Mark C. Ballandies, Hongyang Wang, Andrew Chung Chee Law, Joshua C. Yang ¡ 6 authors
As digitalization and technological advancements continue to shape the infrastructure landscape, the emergence of blockchain-based decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePINs) has gained prominence. However, a systematic categorization of DePIN components and their interrelationships is still missing. To address this gap, we conduct a literature review and analysis of existing frameworks and derived a taxonomy of DePIN systems from a conceptual architecture. Our taxonomy encompasses three key dimensions: distributed ledger technology, cryptoeconomic design and physicial infrastructure network. Within each dimension, we identify and define relevant components and attributes, establishing a clear hierarchical structure. Moreover, we illustrate the relationships and dependencies among the identified components, highlighting the interplay between governance models, hardware architectures, networking protocols, token mechanisms, and distributed ledger technologies. This taxonomy provides a foundation for understanding and classifying diverse DePIN networks, serving as a basis for future research and facilitating knowledge exchange, fostering collaboration and standardization within the emerging field of decentralized physical infrastructure networks.
Abstract A Blockchain is one distributed ledger system, and keeps the high redundancy of ledger copies to make the assurance of network security. However, the continuously duplicated full copies also impose a tremendous amount of demand on some nodes for data storage. The development of blockchain technologies in the IoT(Internet of Things) application scenario is hampered by the restricted storage capacities of terminal devices used in the IoT edge computing scenario, which makes it difficult to load the full copy with infinite growth. Our paper suggests a collaborative ledger storing model based on Chord Ring to address the issues with lightweight blockchains in data storage. On-chain blocks are split by Chord Ring structure and stored in various node clusters in a decentralized manner, and off-chain blocks at various levels are provided with PoW(Proof of Work) consensus asynchronously and archived centrally to the cloud storage on a regular basis. The theoretical and experimental analysis indicates that this model can reduce the data storage redundancy of blockchains while ensuring the high availability of data and the high decentralization of the network.
Secure communication between connected electric vehicles is critical for realizing the full potential of the Internet of Vehicles. However, the authentication and security of the information shared between vehicles remains a major challenge. In this work, we propose a blockchain-based data authentication algorithm to enable secure information sharing between electric vehicles. Our algorithm leverages the distributed ledger and consensus mechanism of blockchain technology to overcome limitations of traditional public key infrastructure schemes for large-scale vehicle networks. Each electric vehicle has a unique key pair and address on the blockchain network. Vehicles generate digital signatures using their private keys to share data, while recipients verify the signatures using corresponding public keys for authentication. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves high authentication success rates with acceptable latency and computation overhead. The algorithm provides benefits like decentralization, transparency and non-repudiation compared to existing approaches. Our work indicates the potential of blockchain to enhance security, trust and cooperation in Internet of Vehicles applications.
Nowadays, Learning Management Systems (LMS) have become increasingly popular, particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, offering enhanced effectiveness and efficiency. Online exams have emerged as a critical feature within LMS, serving as a means to evaluate studentsâ performance and assess their understanding of the course material. These exams play a crucial role in determining studentsâ eligibility for progression to the next grade or level of study. It is imperative that online exam results meet the standards of reliability and transparency. Any lack of reliability, such as the vulnerability to hacking, can have detrimental effects on studentsâ overall grades. Traditional online exam systems typically store data in centralized locations like MySQL databases, leaving them susceptible to unauthorized access by malicious individuals who may alter studentsâ exam results. This paper aims to propose a blockchain-based framework that facilitates the secure and peer-to-peer conduct and evaluation of academic exams. The framework employs hashing techniques to ensure the integrity of the data and utilizes proof of stake mechanisms to enhance security. Blockchain technology has proven to be effective in safeguarding data integrity by virtue of its decentralized data storage approach and the use of cryptographic hashing for every block within the chain. This paper demonstrates how online exams can be developed using blockchain technology, with each question asked and answered being directly stored on the blockchain. To achieve this, we have developed a module that integrates with the Moodle learning management system. Through a comparative analysis of the default centralized storage approach in Moodle, our module modifies the exam resultsâ storage method, ensuring secure and tamper-proof data storage on the blockchain network. By leveraging the blockchain network, the data associated with exam results is reliably secured, ensuring its integrity, and making it immune to manipulation. Our results indicate that the data stored through the blockchain achieved complete accuracy, with no discrepancies observed when compared to the standard approach employed by the Moodle LMS for storing results. The blockchain network provides a reliable and immutable platform that prevents unauthorized alterations or manipulations of student data. In conclusion, our blockchain-based framework offers a robust solution for enhancing the security and reliability of online exam results. By leveraging the decentralized and tamper-proof nature of blockchain technology, we can ensure the integrity and transparency of student data, ultimately providing a more trustworthy and accurate assessment of their academic performance.
