The IoT-Metaverse Nexus constitutes one of the very few fields capable of inducing a paradigmatic shift in the manner physical and virtual environments co-opt each other into creating immersive, intelligent, and interconnected digital-physical systems. IoT, emphasizing networks of embedded sensors and devices, acts as a conduit for real-time data, whereas the Metaverse provides spatially enhanced, persistent virtual worlds for enabling embodied digital experiences. This integration of the two domains might lead to never-before-imagined applications in smart cities, digital healthcare, industrial automation, and immersive education. Nonetheless, serious challenges confront the integration, including latency handling, semantic interoperability, data synchronization, infrastructural scalability, and security concerns. The article examines the fundamental technologies and architectures that form the basis of integrating the Metaverse and IoT, proposing a layered integration framework involving perception, network, middleware, application, and immersive layers. With digital twins, real-time synchronization becomes feasible and is maintained between physical assets and their virtual counterparts. The paper also presents a few emerging case studies in industrial and urban settings, outlining instances where immersive environments, enriched by real-world data, augment human decision-making and interaction. It further scrutinizes prospective avenues with the support of 6G networks, AI swift orchestration, and decentralized Web3 infrastructures for proposing scalable and secure IoT-Metaverse ecosystems. By laying out technical, ethical, and infrastructural concerns, this study seeks to frame a clearer picture of how these two fast-evolving paradigms can converge to reformulate digital interaction across many disciplines. The findings demonstrate a strong need to create an interdisciplinary research endeavor and standardization framework that will enable unleashed power of the dualized technological future
The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in our daily lives. Many objects are being equipped with electronic components in order to facilitate their interconnection and integration with the Internet. Due to the growing usage of IoT devices and generated data, to ensure the reliability of the network, it is necessary to utilize scalable and effective trust management systems. This study introduces the SCoTMan model, which integrates social interactions with the capability of smart contracts for effective trust management in Social IoT (SIoT). Blockchain can enhance trust management protocols by providing a global view of data and improving the propagation of trust values. Implementing trust management algorithms in traditional decentralized architectures can be challenging, but using smart contracts can provide an efficient solution. We implemented the model on the Hyperledger Fabric platform and performed a comprehensive assessment. The model efficiently performs indirect trust computations by choosing optimized counselors and minimizing storage requirements. Multiple experiments have been carried out to assess and validate the efficiency of the model in functionality metrics such as trust convergence and success rate, as well as non-functional metrics like transaction delay, computation and communication overhead, and memory usage. We also conducted a comparative analysis to emphasize the method’s advantages over existing approaches in the literature. We introduced the Total Storage Cost metric for better comparison. The results show substantial improvements in trust convergence under limited Total Storage Cost. The proposed method demonstrates that it is possible to establish scalable trust management in the SIoT by utilizing smart contracts and social metrics.
Samson Kahsay Gebresilassie, Joseph Rafferty, Mamun Abu-Tair, Aftab Ali · 6 authors
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology paradigm that has transformed several domains including manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, power grids, travel, and retail. Despite the enormous advantages that IoT offers to organizations and transforming individuals’ everyday lives in a wide range of domains, it comes with potential cyber risks that can negatively impact, harm, or damage them. Security is the most challenging issue in IoT systems due to insecure devices, inadequate IDMS, lack of data security and privacy, lack of trust, lack of risk analysis on network traffic, various vulnerabilities and attacks, lack of physical security, and many other risk factors. Although several security architectures have been developed, they fail to properly and fully address these IoT security challenges and an urgent demand awaits for a robust IoT security architecture. Thus, this work investigates state-of-the-art solutions and proposes a holistic novel IoT security architecture called SHIELD: Secure Holistic IoT Environment with Ledger-based Defense with core security capabilities of decentralized Identity Management System (IDMS), Network Traffic Monitoring, Analysis, and dataset generation, deep learning-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS), and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)-based Trust Management System (TMS). The proposed architecture is qualitatively compared with existing solutions using key features like a single point of failure, risk/attack-aware, trust, real-time traffic behavior monitoring, up-to-date dataset, cross-platform functionality, and availability among others. As a result of this comparison, SHIELD architecture provides a holistic and robust solution with multiple core security features to overcome some of the key security challenges IoT environment.
