynamically orchestrate other devices, while meeting quality of service conditions. Allowing the control of intelligent edge nodes as conveyors and orchestrators on swarms of devices, we aim at providing intelligence to the self-organization of edge nodes, which may interchange streaming data, and represent their own capabilities through semantic models. Swarm-inspired behavioral patterns would guide the collaborative distribution of their computational tasks. Finally, we will implement and demonstrate the proposed technologies in an elderly home environment powered with a host of edge computing, sensing, and actuating devices.
Blockchain, as the basis for cryptocurrencies, has recently garnered significant attention. It is a type of immutable distributed ledger technology with key features including decentralization, anti-tampering, transparency, anonymity, and contract-autonomy. These attributes enable transactions to be conducted credibly within a decentralized environment. Such features are instrumental in enhancing services and driving the advancement of blockchain-based applications. The proliferation of blockchain-based applications across various sectors such as financial services, reputation systems, Internet of Things (IoT), among others is evident. However, there remain numerous challenges associated with blockchain technology such as scalability and security that require resolution. This article presents a comprehensive overview of blockchain technology and its applications. It begins by outlining the evolution of blockchain before providing an architectural overview and systematically reviewing the research and application of blockchain technology in diverse fields (including federated learning, reinforcement learning, cloud edge computing, intelligent transportation, power systems, and IoT) from both academic research and industry perspectives. Additionally highlighted are technical challenges alongside recent developments. Finally concluded are some challenges and future directions pertaining to the application of blockchain technology as well as broader perspectives for further study. Received: 24 July 2023 | Revised: 15 September 2023 | Accepted: 10 October 2023 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Author Contribution Statement Min An: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing — original draft, Writing — review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Qiyuan Fan: Methodology, Resources, Supervision. Hao Yu: Methodology. Bo An: Conceptualization, Software, Data curation. Nannan Wu: Conceptualization, Data curation, Visualization, Project administration. Haiyang Zhao: Methodology, Validation, Resources. Xinhao Wan: Validation, Investigation. Jiaxuan Li: Validation, Investigation. Rui Wang: Validation, Investigation. Jingyu Zhen: Software, Formal analysis. Qinyan Zou: Software, Formal analysis. Bin Zhao: Software, Formal analysis.
Firuz Kamalov, Mehdi Gheisari, Yang Liu, Mohammad Reza Feylizadeh · 5 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) has been considered in various fields in the last decade. With the increasing number of IoT devices in the community, secure, accessible, and reliable infrastructure for processing and storing computed data has become necessary. Since traditional security protocols are unsuitable for IoT devices, IoT implementation is fraught with privacy and security challenges. Thus, blockchain technology has become an effective solution to the problems of IoT security. Blockchain is an empirical data distribution and storage model involving point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, asymmetric encryption, smart contract, and other computer technologies. Security and privacy are becoming increasingly important in using the IoT. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive framework for classifying security criteria based on blockchain technology. Another goal of the present study is to identify causal relationship factors for the security issue using the Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial-and-Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATEL) approach. In order to deal with uncertainty in human judgment, fuzzy logic is considered an effective tool. The present study’s results show the proposed approach’s efficiency. Authentication (CR6), intrusion detection (CR4), and availability (CR5) were also introduced as the most effective and essential criteria, respectively.