Abstract The rapid development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) along with the emergence of intelligent applications have put forward higher requirements for massive task offloading. Even though Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) can diminish network transmission delay and ease network congestion, the constrained heterogeneous resources of a single edge server and the highly dynamic topology of vehicular edge networks may compromise the efficiency of task offloading, including latency and energy consumption. Vehicular edge networks are also vulnerable to malicious outside attacks. In this paper, we propose a new blockchain-enabled digital twin vehicular edge network (DTVEN) where digital twin (DT) is exploited to monitor network communication, computation, and caching (3C) resources management in real time to provide rich data for offloading decision-making, and blockchain is utilized to secure fair and decentralized offloading transactions among DTs. To ensure 3C resources sharing across edge servers, we design a DT-assisted edge cooperation scheme, which makes full use of edge resources in vehicular networks. Furthermore, a DT-based smart contract is built to achieve a quick and effective consensus process. Then, we apply a task offloading algorithm based on an improved cuckoo algorithm (ICA) and a resource allocation scheme based on greedy strategy to minimize network cost by comprehensively taking into account latency and energy consumption. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms the existing schemes in terms of network cost.
Javier Arcenegui, Rosario Arjona, Iluminada Baturone
The rental of houses is a common economic activity. However, there are many inconveniences that arise when renting a property. The lack of trust between the landlord and the tenant due to fraud or squatters makes it necessary to involve third parties to minimize risk. A blockchain (such as Ethereum) provides an ideal solution to act as a low-cost intermediary. This paper proposes the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) based on ERC-4519 for smart home tokenization. The ERC-4519 is an Ethereum standard for describing NFTs tied to physical assets, allowing smart homes (assets) to be linked to NFTs so that the smart homes can interact with the blockchain and perform transactions, know their landlord (owner) and assigned tenant (user), whether they are authenticated or not, and know their operating mode (NFT state). The payments associated with the rental process are made using the NFT, eliminating the need for additional fungible tokens and simplifying the process. The entire rental process is described and illustrated with a proof of concept using a Pycom Wipy 3.0 as a smart home gateway and a smart contract programmed in Solidity, which is deployed on the Goerli Testnet for Ethereum. Experimental results show that the smart home gateway takes a few tens of milliseconds to complete a transaction, and the transaction costs of the relevant functions of the smart contract are quite affordable.
Abstract: IoT (Internet of Things) is one of the trendingtechnologies nowadays, due to its wide variety of applications butit has many limitations such as data security, centralization, etc. Block-chain can help us to resolve these issues through its decentralized and distributed ledger. There are many ways to integrate block-chain in IoT such as IoT-IoT, IoT- Block-chain, and Hybrid approach but challenges still exist.
Bogdan-Ionut Pahontu, Adrian Petcu, Alexandru Predescu, Diana Arsene ¡ 5 authors
Water is one of the most important resources in our lives, and because of this, the interest in water management systems is growing constantly. A primary concern regarding urban water distribution is how to build robust solutions to facilitate water monitoring flows with the support of consumer involvement. Crowdsensing solutions contribute to the involvement in social platforms for increased awareness about the importance of water resources based on incentives and rewards. Blockchain is one of the technologies that has become increasingly popular in the last few years. The possibility of using this architecture in such different sectors while integrating emerging concepts, such as crowdsensing, the Internet of Things, serious gaming, and decision support systems, offers a lot of alternatives and approaches for designing modern applications. This paper aims to present how these technologies can be combined in order to migrate the functionalities of a water distribution management system from a centralized architecture to a decentralized one by leveraging blockchain technologies. The proposed application was designed to facilitate incident reporting flows in public water distribution networks. The proposed solution was to migrate the rewarding mechanisms using the Ethereum infrastructure. The novelty of this solution is determined by the introduction of this decentralized approach into the architecture and also by increasing customer interest by offering tradeable rewards and dynamic subscription discounts. This results in a new decentralized architecture that allows for more transparent interactions between the water provider and clients and increases customer engagement to contribute to water reporting flows.
