Sreejith Balasubramanian, Jaspreet Singh Sethi, Shalini Ajayan, Cody Morris Paris
Abstract This viewpoint article proposes an enabling framework that identifies the use of various blockchain technologies in tourism and their applications (digitalization, automation, disintermediation, and intelligent environment) across the different stages of travel (pre-trip, during the trip, and post-trip). As we know, the tourism sector contributes immensely to world GDP and job creation. However, the COVID-19 pandemic, even after two years since it first appeared, continues to adversely impact the tourism prospects of countries across the world due to nationwide lockdowns and travel restrictions. As the world tries to adapt to the “new normal,“ the tourism sector is forced to re-think its ways of doing business and bring about innovations to facilitate the new norms of contactless and safe transactions. Also, the sector, more than ever, need to effectively deal with its inherent challenges such as transparency and credibility of information, fraudulent practices, opportunistic behavior of intermediaries, and foreign currency risks. Blockchain technology can transform the tourism sector by offering innovative solutions that address its pressing issues. However, our current understanding of blockchain application in tourism is quite limited, with previous work being largely fragmented and narrow in terms of both scope and application. We foresee that the insights offered in this viewpoint, including the framework, will advance both theory and practice and facilitate the implementation of blockchain-enabled solutions across different travel stages.
Food safety is a public health issue of paramount importance. In this regard, blockchain has emerged as a promising technology that allows users to effectively and efficiently record the origin and flow of products and eliminate or reduce harmful food fraud. Consumers can benefit from this development by receiving up-to-date and verifiable information about the origins and delivery routes of their purchases. Drawing on signaling theory and the results of two experimental studies with 151 and 152 participants, respectively, we investigate how the use of blockchain to trace food products impacts consumers’ perception of product quality as a mediating variable and subsequently their purchase intention. Our framework further considers brand familiarity as a moderating variable. The findings from the two experiments show that blockchain labels as a signaling mechanism in food supply chains help to strengthen consumers’ perceived quality of food products, which, in turn, increases their purchase intention. This effect is more pronounced for less familiar brands, which is valuable information for managers who want to build a brand’s reputation. From an academic perspective, we highlight the applicability of signaling theory to identify blockchain-based traceability systems as important drivers of perceived product quality and consequently purchase intention.
Purpose This paper examines the impact of a blockchain platform on the role and importance of trust in established buyer-supplier relationships. Design/methodology/approach A literature review provides insight into trust development in supply chains. Research uses a case study of two wine supply chains: the producers, importers, logistics companies and UK Government agencies. Semi-structured interviews determine how trust and trustworthiness develop in buyer-supplier relationships and the impact of a blockchain-based technology proof of concept on supply chain trust. Findings A blockchain-based platform introduces common trusted data, reducing data duplication and improving supply chain visibility. The platform supports trust building between parties but does not replace the requirements for organisations to establish a position of trust. Contrary to literature claims for blockchain trustless disintermediation, new intermediaries are introduced who need to be trusted. Research limitations/implications The case study presents challenges specific to UK customs borders, and research needs to be repeated in different contexts to establish if findings are generalisable. Practical implications A blockchain-based platform can improve supply chain efficiency and trust development but does not remove the need for trust and trust-building processes. Blockchain platform providers need to build a position of trust with all participants. Originality/value Case study research shows how blockchain facilitates but does not remove trust, trustworthiness and trust relationships in established supply chains. The reduction in information asymmetry and improved supply chain visibility provided by blockchain does not change the importance of trust in established buyer-supplier relationships or the trust-based policy of the UK Government at the customs border.