Blockchain technology holds significant promise for healthcare by enhancing the security and integrity of patient health records (PHRs) through decentralized storage and transparent access. However, it has substantial limitations, including problems with scalability, high transaction costs, privacy concerns, and intricate stakeholder access management. This study presents PHR-NFT, a novel framework that strengthens PHR privacy by utilizing Hyperledger Fabric and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to address these issues. PHR-NFT improves privacy and communication by letting patients keep control of their medical records while permitting temporary, permission-based access by medical professionals. PHR-NFT offers a transparent solution that increases trust among healthcare stakeholders through the robust and decentralized architecture of the Hyperledger Fabric. This study demonstrates the viability and effectiveness of the PHR-NFT framework through performance evaluations focused on transaction latency, throughput, and security. This research has valuable implications for enhancing data privacy and security in healthcare practices and insightful information about blockchain-based healthcare systems.
Njoku ThankGod Anthony, Mahmoud Shafik, Hany F. Atlam
With the proliferation of blockchain technology, ensuring the security and integrity of permissionless Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain networks has become imperative. This paper addresses the persistent need for an effective system to detect and mitigate malicious nodes in such environments. Leveraging Deep Learning (DL) techniques, specifically Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), a novel model is proposed for real-time identification and detection of malicious nodes in PoS blockchain networks. The model integrates components for data collection, feature extraction, and model training using MLP. The proposed model is trained on labelled data representing both benign and malicious node activities, utilising transaction volumes, frequencies, timestamps, and node reputation scores to identify anomalous behaviour indicative of malicious activity. The experimental results validate the efficacy of the proposed model in distinguishing between normal and malicious nodes within blockchain networks. The model demonstrates exceptional performance in classification tasks with an accuracy of 99%, precision, recall, and F1-score values hovering around 0.99 for both classes. The experimental results verify the proposed model as a dependable tool for enhancing the security and integrity of PoS blockchain networks, offering superior performance in real-time detection and mitigation of malicious activities.
Our world is, at a point in terms of the environment. The fashioned industrial approach, which heavily relies on centralized systems and resource-intensive computing is no longer sustainable. This document delves into a way to embrace Green Web 3.0, Decentralized AI and Edge Intelligence to drive the industry to-ward a more sustainable future. Green Web 3.0 challenges the energy nature of blockchain technology by utilizing eco-friendly protocols such as Proof of Stake which reduces energy consumption and lessens environmental impact. Similarly, Decentralized AI empowers distributed systems decreasing dependence, on data centers and promoting efficient resource utilization. Building on this foundation Edge Intelligence enables real-time decision making and data processing at the source reducing data transfer and optimizing energy efficiency. The combination of these technologies has the potential to revolutionize industries. Picture smart factories adjusting production in real-time supply chains supported by networks and renewable energy networks managed by intelligent edge devices.
Sadia Hussain, Shahzaib Tahir, Asif Masood, Hasan Tahir
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an incipient topic within the wider domain of the Internet of Things (IoT). Using this technology intelligent transportation systems (ITS) can be developed, whose main purpose is to ensure more safety, faster travel, reduced energy consumption and improved vehicle upkeep. Devices connected within the IoV transmit a vast amount of data, which leads to additional costs on the communication network along with data security concerns. This research considers the potential uses of blockchain technology for improving communication between independent vehicles. In this paper, a decentralized system is proposed to enhance the security and performance of financial transactions in the network of autonomous cars based on the Ethereum blockchain. Our system is divided into two modules: car registration and message alert generating. New vehicles are allowed on the network using the smart contract that has been written and published on the Ethereum Remix IDE. This is the contract code attached to the Metamask wallet. Another module, the message alert-generating module, allows an administrator to send alert messages to all registered cars via a web-based system to their wallet for an Ethereum gas cost. It ensures the reliability of data transferred between the self-driving cars through the use of blockchain-based systems. The data is, therefore, confirmed and vetted using the proof of work and stake consensus algorithm to bring out the truth. The transaction being made, the system will see to it that the transaction made is of integrity and trustable. By synching all these technologies and means of reaching an agreement, the blockchain secures not only the means of keeping and retaining the information of the kept within self-driving vehicles but also establishes a strong foundation of highest trust and transparency in the interaction between the vehicles on the network. Accordingly, a well-defined and reliable conceptual design for the communication systems of autonomous vehicles has been proposed. Future work and the unresolved issues of using blockchain for autonomous vehicles have also been deliberated over in detail.
