Blockchain Papers

Douglas L. L. Moura, André L. L. Aquino, Antônio A. F. Loureiro

No abstract is available for this record.

Arafat Şentürk, Selami Terazi

The relationship between the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain has emerged to address the challenges of security, data integrity and transparency of IoT devices. Blockchain, with its distributed and decentralized nature, ensures reliable data transmission between IoT devices and security by preventing data manipulation. It also enhances the security and transparency of IoT applications by supporting automated and trusted transactions through smart contracts. In this context, Blockchain plays a critical role in making the IoT ecosystem more reliable and effective. In this study, we review studies that emphasize the importance of Blockchain technology for IoT security and propose various solutions. The proposed solutions include scalable frameworks for secure transactions in dynamic applications, Hyperledger Sawtooth-based frameworks that support secure logging of industrial activities, specialized access control mechanisms such as Trust-Based Access Control Mechanism (TABI), and IoT Cop monitoring framework that offers advanced security features. In addition, blockchain-based access control protocols, authentication systems and security models are aimed at enhancing IoT security. While most of the studies in the literature focus on the current challenges of IoT and Blockchain integration, they also reveal future research opportunities. These studies are briefly mentioned and the necessary ones are expressed in a table. In this way, it is aimed to create the necessary infrastructure for those who will work in this field.

Nehal Ettaloui, Sara Arezki, Taoufiq Gadi

The healthcare sector plays a pivotal role in both generating and relying on vast amounts of data, emphasizing the significance of collecting, managing, and sharing information. Technological advancements have facilitated the transformation of healthcare data into electronic health records (EHRs). These digital records are disseminated among various stakeholders, including patients, healthcare professionals, providers, insurance companies, and pharmacies. Given the sensitivity of healthcare information, the assimilation of new technologies is paramount. Blockchain technology, with its immutable nature and decentralized features, has emerged as a promising solution to instigate changes in the healthcare system. In the healthcare domain, where confidentiality is crucial, strict regulations are in place to safeguard patient privacy. Frameworks like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) are designed to mitigate the risks associated with health data breaches. Although blockchain's characteristics, such as enhanced interoperability, anonymity, and access control, can improve the overall landscape of health data management, it is imperative for blockchain applications to adhere to existing regulatory frameworks for practical implementation. This paper delves into the examination of the compliance of blockchain-based EHR systems with regulations like HIPAA and GDPR. Additionally, it introduces a Blockchain-based EHR model specifically crafted to seamlessly align with regulatory requirements, ensuring its viability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios

Jitendra Kumar Samriya, Surendra Kumar, Mohit Kumar, Minxian Xu · 6 authors

The rapid integration of Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications across various sectors is primarily driven by their ability to process real-time data and create intelligent environments through artificial intelligence for service consumers. However, the security and privacy of data have emerged as significant threats to consumers within IoT networks. Issues such as node tampering, phishing attacks, malicious code injection, malware threats, and the potential for Denial of Service (DoS) attacks pose serious risks to the safety and confidentiality of information. To solve this problem, we propose an integrated autonomous IoT network within a cloud architecture, employing Blockchain technology to heighten network security. The primary goal of this approach is to establish a Heterogeneous Autonomous Network (HAN), wherein data is processed and transmitted through cloud architecture. This network is integrated with a Reinforced Neural Network (RNN) called ClouD_RNN, specifically designed to classify the data perceived and collected by sensors. Further, the collected data is continuously monitored by an autonomous network and classified for fault detection and malicious activity. In addition, network security is enhanced by the Blockchain Adaptive Windowing Meta Optimization Protocol (BAW_MOP). Extensive experimental results validate that our proposed approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of throughput, accuracy, end-to-end delay, data delivery ratio, network security, and energy efficiency.

