Blockchain Papers

Peter, Kimberley, Schaus, Michael

No abstract is available for this record.

Axel T. Paul

Although indispensable and in daily use, money and more specifically money creation in our two-layered fractional reserve banking system is still poorly recognized by social science at large. Its main features are outlined in order to identify (a) money’s double nature to be private and public at once and (b) inflation and speculative excess as two of its inherent dangers. Bitcoin and sovereign money are discussed as prominent examples of, on the one hand, private or libertarian and, on the other hand state-oriented or social-democratic monetary reforms, each intended to solve one of the two systemic problems our currency order. The new money’s respective advantages notwithstanding, it is shown that neither Bitcoin nor sovereign money can overcome money’s double nature or realize the dream of an eventually neutral money.

Joël Emery

No abstract is available for this record.

Kartik Hegadekatti, S G Yatish

No abstract is available for this record.

J.J. Oerlemans, Bart Custers, Ronald Pool, R. Cornelisse

Het witwassen van geld dat wordt verkregen uit cybercrime vindt in de regel plaats via digitale betalingsmiddelen. De reden daarvoor is dat het geld bij cybercrime vaak wordt verkregen via online betalingsmethoden en virtuele valuta. De hoofdvraag van dit onderzoek luidt: Op welke wijze en door welke actoren wordt geld dat wordt verkregen uit banking malware en ransomware (al dan niet digitaal) witgewassen?De deelvragen van het onderzoek luiden als volgt:Wat wordt verstaan onder het witwassen van door banking malware en ransomware verkregen geld en hoe wordt witwassen juridisch gekwalificeerd?Wat zijn digitale betalingsmiddelen, in het bijzonder virtuele valuta zoals Bitcoin, en hoe werken deze digitale betalingsmiddelen?Op welke wijze en door welke actoren wordt geld witgewassen dat: a door middel van banking malware wordt verkregen? b door middel van ransomware wordt verkregen?Wat zijn de kenmerken van actoren die betrokken zijn bij het witwassen van geld dat wordt verkregen uit banking malware en ransomware?Welke informatie over de modus operandi van actoren, die betrokken zijn het bij het witwassen van geld dat verkregen wordt uit banking malware en ransomware, is beschikbaar op het dark web?Welke rol spelen digitale betalingsmiddelen, in het bijzonder virtuele valuta zoals bitcoins, bij het witwassen van geld dat wordt verkregen uit banking malware en ransomware?

Goran Kunjadić, Zoran Jović

Indisputable exponential growth of the Internet use in modern banking and stock exchange operations is the basic trend in the financial industry. Important aspects of the bitcoin problem include the area for its use, the factors that influence its price, and regulatory aspects in different countries. There is also a dilemma as to whether bitcoin should be considered money or goods. In technological terms, bitcoin was realized using an open source which is available to anyone and the system is not officially in anyone's possession or under anyone's control. Bitcoin uses peer-to-peer technology that works without the interference of the central bank or commercial banks. Managing transactions and broadcasting of bitcoin is performed by the network itself. The system is not based on trust of the participants, but on the distributed control system. The issue that should be particularly addressed is the security management of a virtual currency. The authors shall propose a new way of encryption which can significantly enhance both the privacy and security segment. Thus, conclusions can be drawn that the use of bitcoin poses new challenges to the banking system, and opens up many dilemmas that the authors shall attempt to process in this paper.

A. S. Loseva

No abstract is available for this record.