Tayeb Kenaza, Sami Messai, Islam Debicha, Mehdi Sehaki
Abstract Electronic Health Records (EHRs) store sensitive and critical patient information, necessitating stringent access control and sharing mechanisms to uphold data security and comply with privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In this paper, we propose a comprehensive architecture and a suite of efficient protocols that leverage the synergistic capabilities of blockchain and Interplanetary File System (IPFS) technologies to enable secure access control and sharing of EHRs. Our approach is based on a private blockchain, wherein smart contracts are deployed to enforce control exclusively by patients. By granting patients exclusive control over their EHRs, our solution ensures compliance with personal data protection laws and empowers individuals to manage their health information autonomously. Notably, our proposed architecture seamlessly integrates with existing health provider information systems, facilitating interoperability and effectively addressing security and data heterogeneity challenges. To exhibit the effectiveness of our approach, we developed a prototype implementation utilizing the Ethereum platform, enabling the simulation of diverse scenarios involving access control and health data sharing among healthcare practitioners. Our experimental results demonstrate the scalability, recovery mechanisms, and revocation procedures embedded within our solution, thereby substantiating its efficacy and robustness in real-world healthcare settings. Overall, our study provides a significant contribution towards a secure and interoperable framework for EHR access control and sharing, leveraging patient-centric control mechanisms.
Shahriar Rahman Fahim, SM Katibur Rahman, Sharfuddin Mahmood
Since the inception of Blockchain, the computer database has been evolving into innovative technologies. Recent technologies emerge, the use of Blockchain is also flourishing. All the technologies from Blockchain use a mutual algorithm to operate. The consensus algorithm is the process that assures mutual agreements and stores information in the decentralized database of the network. Blockchain's biggest drawback is the exposure to scalability. However, using the correct consensus for the relevant work can ensure efficiency in data storage, transaction finality, and data integrity. In this paper, a comparison study has been made among the following consensus algorithms: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Proof of Authority (PoA), and Proof of Vote (PoV). This study aims to provide readers with elementary knowledge about blockchain, more specifically its consensus protocols. It covers their origins, how they operate, and their strengths and weaknesses. We have made a significant study of these consensus protocols and uncovered some of their advantages and disadvantages in relation to characteristics details such as security, energy efficiency, scalability, and IoT (Internet of Things) compatibility. This information will assist future researchers to understand the characteristics of our selected consensus algorithms.
Francisco Moya, Francisco J. Quesada, Luis MartÄąĚnez, Francisco J. Estrella
Abstract Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, especially wearable devices, are commonly integrated into modern intelligent healthcare software. These devices enable medical practitioners to monitor pervasively patientsâ parameters outside the clinical environment. However, the ease of manipulating wearable devices and their data streams raises concerns regarding patient privacy and data trust. Distributed ledger technologies (DLT) offer solutions to enhance resistance against information manipulation and eliminate single points of failure. By leaveraging DLT, wearable-based solutions can be developed with a wider range of capabilities. This paper carries out an analysis of shortcomings, limitations, potential applications and needs in the medical domain, to introduce Phonendo 1.0, a DLTâIoT-based platform designed to capture data streams from wearable devices and publishing them on a distributed ledger technology infrastructure. The architecture and its difference services are justified based on the identified needs and challenges in the medical domain.
Abstract The integration of blockchain and machine learning has emerged as a promising paradigm that can revolutionize various industries and applications. Blockchainâs decentralized and immutable nature, coupled with the analytical capabilities of machine learning, presents new opportunities for secure and transparent data sharing, collaborative model training, and intelligent decision-making. This research paper explores the concept of synergistic integration of blockchain and machine learning, providing an overview of the underlying technologies, related work, and existing frameworks. It proposes a novel Decentralized Intelli- gent Learning Network (DILN) framework that combines the strengths of both technologies to create a decentralized and efficient ecosystem for collaborative machine learning applications. The paper presents case studies in healthcare, finance, supply chain management, IoT, and academic research to showcase the potential impact of this integration. Furthermore, it discusses technical approaches, challenges, and ethical considerations to address in the deployment of decentralized intelligent systems. The research paper concludes by encourag- ing further research and development in the field to unlock the full potential of this transformative technology.