Sandro Pullo, Remo Pareschi, Valentina Piantadosi, Francesco Salzano · 5 authors

Addressing the critical challenges of resource inefficiency and environmental impact in the agrifood sector, this study explores the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with IOTA’s Tangle, a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). This integration aims to enhance sustainable agricultural practices, using rice cultivation as a case study of high relevance and reapplicability given its importance in the food chain and the high irrigation requirement of its cultivation. The approach employs sensor-based intelligent irrigation systems to optimize water efficiency. These systems enable real-time monitoring of agricultural parameters through IoT sensors. Data management is facilitated by IOTA’s Tangle, providing secure and efficient data handling, and integrated with MongoDB, a Database Management System (DBMS), for effective data storage and retrieval. The collaboration between IoT and IOTA led to significant reductions in resource consumption. Implementing sustainable agricultural practices resulted in a 50% reduction in water usage, 25% decrease in nitrogen consumption, and a 50% to 70% reduction in methane emissions. Additionally, the system contributed to lower electricity consumption for irrigation pumps and generated comprehensive historical water depth records, aiding future resource management decisions. This study concludes that the integration of IoT with IOTA’s Tangle presents a highly promising solution for advancing sustainable agriculture. This approach significantly contributes to environmental conservation and food security. Furthermore, it establishes that DLTs like IOTA are not only viable but also effective for real-time monitoring and implementation of sustainable agricultural practices.

Manfred Baldauf, Erik Sonnleitner, Marc Kurz

Ethereum is a rapidly evolving blockchain with new features as well as new vulnerabilities being introduced regularly. Interaction with the network is costly compared to other blockchains or traditional software systems. When starting to develop on Ethereum, a supported smart contract programming language needs to be learned, most notably Solidity. Having various pitfalls raises the question of what the best practices for the safe and efficient usage of Ethereum are. This study primarily aims to combine knowledge from existing research resources, while also introducing new approaches learned from practical smart contract development analysis and inquiry, which are subsequently compiled into lists of best practices. The most important findings are that code quality and security should be prioritized. Moreover, some simple gas-saving strategies can help to decrease interaction costs with little effort.

Hamza Javed, Zainab Abaid, Shahid Akbar, Kifayat Ullah · 11 authors

IoT-based remote health monitoring is a promising technology to support patients who are unable to travel to medical facilities. Due to the sensitivity of health data, it is important to secure it against all possible threats. While a great deal of work has been done to secure IoT device-cloud communication and health records on the cloud, insider attacks remain a significant challenge. Malicious insiders may tamper, steal or change patients’ health data, which results in a loss of patient trust in these systems. Audit logs in the cloud, which may point to illegal data access, may also be erased or forged by malicious insiders as they tend to have technical knowledge and privileged access to the system. Thus, in this work, we propose a Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB) model that (a) logs every action performed on user data and (b) secures those logs by placing them in a private blockchain that is viewable by the data owners (i.e., patients). Patients can query the blockchain, track their data’s movement, and be alerted if their data has been accessed by an administrator or moved outside the cloud storage. In this work, we practically implement a web application that receives health data from patients, a CASB that securely stores the records in the cloud, and integrate a private blockchain that immediately logs all actions happening in the backend of the web application and CASB. We evaluate the system’s security and performance under varying numbers of patients and actions.

Samaher Ahmed Yousiff, Ra'ad A. Muhajjar, Mishall Al-Zubaidie

Although the idea of communication between devices is not new, its developmenthas been rapid and significant since it helps people do their jobs more efficiently and keeps them fully informed of events at their homes and workplaces thanks to technology like the Blockchain (BC) based Internet of Things (IoT). However, this new technology suers from security issues and the existing research has not addressed these issues in depth. In this paper, a simulation of the smart network of the firefighting station was made. BC technology was used with one of the consensus algorithms which was proof of authority (PoA) to make this network more secure and private, in addition to the use of a hash function such as secure hash algorithm 384 (SHA-384), which is a one-way encryption function and was used to verify the BC data integrity so that it was dicult to hack the data and thus be the data transmission process is more secure. Also, the Espressif 32 (ESP32) device was chosen for this project because it oers several useful characteristics, including Wi-Fi and the capacity for rapid data transmission. It was observed from the results obtained from the application of consensus algorithms that the firefighting station network was made more secure and the PoA algorithm was better in several aspects such as execution time (maximum 0.4 S) and memory used (maximum 610 KB). Finally, the proposed work that was applied to the firefighting station was good in terms of safety and privacy, as the work of this station became more efficient.