Massimo Morini

There has been a huge amount of coverage in the press about the great potential uses of bitcoin-related technology for financial markets, such as improvements in efficiency. In addition to the supporters of blockchain, many have been critical of its real-life applications within the business world and suggest that what we are witnessing is nothing short of “blockchain hype, ” and that this technology can only be applied to bitcoins. This paper will demonstrate that there are real business cases for improving financial markets based on the lessons learned from cryptocurrencies, but, unlike what the hype-enthusiasts suggest, they are not application of a technology to the existing business models within financial markets. They are reforms of the business model itself. What needs to be exported from the world of cryptocurrencies are aspects of the market organization, inspiration for a different accounting and legal system, and some aspects of the technology. These can result in a huge contribution towards more robust, efficient, and stable markets. However, the process cannot be immediate and effortless, and can only be achieved within a market-wide strategic perspective. In this paper, I develop these concepts initially within a parallel analysis of cryptocurrencies and financial markets. Then, I will focus on a specific business case regarding the collateralization of financial derivatives, which will highlight quantifiable benefits in terms of reducing costs, capital, and risk. It is an example of a situation where the use of cryptocurrency technology is not more important than the business ideas developed in the analysis of cryptocurrencies; yet it was inconceivable prior to the advent of distributed ledgers, smart contracts, and oracles

Aleksandar Arsov

Recent years have witnessed the advances of e-money systems such as Bitcoin, PayPal and various forms of stored-value cards. This paper adopts a mechanism design approach to identify some essential features of different payment systems that implement and improve the constrained optimal resource allocation in Germany. Bitcoin is a digital, decentralized, partially anonymous currency, not backed by German or any government or other legal entity, and not redeemable for gold or other commodities. Bitcoin relies on peer-to-peer networking and cryptography to maintain its integrity. Compared to most currencies or online payment services, such as PayPal, bitcoins are highly liquid, have low transaction costs, and can be used to make micropayments in Germany. Although the Bitcoin economy is flourishing, Bitcoin users are anxious about Bitcoin’s legal status. This paper examines a few relevant legal issues. The research question is to investigate how supplementary digital terminating currency Bitcoin can provide a superior fallback position as e-gold standard in Germany and worldwide. Digital self-liquidating e-Gold ounce could be distributed immediately to voters by using swipe cards used by some governments for transit facilities. Bitcoins as e-Gold ounce do not provide a viable medium of exchange because of the cost of their purchase, creation and/or exchange.

А.А. Попиков

В статье рассмотрена эволюция денег, идентифицированы угрозы использования электронных денег, определены перспективы и возможности использования криптовалюты Bitcoin как финансового инструмента виртуальной экономики.

D. van Bochove, L. Bruin, C. Lemmen

No abstract is available for this record.

Jesús Fernández‐Villaverde, Daniel R. Sanches

Can competition among privately issued fiat currencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum work? Only sometimes. To show this, we build a model of competition among privately issued fiat currencies. We modify the current workhorse of monetary economics, the Lagos-Wright environment, by including entrepreneurs who can issue their own fiat currencies in order to maximize their utility. Otherwise, the model is standard. We show that there exists an equilibrium in which price stability is consistent with competing private monies, but also that there exists a continuum of equilibrium trajectories with the property that the value of private currencies monotonically converges to zero. These latter equilibria disappear, however, when we introduce productive capital. We also investigate the properties of hybrid monetary arrangements with private and government monies, of automata issuing money, and the role of network effects.

David Bååth, Felix Zellhorn

Money laundering is a growing issue which has in later years emigrated more and more to the digital sphere of Bitcoin. Its pseudonymous nature and unrigorous legal definition has made regulation a difficult challenge. This thesis provides a unique take on the Bitcoin money laundering problematique by using incentive structures in place of forced restrictions. The goal is to create, validate and analyze a game theoretic incentive model which aims to combat money laundering by increasing the transaction costs for money laundering Bitcoin users without affecting the transaction costs for the honest users. The results prove the model to be feasible, leading to the conclusion that its real-world application has the potential to combat money laundering in Bitcoin to a significant degree.