Blockchain technology is increasingly popular and has been widely applied in many industrial fields, due to its unique properties of decentralization, immutability, and traceability. Blockchain systems in different fields vary, with different block structures, consensus mechanisms and access permission models. These differences make it hard for different blockchain systems to interoperate with each other, which makes them isolated. Cross-chain technologies have been developed to solve this isolation problem in order to improve the interoperability of blockchains. Although some surveys on cross-chain technologies can be found, they are unable to keep up with the latest research progress due to their extremely fast pace of development. Moreover, the literature misses general criteria to evaluate the quality of cross-chain technologies. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review of cross-chain technologies is conducted by employing a comprehensive set of evaluation criteria. The preliminaries on blockchain interoperability are first presented. Then, a set of evaluation criteria is proposed in terms of security, privacy, performance, and functionality. The latest cutting-edge works are reviewed based on the proposed taxonomy of cross-chain technologies and their performance is evaluated against our proposed criteria. Finally, some open issues and future directions of cross-chain research are pointed out.
Smart farming, as a branch of the Internet of Things (IoT), combines the recognition of agricultural economic competencies and the progress of data and information collected from connected devices with statistical analysis to characterize the essentials of the assimilated information, allowing farmers to make intelligent conclusions that will maximize the harvest benefit. However, the integration of advanced technologies requires the adoption of high-tech security approaches. In this paper, we present a framework that promises to enhance the security and privacy of smart farms by leveraging the decentralized nature of blockchain technology. The framework stores and manages data acquired from IoT devices installed in smart farms using a distributed ledger architecture, which provides secure and tamper-proof data storage and ensures the integrity and validity of the data. The study uses the AWS cloud, ESP32, the smart farm security monitoring framework, and the Ethereum Rinkeby smart contract mechanism, which enables the automated execution of pre-defined rules and regulations. As a result of a proof-of-concept implementation, the system can detect and respond to security threats in real time, and the results illustrate its usefulness in improving the security of smart farms. The number of accepted blockchain transactions on smart farming requests fell from 189,000 to 109,450 after carrying out the first three tests while the next three testing phases showed a rise in the number of blockchain transactions accepted on smart farming requests from 176,000 to 290,786. We further observed that the lesser the time taken to induce the device alarm, the higher the number of blockchain transactions accepted on smart farming requests, which demonstrates the efficacy of blockchain-based poisoning attack mitigation in smart farming.
As the distributed ledger technology underlying cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, blockchain has empowered various industries, such as supply chain management, healthcare, government services, e-voting, etc. However, the ever-growing ledger on each node has been the main bottleneck for blockchain scalability as the network scale expands, which worsens in blockchain-enabled IoT scenarios with resource-limited devices. With the support of the ReedâSolomon (RS) code, the Cuckoo-Store (CS), a ledger storage optimization engine, is proposed in this paper to dramatically decrease the storage burden on each node by encoding the ledger as data segments with redundancy and distributing them to multiple nodes. These distributed data segments can be collected and decoded using RS code to recover the original ledger. Furthermore, the Cuckoo filter (CF) is used to guarantee the integrity of the encoded segments, which helps detect the forged segments and facilitates the process of ledger recovery. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the CS engine can decrease the storage in each node by more than 94%, and the original ledger can be recovered efficiently with acceptable communication overheads.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The networks on a centralized cloud architecture that interconnect Internet of Things (IoT) gadgets are not limited by national or jurisdictional borders. To ensure the secure sharing of sensitive user data among IoT gadgets, it is imperative to maintain security, resilience and trustless authentication. As a result, blockchain technology has become a viable option to provide such noteworthy characteristics. Blockchain technology is foundational for resolving many IoT security and privacy issues. Blockchainâs safe decentralization can solve the IoT ecosystemâs security, authentication and maintenance constraints. However, blockchain, like any innovation, has drawbacks, mainly when used in crucial IoT systems such as programmable logic controller (PLC) networks. This paper addresses the most recent security and privacy issues relating to the IoT, including the perception, network and application layers of the IoTâs tiered architecture. The key focus is to review the existing IoT security and privacy concerns and how blockchain might be used to deal with these problems. This paper proposes a novel approach focusing on IoT capabilities and PLC device security. The new model will incorporate a proof-of-work-based blockchain into the (PLC) IoT ecosystem. This blockchain enables the transmission of binary data and the data logging of the (PLC) networksâ signals. This novel technique uses fewer resources than other sophisticated methods in that PLC devices communicate data while maintaining a high transmission, encryption and decoding speed. In addition to ensuring repeatability, our new model addresses the memory and tracing problems that different PLC manufacturers encounter.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Anand K. Bapatla, Deepak Puthal, Saraju P. Mohanty, Venkata P. Yanambaka ¡ 5 authors