Mohtasin Golam, Esmot Ara Tuli, Revin Naufal Alief, Dong‐Seong Kim · 5 authors
The worldwide education landscape has transformed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, providing an opportunity to enhance virtual learning. Nevertheless, this transition has disadvantages, including less face-to-face interaction and the possibility of student seclusion. The metaverse, a digital realm, provides an optimal substitute for conventional virtual education. Nevertheless, its immersive nature poses issues for conventional digital learning management systems. This article proposes using blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as unique identifiers to handle credentials and transactions in the metaverse while ensuring security effectively. This approach tackles difficulties associated with the administration of certificates, including issuing, maintaining records, ensuring traceability, and preserving integrity. Additionally, it establishes a fairly secure setting that effectively prevents data manipulation. The proposed approach entails the implementation of a smart contract that integrates a credential’s transactions and an attribute-based access control mechanism. The research further addresses the challenge of limited storage resources caused by the dynamic nature of the metaverse and the requirement to manage huge quantities of data. The implementation results and applicability assessment confirm the feasibility of the proposed approach. Eventually, this study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the convergence of blockchain, NFTs, and smart contracts with its new perspective on digital learning management in the metaverse platform.
Ying‐Yi Hong, Francisco I. Alano, Yih‐Der Lee, Jheng‐Lun Jiang · 5 authors
This study proposes a novel approach to address the challenges posed by the increasing number of renewable sources in power grids, particularly focusing on networked microgrids. The proposed method integrates digital twin technology and blockchain technology to provide power support in networked microgrids. The method comprises three main components: 1) Blockchain Network: A blockchain network is established, utilizing a modified proof of stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. This network is responsible for maintaining hourly records and tracking system changes, including faults. Fault events are recorded in real-time, and a bidding mechanism is employed to determine which microgrids interconnect and provide power support to mitigate power imbalances. 2) Digital Twins: Digital twins are created for each distributed generation and energy storage unit within the microgrids. These digital twins play a crucial role in the proposed PoS consensus mechanism, providing an additional layer of validation for transaction records. 3) Long short-term memory (LSTM)-based Controller: An LSTM-based controller is implemented to ensure stable operation of the microgrids, even during fault events and interconnections with other microgrids. The controller is trained to maintain stable voltage levels within the system. The digital twins and LSTM-based controllers are optimized using Bayesian Optimization to determine the best parameters and hyperparameters. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively records hourly system details and fault events. Additionally, power hardware-in-the-loop simulations confirm that the LSTM-based controller can maintain stable voltage levels and outperforms other controllers in terms of performance.
Abdullah Ayub Khan, Asif Ali Laghari, Abdullah M. Baqasah, Roobaea Alroobaea · 7 authors
The robust development of the blockchain distributed ledger, the Internet of Things (IoT), and fog computing-enabled connected devices and nodes has changed our lifestyle nowadays. Due to this, the increased rate of device sales and utilization increases the demand for edge computing technology with collaborative procedures. However, there is a well-established paradigm designed to optimize various distinct quality-of-service requirements, including bandwidth, latency, transmission power, delay, duty cycle, throughput, response, and edge sense, and bring computation and data storage closer to the devices and edges, along with ledger security and privacy during transmission. In this article, we present a systematic review of blockchain Hyperledger enabling fog and edge computing, which integrates as an outsourcing computation over the serverless consortium network environment. The main objective of this article is to classify recently published articles and survey reports on the current status in the domain of edge distributed computing and outsourcing computation, such as fog and edge. In addition, we proposed a blockchain-Hyperledger Sawtooth-enabled serverless edge-based distributed outsourcing computation architecture. This theoretical architecture-based solution delivers robust data security in terms of integrity, transparency, provenance, and privacy-protected preservation in the immutable storage to store the outsourcing computational ledgers. This article also highlights the changes between the proposed taxonomy and the current system based on distinct parameters, such as system security and privacy. Finally, a few open research issues and limitations with promising future directions are listed for future research work.