Ralph C. Maloumby-Baka, Christian Kingombe

The paper reviews the last technological tools that arguably can contribute to reducing the excessively high costs of remittance transactions in Africa. Indeed, despite huge remittance inflows to and within the continent, Africa is the most expensive destination to send money to. As remittances have become more important than Overseas Development Assistance and Foreign Direct Investment inflows in some countries, it has become crucial to explore technological advances that can contribute to reducing their transaction costs. Such reduction would enable the end beneficiaries to capture a larger share of these external resources, which in turn could have an even bigger impact on development in Africa. In addition to revisiting the role of mobile banking in lowering remittance transaction prices, the paper takes a closer look at the newest available technology, the Bitcoin blockchain technology that underpins digital currencies. At this early stage, very few social science researchers have addressed the role that such digital currency could play in the reduction of the remittance transaction prices, except for a few innovative Bitcoin operators. The paper proceeds as follows. It first looks at the causes of the high remittance transaction costs. Then, it reviews, presents and analyses the official remittances data downloaded from the World Bank's Remittances Prices Worldwide database. It also briefly reviews a few remittance transfer technological instruments. Given the novelty of the topic, the review of the most recent existing "literature" on Bitcoin is mainly retrieved from either on - line news sources or information from a few leading Bitcoin operators. In the light of the UN Global Working Group Post-2015 Development Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals proposal to reduce by 2030 the remittance transaction costs to even less than 3%, the effectiveness of these new technological instruments to reach such objective are discussed. Finally, a number of appropriate policy actions to foster the economic impact of remittances are proposed.

Ronald J. Colombo

This article summarizes some of the key points raised at a conference convened at the Maurice A. Deane School of Law on March 3, 2016. The conference brought together luminaries from government, private practice, the marketplace, and the academy to discuss the phenomenon that is Bitcoin and its future. This article also introduces some other articles that were published by conference participants.

Scott Shackelford, Steven Myers

Published as: Shackelford, S., and S. Myers. 2017. “Block-by-Block: Leveraging the Power of Blockchain Technology to Build Trust and Promote Cyber Peace.” Yale Journal of Law & Technology 19:334–388. 
\n"There has been increasing interest in the transformative power of not only crypto-currencies like Bitcoin, but also the technology underlying them—namely blockchain. To the uninitiated, a blockchain is a sophisticated, distributed online ledger that has the potential, according to Goldman Sachs, to 'change everything.' From making businesses more efficient to recording property deeds to engendering the growth of ‘smart’ contracts, blockchain technology is now being investigated by a huge range of organizations and is attracting billions in venture funding. Even the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is investigating blockchain technology to 'create an unhackable messaging system.' However, the legal literature has largely ignored the rise of blockchain technology outside of its finance, securities, and copyright implications. This Article seeks to address this omission by analyzing the potential impact of blockchain technology on advancing the cybersecurity of firms across an array of sectors and industries with a particular focus on certificate authorities and the critical infrastructure context. Moreover, we examine the rise of blockchains through the lens of the literature on polycentric governance to ascertain what lessons this research holds to build trust in distributed systems and ultimately promote cyber peace."

Alexander Savelyev

No abstract is available for this record.

Michel Rauchs

No abstract is available for this record.

Salete Oro Boff, Natasha Alves Ferreira

La tecnología trajo conceptos que, fundidos con el campo económico, permitieron soluciones a problemas que la sociedad enfrentó varias veces a lo largo de su historia, como: inflación, ciclos económicos, instituciones financieras no confiables y la falta de universalización de servicios financieros a toda población. Este artículo pretende elucidar tanto la parte conceptual de Bitcoin abordando los aspectos históricos, económicos y jurídicos, así como los posibles beneficios sociales que la moneda puede traer como una primera alternativa, basada en tecnología, al dinero tradicional controlado por el Estado. El método utilizado para ello es el deductivo y la técnica de investigación es la bibliográfica, partiendo de ejemplos de la utilización del dinero a lo largo de la historia y del ascenso de Bitcoin como moneda.

Matteo Ortisi

In this paper we propose to use the Grand Canonical Minority Game (GCMG, a highly simplified financial market model) as a model of bitcoin market to show how the lack of an income for “miners”, similar to yield earned by bond holders, could be a structural reason for high volatility of bitcoin price in a reference currency. Coherently with present analysis, the introduction of future contracts on bitcoin would have the effect of reducing the overall market volatility.