The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a bigger picture that tries to fit the Internet of Things (IoT) that is widely deployed in smart applications. IoE brings people, data, processes, and things to form a network that is more connected and increases overall system intelligence. A further investigation of the IoE can really mean creating a distributed network focusing on edge computing instead of relying on the cloud. Blockchain is one of the recently distributed network technologies which by structure and operations provide data integrity and security in trust-less P2P networks such as IoE. Blockchain can also remove the need for central entities which is the main hurdle for the wide adoption of IoT in large networks. IoT âthingsâ are resource-constrained both in power and computation to adopt the conventional blockchain consensus algorithms that are power and compute-hungry. To solve that problem, this paper proposes EasyChain, a blockchain that is robust along with running on a lightweight authentication-based consensus protocol that is known as Proof-of-Authentication (PoAh). This blockchain based on the lightweight consensus protocol replaces the power-hungry transaction, blocks validation steps, and provides ease of usage in resource-constrained environments such as IoE. The proposed blockchain is designed using the Python language for an easy understanding of the functions and increased ease of integration into IoE applications. The designed blockchain system is also deployed on a single-board computer to analyze its feasibility and scalability. The latency observed in the simulated and experimental evaluations is 148.89 ms which is very fast compared to the existing algorithms.
A large amount of raw data collected by satellites is processed by the production chain to obtain a large amount of product data, of which the secure exchange and storage is of interest to researchers in the field of remote sensing information science. Authentic, secure data is a critical foundation for data analysis and decision-making. And traditional centralized cloud computing systems are vulnerable to attacks, and once the central server is successfully attacked, all data will be lost. Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is an innovative computer technology that can ensure information security, traceability and tamper-proof, and can be applied to the field of remote sensing. Although there are many advantages to using DLT in remote sensing applications, there are some obstacles and limitations to its application. Remote sensing data has the characteristics of large data volume, spatiotemporal nature, global and so on, and it is difficult to store and interconnect remote sensing data in the blockchain. To address these issues, this paper proposes a trustworthy and decentralized system using blockchain. The novelty of this paper is to propose a multi-level blockchain architecture in which the system collects remote sensing data and stores it in the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) network, after generating the IPFS hash, the network rehashes the value again and uploads it on the Ethereum chain for public query. Distributed data storage improves data security, supports the secure exchange of information, and improves the efficiency of data management.
Vichayanan Rattanawiboomsom, Muhammad Saleem Korejo, Javed Ali, Uthen Thatsaringkharnsakun
The use of advanced computer technology in the healthcare industry has the potential to improve patient care and therapeutic results. The goal of this project is to improve data security, privacy, and decentralisation in healthcare by integrating blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The adoption of IoT devices makes it possible to gather and analyse patient sensory data in realâtime; however centralised processing and storage present problems such as data manipulation and privacy issues. The study investigates the creation of a decentralised IoT-based e-healthcare system that takes these issues into account by utilising blockchain technology. In addition, the paper also emphasises how blockchain use has advanced smart contract technologies. Smart contracts provide safe user authentication for IoT device access, assuring responsibility, traceability, and data integrity. The study investigates the potentially game-changing applications of blockchain technology in healthcare, such as enhanced data interoperability, patient-cantered care, reduced administrative procedures, and increased transaction transparency. The report also highlights the significance of blockchain in managing pharmaceutical supply chains, considering the essential influence on patient welfare and safety. Effective management is essential in the healthcare business because supply chain interruptions or breaches can have serious implications. The present level of research in blockchain-enabled IoT applications for healthcare is examined comprehensively using the PRISMA framework and records from the Scopus database. The three most important research topics are cloud computing, fog computing, and medical services. The results highlight the important role that blockchain-enabled IoT applications have played in enhancing data security and privacy in the healthcare industry. Real-time data gathering, precise diagnoses, individualised treatments, and simplified administrative procedures are all made possible by the integration of blockchain and IoT. Additionally, scalable solutions and insightful data for healthcare decision-making are provided via fog computing, cloud computing, machine learning, and smart contracts.