Md. Akhtaruzzaman Khan, Md. Emran Hossain, Ali Shahaab, Imtiaz Khan
Despite substantial progress achieved with shrimp production during the last three and a half decades, growth of shrimp export remains minimal in Bangladesh. In the absence of effective traceability and transparency practices, a wide range of malpractice occurs both at the production and post-harvest stages. Traditional paper-based record-keeping methods for the shrimp supply chain are disparate and, therefore, cannot provide efficient traceability capacity and holistic view of the supply chain. These limit the identification of any issues in earlier juncture to proactively ensure food safety, best practice, and good governance. Addressing this multiplexed challenge, we present here ShrimpChain, a public-private hybrid blockchain-based conceptual framework. Focusing on the export market and utilizing existing technologies, the conceptual framework addresses the traceability, transparency, and certification challenges associated with shrimp export. In this framework, from the post-larva purchasing to the final packaging stage, relevant data for every stage will be entered by the associated actors via mobile/web app or Internet of Things devices to the blockchain network. Data authentication will be achieved by a novel approach of incorporating community consensus in conjunction with the machine-derived data entry timestamping method. Instead of the traditional central and endpoint certification approach, we propose a distributed and accumulative score-based certification approach that will grade packaged shrimps according to the completeness and accuracy of the authenticated data entered during different stages. Such distributed approach of certification will enhance not only food safety but also the quality and compliance to best practices. Most importantly, engaging shrimp farmers in the safety and quality assurance as well as to the certification process will empower them to have better control over the market and incentive to produce high-quality shrimp for high-value market.
Christian Bux, Erica Varese, Vera Amicarelli, Mariarosaria Lombardi
Islam is the second-largest religion on a global scale. All around the world Muslims are estimated to comprise more than 1.9 billion people. Therefore, the demand for Halal commodities is expected to reach a high growth rate: thus, it is crucial to increase its global market’s reliability and traceability. Based on these grounds, the scope of this paper is to assess Halal food sustainability, examining the barriers and opportunities offered by the certification and blockchain tools. To this purpose, the authors carried out an integrative literature review, selecting 54 contributions in the Web of Science platform. Despite several limitations, such as the lack of a standardized framework or universally accepted and reliable certifying authorities, the implementation of blockchain technology has emerged as an interesting instrument to increase the trustworthiness and traceability of Halal foods. This tool could also help the development of protocols and standard procedures, ensuring hygienic and permitted products that may boost food safety and security. Besides, the enhancement of the Halal certification and the blockchain tool, even if several efforts are required in terms of innovation and cooperation by local authorities, industrial associations and leading consumers, could enhance fair trade, ethical business, green animal breeding and environmental economics, and hence sustainable development.
Technological adoption has become a key goal of digital transformation within firms, affecting many facets of an organisation such as attaining competitive advantage, increased revenue, reduction of operational costs, and improving operational efficiency. Blockchain as a decentralised peer to peer technology appears uniquely suited to being deployed within complex food supply chains such as the fisheries industry, which is the focus of this study. In this context, blockchain technology can be used for a variety of purposes such as providence authentication, handling and storage, transparency, counterfeit prevention, food forensics, and enhanced supply chain resilience. The purpose of this study is to synthesize existing research on the interrelationship between Blockchain technology and the factors that determine adoption, as well as identifying the enablers and barriers. This preliminary work identified key themes emerging from the blockchain literature suggesting that adoption factors are wide ranging, encompassing aspects including organisational readiness, security, complexity, partnerships, competition, governmental influence, and transparency. The thematic analysis of enablers and barriers to blockchain adoption identified the broad theme of resources as the key enabler and integration as the key barrier. These preliminary findings add to the growing body of research including increased understanding of the current state of academic research in the areas of blockchain adoption factors, blockchain adoption in supply chains, blockchain adoption in the fisheries industry and the enablers and barriers to adoption. This study is the initial step in a large scale study with the next phase comprising case studies of specific fishery supply chain stakeholders.
Blockchain technology (BT) is a distributed and decentralized database that store transaction information in a network. Due to providing better visibility and transparency, this technology has gained a considerable attention in the recent years. This research is carried out with the purpose of exploring the potential of blockchain technology to increase supply chain integrity in halal food industry. Therefore, a literature on BT and its adoption in the halal supply chain is given and a model is developed to identify the influence of BT on halal supply chain. Three features of smart contract including traceability, decentralized, and anonymity are added to the model as moderators to explore their influence on integrity of halal supply chain..