Andrew Miller

The past several years have seen the surprising and rapid rise of Bitcoin and other “cryptocurrencies.” These are decentralized peer-to-peer networks that allow users to transmit money, tocompose financial instruments, and to enforce contracts between mutually distrusting peers, andthat show great promise as a foundation for financial infrastructure that is more robust, efficientand equitable than ours today. However, it is difficult to reason about the security of cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin is a complex system, comprising many intricate and subtly-interacting protocol layers. At each layer it features design innovations that (prior to our work) have not undergone any rigorous analysis. Compounding the challenge, Bitcoin is but one of hundreds of competing cryptocurrencies in an ecosystem that is constantly evolving. The goal of this thesis is to formally reason about the security of cryptocurrencies, reining in their complexity, and providing well-defined and justified statements of their guarantees. We provide a formal specification and construction for each layer of an abstract cryptocurrency protocol, and prove that our constructions satisfy their specifications. The contributions of this thesis are centered around two new abstractions: “scratch-off puzzles,” and the “blockchain functionality” model. Scratch-off puzzles are a generalization of the Bitcoin “mining” algorithm, its most iconic and novel design feature. We show how to provide secure upgrades to a cryptocurrency by instantiating the protocol with alternative puzzle schemes. We construct secure puzzles that address important and well-known challenges facing Bitcoin today, including wasted energy and dangerous coalitions. The blockchain functionality is a general-purpose model of a cryptocurrency rooted in the “Universal Composability” cryptography theory. We use this model to express a wide range of applications, including transparent “smart contracts” (like those featured in Bitcoin and Ethereum), and also privacy-preserving applications like sealed-bid auctions. We also construct a new protocol compiler, called Hawk, which translates user-provided specifications into privacy-preserving protocols based on zero-knowledge proofs.

Dr Craig S Wright

Bitcoin scripts currently do not enable loops. Therefore, they are commonly considered to be not Turing Complete. This limits the types of algorithms the Bitcoin scripts can execute to linear or tree-like instructions. This white paper describes the invention of an Oracle module that: • Continuously monitors the state of Blockchain. • Makes decisions based on the current state. • Generates the next set of transactions to be written onto the Blockchain. The above processes is executed continuously by the Oracle in parallel to the Blockchain network. It therefore implements looping constructs that makes the combined Oracle and Blockchain system Turing Complete. As old blocks cannot be erased from the Blockchain, but new blocks can be added, the Oracle and the Blockchain will work as a non-erasable Turing Machine as described in Minsky et al. (1967). We will discuss the use of the Oracle in applications including: • Distributed data storage • Distributed computing • The control of drones. We will also describe how metadata storage and digital signature authorization on the Blockchain can be useful features for implementing these applications.

Michel Avital, Roman Beck, John Leslie King, Matti Rossi · 5 authors

The panel focuses on blockchain, the technology behind Bitcoin and Ethereum. The topic has drawn much attention recently in both business and academic circles. The blockchain is a distributed, immutable digital record system that is shared among many independent parties and can be updated only by their consensus. If unbiased and incorruptible blockchain-based information systems become prevalent repositories of our records, trusting other humans with<br/>constructing and maintaining key records to define the resources at our disposal could become unnecessary. In principle, blockchain could provide a decentralized information infrastructure that no one fully controls, thereby no one has absolute power and no one can distort past or current records. The full potential let alone implications of blockchain is still unknown. The panel explores blockchain challenges and opportunities from the IS research perspective.

Shravanthi, R Pooja, Bhagya Shree J

Bitcoin is a crypto currency with several advantages over approaches. Transactions are confirmed and stored by a peer-to-peer network in a blockchain. Therefore, all transactions are public and soon solutions where designed to increase privacy in Bitcoin. Many come with downsides, like requiring a trusted third-party or requiring modifications to Bitcoin. In this paper, we compare these approaches according to several criteria. Based on survey, coin Join emerges as the best approach for anonymizing Bitcoins today.