Jan 1, 2024·HUGO, Alonel A.; NGO, Gerard Nathaniel C.. Private Blockchain-based Procurement and Asset Management System with QR Code. International Journal of Computing Sciences Research, [S.l.], v. 8, p. 2971-2983, July 2024
Purpose–The study aims to incorporateprivate Blockchaintechnology in the procurementprocess forthe supplyoffice. The procurement process includes the canvassing, purchasing, delivery, and inspection of items, inventory, and disposal. The Blockchain-based systemincludes a distributed ledger technology, peer-to-peer network, Proof-of-Authority consensus mechanism, and SHA3-512cryptographic hash function algorithm. Thiswill ensure trust and proper accountability to the custodian of the propertywhile safeguarding sensitive informationin the procurement records. Method–The extreme prototyping model will be used as a software development life cycle. It is mostly used for web-basedapplicationsand has increased user involvement. The prototype version of the system allows the users to get a betterunderstanding of the system being developed. It also reduces time and cost, has quicker userfeedback, missing and difficultfunctions can be recognized,and confusing processes can be addressed at anearly stage. Conclusion–The implementation of aprivate Blockchain technology has increased privacy, enhanced security, improved efficiency, and reduced complexity over traditional Blockchain networks.The use of SHA3-512 as a cryptographic hash function algorithmis much faster than its predecessors when cryptography is handled by hardware components. Furthermore, itis not vulnerable to length extensionattacksmaking it reliable in terms of security of data. Recommendations–Thestudy recommends the use of private Blockchain-based technology with the procurement and asset management system in the supply office.The procurement records will be protected against tampering using thistechnology.This will promote the trust and confidence of the stakeholders. PracticalImplications–The implementation of Blockchaintechnology indeveloping asystemserved as advancement and innovation in terms of securing data. Keywords–private Blockchain, procurement, supply office, proof of authority, SHA3-512
Usman Khalil, Mueen Uddin, Owais Ahmed Malik, Wee-Hong Ong
The blueprint of the proposed Decentralized Smart City of Things (DSCoT) has been presented with smart contracts development and deployment for robust security of resources in the context of cyber-physical systems (CPS) for smart cities. Since non-fungibility provided by the ERC721 standard for the cyber-physical systems (CPSs) components such as the admin, user, and IoT-enabled smart device/s in literature is explicitly missing, the proposed DSCoT devised the functionality of identification and authentication of the assets. The proposed identification and authentication mechanism in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) employs smart contracts to generate an authentication access code based on extended non-fungible tokens (NFTs), which are used to authorize access to the corresponding assets. The evaluation and development of the extended NFT protocol for cyber-physical systems have been presented with the public and private blockchain deployments for evaluation comparison. The comparison demonstrated up to 96.69% promising results in terms of execution cost, efficiency, and time complexity compared to other proposed NFT-based solutions.
Chen-Da Liu-Zhang, Christian Matt, Søren Eller Thomsen
Messages in large-scale networks such as blockchain systems are typically disseminated using flooding protocols, in which parties send the message to a random set of peers until it reaches all parties. Optimizing the communication complexity of such protocols and, in particular, the per-party communication complexity is of primary interest since nodes in a network are often subject to bandwidth constraints. Previous flooding protocols incur a per-party communication complexity of $$\varOmega (l\cdot \gamma ^{-1} \cdot (\log (n) + \kappa ))$$ bits to disseminate an l-bit message among n parties with security parameter $$\kappa $$ when it is guaranteed that a $$\gamma $$ fraction of the parties remain honest. In this work, we present the first flooding protocols with a per-party communication complexity of $$O(l\cdot \gamma ^{-1})$$ bits. We further show that this is asymptotically optimal and that our protocols can be instantiated provably securely in the usual setting for proof-of-stake blockchains. To demonstrate that one of our new protocols is not only asymptotically optimal but also practical, we perform several probabilistic simulations to estimate the concrete complexity for given parameters. Our simulations show that our protocol significantly improves the per-party communication complexity over the state-of-the-art for practical parameters. Hence, for given bandwidth constraints, our results allow to, e.g., increase the block size, improving the overall throughput of a blockchain.