Forest protection is crucial to ensuring the balance between human beings and ecology. This study explores the key role played by communities that originally lived in forest-protected areas in implementing the traditional management of forests. The unified management mode previously used by the state power can no longer meet the demands of modern times; hence, multiple types of management systems should be implemented to enable adaption to the original ecology of forest areas. A multimodal management mode should be adopted to restore the original ecology of forest areas. The adoption of this management system can restore a forest to its original state (i.e., the state that existed prior to the entry of state power). The forest has been in a state of ecological balance involving numerous species since ancient times. However, in the modern field of science, the passive restoration of a community's self-governance ability could be unsustainable and unstable. To improve this situation, blockchain technology can first be used to improve the community management of a forest, such that the capabilities of the original local community can be improved; second, tourism promotion benefits both the community and the forest. When a community in a forest develops the tourism industry with the support of blockchain technology, the information and resources of all parties can be widely connected with the larger world, and this considerably increases success rates; finally, the traditional spiritual culture of a community, such as the culture of sharing, should be promoted. In addition to the skillful utilization of technology, culture can improve the traditional forest management ability of tribal communities who live in native forest areas in terms of their personality traits. Overall, we conclude that: against the evolution history of the over one hundred years, the adoption of new technology for forest management is inherently a creative innovation for the tribal community's entrepreneurial development.
In this research, we discussed a rising issue for Muslims in today world that involves a financial and technical innovation, namely: cryptocurrencies. We found out through a questionnaire that many Muslims are having a hard time finding the jurisprudence rulings on certain cryptocurrencies. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate and identify features that play a part in determining the jurisprudence rulings on cryptocurrencies. We have collected a dataset containing 106 cryptocurrencies classified into 56 Halal and 50 Haram cryptocurrencies, and used 20 handcrafted features. Moreover, based on these identified features, we designed an intelligent system that contains a Machine Learning model for classifying cryptocurrencies into Halal and Haram.
Open access
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cs.CY
cs.HC
Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
Pratyush Kumar Patro, Raja Jayaraman, Khaled Salah, Ibrar Yaqoob
Efficient traceability management is necessary for managing products in the fishery supply chain. Any negligence in products’ traceability can result in food fraud that may adversely affect the consumer’s health. Monitoring and tracking of the fishery supply chain operations can assist system stakeholders in identifying the origins and causes of product fraud and malpractice. Most of the existing systems and technologies used to manage the fishery supply chain processes fall short of providing traceability, accountability, transparency, reliability, trust, privacy, and security features. In this paper, we propose a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution to efficiently manage the fishery supply chain operations in a manner that is decentralized, transparent, traceable, secure, private, and trustworthy. We present the solution architecture and propose five smart contracts to automate the processes in fishery supply chain. We present ten algorithms along with their full implementation, testing, and validation details. We conduct a security analysis to show that the proposed solution is both secure and trustworthy. We compare our solution with the existing blockchain and non-blockchain-based solutions to show its effectiveness and novelty. We make the smart contract code publicly available on GitHub.
The 21st century has brought about Blockchain technology, which became a vital innovation in supply chain management and logistics. Blockchain technology is a digital ledger of replicated and disseminated transactions across all the nodes on the Blockchain network. Global logistics is the flow of data and resources between the point of origin and consumption. The arrival of the fourth industrial revolution enhanced the incorporation of technology into all logistics processes and led to the advent of Smart Logistics. The application of Blockchain technology in global logistics effectively advances and allows decentralization and immutable data storage. Blockchain technology has the capability to diminish errors, damage to goods, order delays, and multiple data entries. Essentially, Blockchain technology streamlines global logistics by making it more integrated, efficient, and transparent. The approach of this study can be described as a theory-building from multiple case studies. The study furnishes insight into Blockchain technology, its application and importance in global logistics and smart logistics, and possible opportunities and challenges to be encountered. The goal of this study is to emphasize how Blockchain technology can be advantageous to global logistics systems.
One of the problems that occur in the development of cash waqf in Indonesia is the managerial system and financial reporting. Currently, the safety of waqf data is not guaranteed and is not integrated yet between Islamic Financial Institution – Cash Waqf Recipient/LKS-PWU (Lembaga Keuangan Syari’ah – Penerima Wakaf Uang), Nazir, and BWI (Badan Wakaf Indonesia). The blockchain system comes with changing a centralized approach to being decentralized. The use of the blockchain system in managing waqf funds can be a solution to the problem of waqf that occurs. Therefore, this study aims to examine the implementation of blockchain technology in increasing the accountability and transparency of cash waqf in Indonesia. This study adopts an interview technique with seven practitioners and academics in collecting data and using thematic analysis in the analysis. The research finds that the level of accountability in the waqf management by the LKS-PWU of the Islamic bank is quite acceptable, as evidenced by the fulfillment of five accountability indicators by the LKS-PWU. However, it must be improved in several aspects such as data security, data integration, and real-time reporting. Strategies for increasing accountability include the blockchain implementation in the waqf management both in collecting and distributing waqf by LKS-PWU. The opportunity to apply blockchain to waqf management is very potential because the blockchain system has several advantages such as speed, transparency, and a higher level of security than the conventional system.