Zaman Nihat, Işıl Karabey Aksakalli, Nursena Bayğın

With the rise of digitalization and increased internet usage, digital certificates' security issues have gained significant importance. The utilization of counterfeit certificates can lead to deceptive identity and capability verifications, allowing untrustworthy individuals to assume misleading positions. Simultaneously, factors such as data leaks and technical glitches can jeopardize the security of certificates. These challenges can complicate talent verification processes and result in unsuitable individuals being placed in incorrect roles. The proposed work aims to thwart forged certificates and ensure their verifiability within this context. The methodology employed in the study strives to mitigate potential data loss or accessibility problems by adopting a decentralized storage structure. The primary objective is to establish certificates that are reliable, traceable, and capable of being verified. A rapid and efficient user interface was developed using React.js to achieve this aim. Smart contracts were scripted on the Ethereum blockchain using Solidity, and data, including user information and certificate details, were stored within components like MongoDB. In the phase of practical implementation, diverse scenarios have been designed to facilitate the generation, verification, and monitoring of certificates. The proposed approach is geared towards deterring forgery and enhancing the credibility of certificates. Through this system, users and organizations can authenticate certificates and prevent the proliferation of counterfeit ones. Furthermore, the enhanced security and ease of sharing certificates on digital platforms offer substantial advantages to certificate holders. In summary, this study strives to enhance the safeguarding and dependability of certificates by addressing the security concerns posed by the era of digitalization.

Yanhua Liu, Zhihuang Liu, Qiu Zhang, Jinshu Su · 6 authors

Blockchain-based healthcare IoT technology research enhances security for smart healthcare services such as real-time monitoring and remote disease diagnosis. To incentivize positive behavior among participants within a blockchain-based smart healthcare system, existing efforts employ benefit distribution and reputation assessment methods to enhance performance. Yet, there remains a significant gap in multidimensional assessment strategies and consensus improvements in addressing complex healthcare scenarios. In this paper, we propose a blockchain and trusted reputation assessment-based incentive mechanism for healthcare services (BtRaI). BtRaI provides a realistic and comprehensive reputation assessment with feedback to motivate blockchain consensus node participation, thus effectively defending against malicious behavior in the healthcare service system. Specifically, BtRaI first introduces multiple moderation factors for comprehensive multidimensional reputation assessment and credibly records the assessment results on the blockchain. Then, we propose an improved PBFT algorithm, grounded in the reputation assessment, to augment blockchain consensus efficiency. Finally, BtRaI designs a token-based reward and punishment mechanism to motivate honest participation in the blockchain, inhibit potential misbehavior, and promote enhanced service quality in the healthcare system. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments conducted across various scenarios demonstrate that BtRaI effectively suppresses malicious attacks in healthcare services , improves blockchain node fault tolerance rates, and achieves blockchain transaction processing efficiency within 0.5 s in a 100-node consortium chain. BtRaI’s reputation assessment and token incentive mechanism, characterized by realistic differentiation granularity and change curves, are well-suited for dynamic and complex healthcare service environments.

Suman Madan

Background: The immense increase of data due to web services, social media, Health care data, and mobile data results in the massive quantity of organized and unorganized data known as big data, which is utilized by various data miners as it contains some sensitive information. Method: In this research, a privacy mechanism in the decentralized cloud through the smart contract approach is developed to ensure the privacy of the data and ensure a fair trading strategy. Findings: The comparative analysis is revealed in the proposed SABPP model, which shows that the responsiveness attained by the proposed SABPP method is found to be 26.9759sec, 85.2969sec, and 158.6968sec for 20, 60 and 100 nodes respectively. Novelty: In this research, the smart contract approach named SABPP is proposed that ensures the smart agreement trading in the Blockchain and overcomes the privacy challenge associated with the trusted third party thereby, ensuring the data availability for the data consumer and privacy for the data provider. Keywords: Blockchain, smart contract, privacy preservation, authentication, access control, data trading strategy

Sergey Khvan, Refik Çağlar Kızılırmak, Mehdi Shafiee

The integration of blockchain and IoT presents tremendous potential for unlocking new opportunities and capabilities. With additive decentralized features, businesses and individuals can benefit from increased security, transparency, and efficiency in various applications. This chapter first presents the technical aspects of this integration, including the role of smart contracts in decentralized IoT systems and how blockchain enhances the security, stability, and transparency of IoT networks. Then, a step-by-step tutorial for developing smart contracts and ledger on Ethereum blockchain is presented, particularly from the perspective of IoT nodes. The considered scenario is for an IoT device that writes/retrieves data from the blockchain; however, the presented methodology can easily be extended for different use cases.