Abstract This paper addresses the critical challenges of scalability, interoperability, and user adoption in IoT-blockchain integration for urban energy systems. Existing frameworks often rely on energy-intensive consensus mechanisms (e.g., Proof of Work) or centralized architectures, limiting their applicability to large-scale, sustainable smart cities. To bridge these gaps, we propose a novel IoT blockchain framework that uniquely combines hybrid consensus mechanisms (Proof of Stake + Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance), K-means clustering for demand-response optimization, and lightweight IoT protocols (MQTT/CoAP) to ensure energy efficiency, scalability, and user-centric design. Our approach leverages real-world datasets (UK-DALE, PECAN Street) to train predictive models, cluster energy consumption patterns, and automate decentralized energy trading via blockchain smart contracts. Simulations demonstrate a 15% reduction in energy costs for high-consumption clusters, 80% lower energy use (50 kWh/tx vs. 500 kWh/tx for PoW), and near-linear scalability for 500+ IoT devices. A secure dashboard with AI-driven recommendations (e.g., peak-load alerts) further enhances stakeholder engagement. By addressing technical limitations of previous works, such as computational bottlenecks, lack of user interfaces, and poor interoperability, our framework provides actionable insights for policymakers to advance sustainable urban energy systems. These results position the proposed architecture as a transformative solution for scalable, eco-friendly smart cities.
Ehtisham Ul Haque, M.S. Baig, Asad Ahmed, Ashfaq Ahmad · 8 authors
Widespread adoption of internet of things (IoT) for automation, monitoring and control in various engineering, business and industrial applications poses serious challenges of data security and cyber-attacks to IoT networks. Blockchain enabled IoT networks, due to their immutability, transparency, and accountability, are commonly employed to ensure safe and secure implementation of the IoT networks. However, blockchain technology is prone to degradation in performance and efficiency in the presence of large number of IoT devices and massive data generated by these networks and does not scale well with the growing size of the networks. This research proposes a Scalable EdgeIoT Blockchain (SEB) framework using EOSIO to enhance the performance and efficiency of the blockchain enabled IoT networks. The proposed framework leverages upon the concepts of sharding for parallel execution of smart contracts, Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) for consensus in the network with large number of devices and Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for the data storage and management of massive data in the IoT networks. The proposed framework is implemented in the EOSIO blockchain. This study experiments show significant improvement in the throughput, latency and resource utilization compared to the state-of-the-art solutions in the blockchain enabled IoT networks.
Praveen M. Dhulavvagol, Shashikumar G. Totad, Atrey Mahadev Anagal, Swaroop Anegundi · 6 authors
Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger technology that offers transparency, security, and immutability by recording and verifying transactions across multiple computers. However, it faces limitations such as scalability issues, high energy consumption, slow transaction validation, expanding storage requirements. Understanding these limitations is crucial for evaluating blockchain's suitability for specific use cases and finding solutions to overcome these challenges. Recognizing these limitations is imperative for assessing blockchain's applicability and devising solutions. This paper introduces a hybrid mechanism, ShardedScale, designed to enhance scalability, throughput, and system performance while mitigating time, gas, and ether consumption. The proposed ShardedScale approach combines various techniques including Proof of Work (PoW), Dynamic On-demand Proof of Stake (DPOS), Inter Planetary File System (IPFS), and sharding. ShardedScale achieved a remarkable 40% reduction in transaction confirmation times, a substantial 60% improvement in throughput, and demonstrated cost-effectiveness with a 30% reduction in gas price consumption and a 25% decrease in ethers consumption. These findings signify a significant step towards addressing challenges faced by traditional blockchain systems, providing valuable insights for future designs in blockchain technology.