This paper discusses the blockchain frameworks for evaluating trustworthiness in managing waqf management system. The frameworks are Ethereum, Hyperledger, Finterra Waqfchain and Waqf Blockchain (WB). The invention of the blockchain has offered many benefits to the waqf institution since this institution faced many challenges such as lack of data transparency, accountability issues, weak of historical records, improper audit and improper compliance practices that may breaks donors' trust to use waqf system as a platform to make donation. However, the framework has their own pros and cons in order to make waqf management system more transparent, trusted and efficient. As a result, Ethereum framework shows the most suitable blockchain platform that can be used for the waqf management system.
Demand for Halal food has significantly increased with the growing Muslim population and society’s interest in sustainable food production. However, there has been an increase in concerns regarding the Halal food labeling transparency process, with misleading labels found across the world. Blockchain-based traceability systems are a potential solution for current limitations in monitoring the production process of food due to its inherent decentralization and immutable nature. The technology allows stakeholders, including consumers, to promote farm-to-fork transparency, where traceability is a core component. This paper will explore the blockchain-based traceability system use case implemented by the Indonesian poultry player PT Sreeya Sewu Indonesia Tbk. Utilizing a blockchain-based system as a foundation for traceability shows promising results: data throughout the process is recorded permanently and difficult to tamper. Although the system does not eliminate the possibility of incorrect information being recorded, the same immutability characteristics will keep the new knowledge of fraud permanent if found during the audit. This layer of accountability contributes to the transparency that benefits both the consumers and stakeholders of the value chain.
The invention of the computer which was originally a calculating machine (Difference Engine no. 1) which was discovered by Charles Babbage (1791- 1871) is something very famous in the history of computer development and is the first automatic calculator. With the very rapid development of the digital world, in 1983 an American cryptography expert David Chaum used cryptographic electronic money called e-cash, and in 1995, he implemented it through Digichash, which became the initial form of collaboration between the digital world of computers and Money, which is a cryptographic electronic payment instrument that requires user software to pull notes from the bank and designate a specific encrypted key before it can be sent to the recipient. And in 1996, the NSA, namely the United States National Security Agency, which was founded by President Harry S. Truman on November 4, 1952, had the task and function of collecting and analyzing communications from other countries, as well as protecting information belonging to the United States. The agency published a paper entitled How to Make a Mint: The Cryptography of Anonymous Electronic Cash, describing the Crypto currency system that first published it on the MIT mailing list, later in 1997, in the journal The American Law Review (Vol. 46, Issue 4). It was these researches that eventually led the developers to start developing what is known today as blockchain which is basically a distributed open ledger to record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way. The discovery of Bit coin in 2009 which was declared as electronic money was developed by an institution or individual who has the initials Satoshi Nakamoto, the technology used is using a peer to peer network without centralized storage so that verification can be done anywhere in the world anywhere that dedicates a computer, to do this or it is called mining. Since 2009 other coins and tokens have started to appear, as we can see on CoinMarketcap which has more than 6000 coins and tokens. The utilization and use of this technology is still being debated from the point of view of Muslims in Indonesia, as stated by Yenny Wahid in the activities carried out by the Islamic Law Firm (ILF), this is due to the uncertainty of the asset value which can change at any time.
Open access
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Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
Nino Adamashvili, Radu State, Caterina Tricase, Mariantonietta Fiore
The wine sector is one of the most ‘amazing’ and significant agri-food sectors worldwide since ancient times, considering revenue or employment as well as health aspects. This article aims to describe the impact of the implementation of blockchain technology (BCT) in the wine supply chain. After the literature review, the study is based on Agent Based Models (ABMs) and carried out by the GAMA program. Then, the model and simulation of BCT wine supply chain is designed. Finally, the paper compares traditional and BCT-based supply chains, and the advantages of the last one are evident. Blockchain is a useful tool to ensure a traceability system and to protect the production from any type of fraud and contamination.