Olusogo Popoola, Marcos Rodrigues, Jims Marchang, Alex Shenfield · 6 authors

Protecting private data in smart homes, a popular Internet-of-Things (IoT) application, remains a significant data security and privacy challenge due to the large-scale development and distributed nature of IoT networks. Recently, smart healthcare has leveraged smart home systems, thereby compounding security concerns in terms of the confidentiality of sensitive and private data and by extension the privacy of the data owner. However, PoA-based Blockchain DLT has emerged as a promising solution for protecting private data from indiscriminate use and thereby preserving the privacy of individuals residing in IoT-enabled smart homes. This review elicits some concerns, issues, and problems that have hindered the adoption of blockchain and IoT (BCoT) in some domains and suggests requisite solutions using the aging-in-place scenario. Implementation issues with BCoT were examined as well as the combined challenges BCoT can pose when utilised for security gains. The study discusses recent findings, opportunities, and barriers, and provide recommendations that could facilitate the continuous growth of blockchain application in healthcare. Lastly, the study then explored the potential of using a PoA-based permission blockchain with an applicable consent-based privacy model for decision-making in the information disclosure process, including the use of publisher-subscriber contracts for fine-grained access control to ensure secure data processing and sharing, as well as ethical trust in personal information disclosure, as a solution direction. The proposed authorisation framework could guarantee data ownership, conditional access management, scalable and tamper-proof data storage, and a more resilient system against threat models such as interception and insider attacks.

Christian Cachin, Jovana Mićić

Decentralized finance revolutionizes traditional financial systems by leveraging blockchain technology to reduce trust. However, some vulnerabilities persist, notably front-running by malicious actors who exploit transaction information to gain financial advantage. Consensus with a fair order aims at preventing such attacks, and in particular, the differential order fairness property addresses this problem and connects fair ordering to the validity of consensus. The notion is implemented by the Quick Order-Fair Atomic Broadcast (QOF) protocol (Cachin et al., FC ‘22). This paper revisits the QOF protocol and describes a modular implementation that uses a generic consensus component. Moreover, an empirical evaluation is performed to compare the performance of QOF to a consensus protocol without fairness. Measurements show that the increased complexity comes at a cost, throughput decreases by at most 5%, and latency increases by roughly 50 ms, using an emulated ideal network. This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of practical aspects regarding differential order fairness with the QOF protocol and also connects this with similar fairness-imposing protocols like Themis and Pompē.

AMRUTHA BK -, B. Gomathy

Now-a-days block chain and artificial intelligence are the two emerging technologies. Both strategies bring change to the market, but the level of creativity and complexity varies. Block chain is a decentralized and distributed ledger technology which is used for storing information in multiple locations without any centralized monitoring system. Artificial intelligence imitates the problem-solving capability of human mind and decision making abilities by using computers, data, and sometimes machines. When both technologies are merged, their formed new opportunities and possibilities from the advantages of both, like productivity gain and the security and transparency. The convergence of AI with blockchain technology can bring a wide change in businesses by securing data , transparent data, and making it overall efficient. One of the most useful concepts of the two technologies is in cybersecurity. The technologies, which combine the capabilities of AI with the block chain's dependable, scattered nature, may be utilized to enable management of recourses and decision making in areas such as education, impact on society, healthcare, agricultural production, urban planning, and others. Artificial intelligence (AI) is capable of helping detect and react to risks, whereas the integrity and security of information may be ensured using blockchain technology. A comprehensive survey of various applications of blockchain for AI has been completed. Evaluated various literature based on the technologies, and the new blockchain-based applications, mediums, and technological advances that target the AI sector were collected and summarized. In addition, Open research issues concerning the use of blockchain technology for AI are addressed.