In this paper, a novel Elliptic Crypt with Secured Blockchain-backed Federated Q-Learning Framework is proposed to offer an intelligent healthcare system that mitigates the attacks and data misused by malicious intruders. Initially, the entered IoMT data is collected from publicly available datasets and encrypted using the Extended Elliptic Curve Cryptography (E_ECurCrypt) technique for ensuring the security. This encrypted data is fed as an input to the blockchain-powered collaborative learning model. Here, the federated Q-learning model trains the inputs and analyzes the presented attacks to ensure better privacy protection. Afterwards, the data is securely stored in decentralized blockchain technology. Subsequently, an effective Delegated Proof of Stake (Del_PoS) consensus algorithm is used to validate the proposed framework. The experiment is conducted using the WUSTL-EHMS-2020 dataset and the performances are analyzed by evaluating multiple matrices and compared to other existing methods. The performance of the proposed framework can be assessed using multiple matrices and the results will be compared to other existing methods. As a result, the proposed method has achieved 99.23% accuracy, 98.42% precision, 98.12% recall, 98.27% F1 score, 59080.506 average throughput, 59080.506 average decryption time 1.94 seconds and an average encryption time of 1.84 seconds and are superior to conventional methods.
Jalel Ktari, Tarek Frikha, Monia Hamdi, Habib Hamam
Because of its versatility across various applications, Blockchain has emerged as a technology garnering significant interest. It has effectively addressed the challenge of transitioning from a low-trust, centralized ledger maintained by a single third-party to a high-trust, decentralized structure maintained by multiple entities, often referred to as validating nodes. Consequently, numerous blockchain systems have arisen for a multitude of purposes. Nevertheless, a considerable number of these blockchain systems are plagued by significant deficiencies concerning their performance and security. These issues have to be rectified before the realization of a widespread adoption. An essential element within any blockchain system is its foundational consensus algorithm, a crucial determinant of both its performance and security attributes. Consequently, to tackle the shortcomings observed in various blockchain systems, the hardware implementation of a series of established and innovative consensus algorithms was carried out as part of this work. This paper aims to compare and analyze the different consensus methods in blockchain, namely PoS (Proof of Stake), PoW (Proof of Work) and PoA (Proof of Authority) using VHDL (Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language). Each of these methods has unique characteristics that influence the validation of transactions and the addition of blocks to the blockchain. In this context, we aim to demonstrate the importance of optimizing consensus execution time via IPs (Intellectual Property) in VHDL. We also evaluate their impact on security, scalability and performance for IoT applications.
Smart cities represent a promising paradigm aimed at enhancing citizens’ quality of life through cutting-edge infrastructure and technological advancements. Collaborative services serve as a cornerstone for any smart city, fostering seamless cooperation among diverse entities, including government agencies, businesses, and individuals, thereby enhancing community outcomes. These services are pivotal, promoting seamless communication and collaboration among various smart applications, and facilitating data exchange, resource sharing, and functional interactions within smart city environments to optimize efficiency, effectiveness, and user experiences. However, the development and deployment of secure, interoperable services in smart cities present significant challenges. These issues encompass, ensuring data security compliance during interoperation, effective management of interconnected services, securely handling sensitive data across services, and addressing issues related to confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) traits. To tackle these challenges, this research proposes an innovative adaptive security governance framework tailored for smart cities. This framework relies on dynamic security policies implemented through smart contracts to guarantee data security and privacy during smart service interoperation. Real-world use cases in collaborative smart city environments validate the framework, integrating multi-chain blockchain technology, smart services APIs, and Software-Defined Networking (SDN), showcasing its ability to enhance security and efficiency in collaborative services. This study contributes to the development of safe and efficient collaborative services inside smart cities, tackling administrative issues while emphasizing data security and privacy. Smart cities may improve citizens’ living conditions while successfully addressing crucial security problems in an ever-changing environment by using this architecture.