Incorporating blockchain into Halal traceability systems is developing in nature; the research aspires to examine the participation intent in blockchain-empowered Halal fashion traceability (BHFT) system via a joint framework that includes diffusion of innovation theory, institutional theory, and Halal-oriented approach. The study uses a simple random sampling method to collect the data from 165 Indonesian Halal fashion manufacturing companies. PLS-SEM is employed to examine the conceptual framework. Findings show that Halal-oriented approach significantly affects institutional pressures, while institutional pressures significantly affects perceived desirability, and perceived desirability significantly affects the participation intent. The companies operating an inclusive Halal-oriented approach will be more aware of the institutional pressures that expect them to partake in a BHFT. The paper enhances the existing literature in Halal supply chains, blockchain, operation management, and information systems via a cohesive framework and empirical insight.
This paper examines blockchain technology and food waste management in the hospitality industry. Food waste prevention is an important issue for hotels, as food consumption is difficult to estimate, often leading to huge amounts of waste. Food waste occurs at each stage of the food supply chain and represents a big percentage of hospitality waste. Although many studies examine the difficulties of food waste management, only a limited number of studies examine the stages of food waste inside food supply chains. The coordination of food supply chains can be supported by blockchain technology, which can break the supply chain into smaller parts and help managers to better mitigate food control. To address these issues, this paper conducts an extensive literature review, firstly to clarify the concept of food waste management in the hospitality industry and secondly to examine the benefits of the use of blockchain technology in food supply chains. Combining the obtained knowledge, this study aims to analyze the relationship between blockchain and food waste management practices. It also aims to examine how this combination boosts hotels to increase their performance and gain customers’ loyalty. Therefore, this paper analyses food waste management in the hospitality industry makes propositions on how blockchain technology could support food waste management in the food supply chain and forms the base for future research.
Disintermediation of the travel industry in the modern area has the most powerful and successful innovation, obviously with the assistance of Blockchain innovation. The market structure has changed since the appearance of online travel planners. Determined to improve the system for the travel industry that as of now depends on this blockchain innovation, for which the reason for this paper was made, a subjective strategy with semi-organized meetings appears to be appropriate to decide the ideal use to draw out the fundamental capability of this blockchain innovation for the business. the travel industry as per specialists. From the consequences of meetings led just as from the aftereffects of considering the impact of blockchain on business, it tends to be inferred that blockchain innovation is a fitting new advance as far as restricting and forbidding new go betweens in the entrance of the travel industry, subsequently it will prompt the vanishing of go-betweens from the travel industry market and an increment in the framework straightforward that everybody knows.
Marouane El Midaoui, El Mehdi Ben Laoula, Mohammed Qbadou, Khalifa Mansouri
<p class="western" align="justify">Most of supply chain networks have encountered difficulties when trying to integrate all components and stakeholders (Customers, warehouse, transportation, and raw material production. Etc...), which make supply chain management system suffering from a lack of efficiency and transparency that make a steady increase in good’s falsification and consumer’s disappointment. All information about good’s production, storage and transportation should flow clearly during all stages of the supply chain by tracking and authenticating to avoid product’s contamination or fraud in the network. Current tracking IoT-based systems are built on top of centralized architecture and this leaves a gap for tampering and false information especially in urban area, but also the exsiting solutions cannot allow the information to be shared with authority or consumers. To effectively assess and assure traceability and transparency this paper propose an approach using a distributed ledger (blockchain) besides a configuable IoT-based system to take into account all needed data including specific case of urban area, with an opendata platform at the disposal of stockholders, authority and consumers.</p>
This article supports decision-makers for the use of blockchain technology in academies and industry in Indonesia, considering its advantages and disadvantages. Like the current Covid 19 pandemic, it is necessary to obtain accurate data in various economic sectors. Islamic economic instruments such as waqf are an important sector, proven to have played a significant role in socio-economy throughout history, as a philanthropic tool and contribute to Islamic civilization. If developed, managed and utilized properly, it can create sustainability for the community. A method that relies on previous literature, this qualitative paper aims to contribute to encouraging the government to use blockchain for waqf. We outline terms and concepts related to how blockchain works and theoretical trust to investigate how blockchain affects the role of trust in waqf transactions. The results using the SWOT framework, we discuss what emerges from blockchain technology in waqf. The conclusion of this study discusses how blockchain can contribute to waqf instruments based on a conceptual framework. We hope to stimulate interest in theory and practice to encourage discussion in this area.