Wenyuan Yang, Shaocong Wu, Jianwei Fei, X. Zeng · 6 authors

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing, various multimedia data such as audio, video, and images have experienced explosive growth, ushering in the era of big data. Large-scale computing tasks in the Multimedia Internet of Things (M-IoT), such as mathematical optimization problems, have begun to be outsourced from IoT devices with limited computing power to cloud servers for execution. However, outsourcing computation brings security concerns, because the behaviors of clouds are invisible to users. The leakage of privacy data in outsourced optimization problems leads to immeasurable losses. The mutual distrust between clouds and users causes that the correctness of the optimal decisions and the fairness of the payment activities are not guaranteed. Blockchain technology has the characteristic of immutability and has become a new security paradigm for eliminating multi-party trust concerns. In this article, we propose a Bitcoin-based secure outsourcing scheme to address the aforementioned security concerns. To prevent confidential data leakage, the proposed scheme designs a computable privacy-preserving method for the outsourced optimization problems. To judge the correctness of the optimal decision and reduce verification costs, the proposed scheme designs a low-cost two-layer verification mechanism based on dual theory and blockchain technology. Blockchain nodes reach a consensus on the problem solutions and trigger an automatic fair payment protocol-based Bitcoin. Security analysis and experimental results demonstrate that our scheme guarantees privacy, fairness, and computational efficiency.

Weiquan Ni, Alia Asheralieva, Jiawen Kang, Zehui Xiong · 6 authors

Consortium blockchains have attracted considerable interest from academia and industry due to their low-cost installation and maintenance. However, typical consortium blockchains can be easily attacked by colluding block validators because of the limited number of miners in the systems. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel block validation framework to enhance blockchain security. In the framework, the block validations are assisted and implemented by various lightweight nodes, e.g., edge devices, in addition to the typical blockchain miners. This improves the blockchain security but can cause an increased block validation delay and, thereby, reduced blockchain throughput. To tackle this challenge, we propose an effective method to select lightweight nodes based on their computing powers to maximize the blockchain throughput, and prove the uniqueness of the optimal nodes selection strategy. Security analysis and simulation results from the deployed consortium blockchain platform show that the proposed framework achieves higher throughput and security than the existing consortium blockchain models.

Chengzu Dong, Shantanu Pal, Qi An, Aiting Yao · 11 authors

This paper presents a novel architecture that utilizes the Zero Trust Principle to facilitate blockchain-enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) delivery systems, emphasizing recipient privacy, verification, and continuous authentication. By integrating blockchain’s decentralization and transparency with a Zero Trust model, the architecture ensures robust security and access control. The blockchain-based architecture guarantees data integrity and resilience, while advanced cryptographic techniques, including homomorphic encryption, ensure long-term security. Ongoing security assessment and improvement are facilitated through the maturity model’s integration with blockchain technology. This innovative approach effectively mitigates cyber risks, safeguards recipient data privacy, it initiative promotes the secure and efficient use of UAVs in logistics. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining strict access controls and trust boundaries. Through adaptable security evaluations, the model addresses evolving threats, ensuring a secure environment for UAV integration into the modern supply chain while prioritizing recipient privacy and security.

Saikat Samanta

Abstract A smart city provides innovative services to citizens to improve their quality of life. A smart city generates vast amounts of data as Internet of Things (IoT) integration increases. However, gathering, storing, processing, and analyzing this data can pose significant challenges, particularly given its heterogeneous nature and the fact that citizens often contribute to it. A Linux Foundation project called Hyperledger includes the Hyperledger Fabric (HF), developed by IBM and contributing to Hyperledger's development. This paper suggests a smart contract-based data security network for smart cities that uses HF. Data access rules and data-sharing policies can be enforced using smart contracts. A framework is proposed for integrating multiple smart city applications and services while ensuring data privacy and security. A significant contribution to the existing literature is made by this study, which examines the usefulness of blockchain technology and smart contracts in smart cities for data security.

Unknown author, Bernawan Ikhsan Syahputra, Desi Marlena, Unknown author · 8 authors

Blockchain is a digital transaction technology adopting the peer-to-peer concept. The implementation of blockchain on Internet of Things (IoT) aims to secure the possibility of potential attacks against devices or transactions taking place on the IoT system. At practical levels, blockchain uses smart contracts to automate programs according to predetermined terms and conditions. This research is aimed at implementing an ethereum-based smart home Smart Contract by modifying the device components, dashboards, and consensus used in Xu et al.’s research. The consensus modification was performed by using Proof of Authority (PoA) aiming to improve block verification performance on the system. The Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and Single Point of Failure (SpoF) vulnerability were performed to evaluate the proposed system. The evaluation was performed with TCP Flood Attack, with request packets of 81,519 packets on port 8545 and ICMP Floods by sending 11,481,703 PING packets. The attack caused some application services running on the Ethereum Node 3 to stop, but did not stop the geth application. As for the Single Point of Failure (SPoF) vulnerability, the Ethereum network is still running and there were no obstacles in the mining process or block verification.