With fast evolution of computer and networking technologies, more and more systems and applications are based on interconnecting different devices and systems to form the Internet-of-Something: things, vehicles, and even bodies. Many among those systems require permanent, distributed data storage facilities which are being increasingly implemented using replicated, tamper-proof blockchain ledgers. Most, if not all, of those problems are exacerbated, rather than solved, by blockchain technology. In addition, the use of blockchain brings many challenges that include efficient and reliable data distribution; efficient and collusion-proof consensus mechanisms; efficient coverage of wide geographical areas; and a plethora of existing security- and privacy-related constraints on the networks.
Lorenzo Gigli, Ivan Zyrianoff, Federico Montori, Cristiano Aguzzi ¡ 6 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions a global market in which it would be possible to easily get data from IoT devices across the globe. However, the potential of this idea still needs to be unlocked. Centralized architectures fall short due to their lack of transparency and tendency to create silos. On the other hand, blockchain technology enables the creation of distributed and trustworthy systems, but its integration with the IoT is still a matter of research. IoT-based scenarios often employ numerous devices for the same sensing task, which may be heterogeneous and unreliable by purpose. In our vision, IoT applications should rely on data and its quality rather than on single providers. For this purpose, we propose an architecture that enables a decentralized IoT global market in which clients pay for data and device owners are rewarded for providing it. Our solution employs a distributed oracle layer on top of smart contracts powered by a distributed global network of IoT devices. The system supports IoT data source decoupling since the end-user can perform semantic queries bounded to specific locations and data types without specifying the target devices. In addition, it features automatic discovery, interoperability mechanisms, and reputation algorithms for the selection of trustworthy data sources. Our results show that the proposed system is robust and consistently provides quality data, even with multiple malicious data sources.
Because of the frequent occurrence of drug safety incidents in recent years, drug safety cannot be effectively guaranteed. The purpose of this study is to establish a blockchain-based drug traceability system and strengthen the construction of a drug information technology traceability system. Because the traditional drug traceability system depends on a certain center, there are many traceability participants, and the information is difficult to integrate, resulting in incomplete and unreliable traceability information. The use of blockchain technology can achieve data tamper-proof and decentralization so that each drug can be tracked through the unique identifier on the blockchain to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the data. Finally, "one thing, one code, one traceability code" will be realized, to strengthen the sharing of traceability information, realize the traceability of the whole variety and process, and improve drug safety. The drug traceability system consists of the data collection system, product traceability identification system, data statistical analysis system, and other subsystems. The platform uses distributed ledgers, blockchain, data technology, smart contracts, data mining and analysis, and other technologies to achieve multiple functional requirements such as anti-counterfeiting traceability of enterprise products, process tracking, data statistics, and so on.
Blockchain-based decentralized identity management provides a promising solution to improve the security and privacy of healthcare systems and make them scalable. Traditional Identity Management Systems are centralized, which makes them single-point-of-failure, vulnerable to attacks and data breaches, and non-scalable. In contrast, decentralized identity management based on the blockchain can ensure secure and transparent access to patient data while preserving privacy. This approach enables patients to control their personal health data while granting permission for medical personnel to access specific information as needed. We propose a decentralized identity management system for healthcare systems named BDIMHS based on a permissioned blockchain with Hyperledger Indy and Hyperledger Aries. We develop further descriptions of required functionalities and provide high-level procedures for network initialization, enrollment, registration, issuance, verification and revocation functionalities. The proposed solution improves data security, privacy, immutability, interoperability, and patient autonomy by using selective disclosure, zero-knowledge proofs, Decentralized Identifiers, and Verifiable Credentials. Furthermore, we discuss the potential challenges associated with implementing this technology in healthcare and evaluate the performance and security of the proposed solution.