Haoxiang Luo, Qianqian Zhang, Gang Sun, Hongfang Yu · 5 authors

The wireless blockchain network (WBN) concept, born from the blockchain deployed in wireless networks, has appealed to many network scenarios. Blockchain consensus mechanisms (CMs) are key to enabling nodes in a wireless network to achieve consistency without any trusted entity. However, consensus reliability will be seriously affected by the instability of communication links in wireless networks. Meanwhile, it is difficult for nodes in wireless scenarios to obtain a timely energy supply. Energy-intensive blockchain functions can quickly drain the power of nodes, thus degrading consensus performance. Fortunately, a symbiotic radio (SR) system enabled by cognitive backscatter communications can solve the above problems. In SR, the secondary transmitter (STx) transmits messages over the radio frequency (RF) signal emitted from a primary transmitter (PTx) with extremely low energy consumption, and the STx can provide multipath gain to the PTx in return. Such an approach is useful for almost all vote-based CMs, such as the Practical Byzantine Fault-tolerant (PBFT)-like and the RAFT-like CMs. This paper proposes symbiotic blockchain consensus (SBC) by transforming 6 PBFT-like and 4 RAFT-like state-of-the-art (SOTA) CMs to demonstrate universality. These new CMs will benefit from mutualistic transmission relationships in SR, making full use of the limited spectrum resources in WBN. Simulation results show that SBC can increase the consensus success rate of PBFT-like and RAFT- like by 54.1% and 5.8%, respectively, and reduce energy consumption by 9.2% and 23.7%, respectively.

Dionysius Sentausa, David Habsara Hareva

This study explores the integration of Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standards in a system designed for secure and efficient management of Personal Health Records (PHRs). PHRs are crucial for patients to have control over their healthcare information and make informed decisions. Ensuring the security of this sensitive data is vital, and blockchain technology offers robust protection. However, the high cost of storing PHRs on the blockchain has led us to investigate the use of the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) alongside blockchain. Our proposed system comprises a PHR Decentralized Application (DAPPS), IPFS, Metamask, and the Ethereum Blockchain. Users input their PHR data through the DAPPS, which is stored in IPFS, and its location is registered on the Ethereum Blockchain via Metamask. Comprehensive testing validates the system's performance, with success across all test cases, confirming the feasibility of utilizing the Interplanetary File System and Ethereum Blockchain for secure PHR management while adhering to FHIR standards, fostering interoperability in healthcare data exchange.

Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Hariz Syahmi Hairo Rose Sidi, Muhammad Dini Aulia Shamsudin, Khaleel Ahmad · 8 authors

In recent times, attention has surged towards entities with the potential to revolutionize various sectors. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies, known as IoT-blockchain, offers numerous advantages, including heightened security, privacy, traceability, transparency, and reduced costs. This abstract delves into the taxonomy and prominent platforms of blockchain applications for IoT in networking systems, exploring recent advancements, obstacles, and future research avenues. IoT blockchain's crucial aspect lies in establishing decentralized networks, enabling secure collaboration and data interchange among diverse devices without a central governing entity. Platforms like Ethereum, Hyperledger, and IOTA facilitate the creation and management of these networks. Recent developments focus on enhancing security, scalability, and efficiency through novel consensus mechanisms and cryptographic techniques. Challenges persist, including the need for improved interoperability, integration with existing systems, efficient governance, regulatory structures, and the identification of use cases and business models for widespread adoption. The examination of successful governance, regulatory frameworks, and potential adoption catalysts completes the discourse on IoT blockchain technology.

Dur–e–Shawar Agha

This research explores the application of blockchain technology in securing Electronic Health Records (EHRs) while integrating IoT sensors for real-time patient monitoring. The primary goal is to address critical healthcare industry challenges, including security, privacy, data integrity, and accessibility. Our system focuses on enhancing EHR security and reliability through blockchain's decentralized and tamper-resistant features. Additionally, IoT sensors provide real-time monitoring of vital signs, enabling prompt interventions. This study not only delves into technical aspects but also considers practical implementation in healthcare, contributing to improved data security and patient care.