Muhamad Agil Fachrian, Parman Sukarno, Aulia Arif Wardana
Abstract This research proposes a system to store transaction records from a payment gateway based on digital payments by utilizing blockchain technology and Interplanetary File System (IPFS) as distributed storage. In digital payments, the possibility of online fraud or theft of customer data is a problem that needs to be solved. Although the solution is to use a Payment Gateway with security standards to prevent these problems, the system is still centralized and vulnerable to the possibility of system failure or data changes by irresponsible people. Blockchain furnishes a secure and unalterable record for documenting payment transactions. Conversely, IPFS presents a decentralized and immune-to-censorship approach for storing and accessing data. The usage of these technologies guarantees the secure storage of payment transaction data and related documents (such as invoices and receipts) while effectively thwarting data manipulation or censorship attempts. Therefore, this research aims to build a blockchain technology system to increase security and maintain the integrity of the data generated from the Payment Gateway. This research using distributed data storage using IPFS to save transaction from the payment gateway data. Based on the evaluation and security analysis results, implementing a blockchain technology system to store transaction records from digital-based payment gateways can improve data security and integrity. In the gas fee increase analysis, the gas fee will increase according to the total number of bytes generated when the transaction is made, where each byte will cost 12 gwei to pay the gas fee.
Wafaa A. N. A. Al-Nbhany, Ammar T. Zahary, Asma A. Al-Shargabi
Despite the increasing reliance on the Internet of Things (IoT) as a basic infrastructure for future applications. Integrating blockchain technology with IoT extensively helps provide basic security requirements owing to the built-in security structure of the blockchain. Healthcare IoT applications are one of the industries that will be revolutionized by using IoT-blockchain technology. This review aims to provide an integrated understanding of blockchain IoT healthcare applications. The methodology of our paper is to review the literature from 2018 to 2023, paying more attention to research that intersects and integrates IoT, Blockchain, and healthcare applications. This review addresses IoT-based blockchain types and technologies, healthcare applications, sensors, hardware tools, application databases, programming languages, software tools, challenges and open issues, and solutions with their advantages and limitations. We then compared our work with existing works on common metrics. The study in this paper includes 14 blockchain IOT healthcare applications: remote patient monitoring, patient tracking, disease prediction, tracking COVID-19, image retrieval, security of medical records, smart telemedicine, securing the Internet of Medical Things, big data, blockchain and sensors, accurate medical decisions, health monitoring, tracking soldiers, and solar energy.
In today’s world, where digital technologies play an increasingly important role in various aspects of life, protecting data and ensuring its confidentiality and integrity is becoming an increasingly urgent task. This problem is especially important in the context of state registers, which contain a large volume of valuable information about citizens, businesses and other entities. Delimiting access to public registers is a key task for ensuring security, transparency and efficiency of data management in government bodies. In this context, the use of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) and blockchain technology can be a promising solution. This article examines the possibilities of using NFTs and blockchain to delimit access to public registries in Ukraine. This paper defines key concepts such as NFT, blockchain, identification, authentication, and access control and examines their possible applications for delimiting access to public registries. It also describes how the use of blockchain and NFT technologies can be a key solution for ensuring the security and efficiency of public registry management. Blockchain, as a distributed database, provides reliable storage of transaction history and impenetrable encryption of data. Each block in the chain has a unique hash that links it to the previous block, making any attempt to change the data in the blocks nearly impossible without detection. On the other hand, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) can serve as unique digital identifiers that define access rights to specific data in public registries. Each NFT contains a unique digital signature that confirms its ownership and characteristics, and can be used to precisely define access rights to specific data or resources. Together, these technologies can create a reliable and secure infrastructure for managing public registries, ensuring transparency, privacy and irreversibility of transactions.
Blockchain has been a vibrant technology in the past decade, with a wide variety of applications across different industrial sectors. The concept of blockchain has been widely recognized as an enabler for cryptocurrency-based decentralized payments, with two major decentralized payment systems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, the global acceptance of blockchain as a cryptocurrency sums up significant challenges that hinder the fast adaptation of cryptocurrency as a payment service enabler. In this survey, we explore the advantages of blockchain and its technical capabilities beyond cryptocurrency. We focus on the technical potential to ensure trust, data governance, and automation of the financial application domain utilizing the fundamental security features of blockchain, including consensus, digital signatures, and transparency. The significant subcomponents of trust, data management, and automation in banking and financial systems are also identified and discussed, including how blockchain and smart contracts can achieve the anticipated features of each subcomponent through their technical capabilities. In addition, we shed light on the position of blockchain-based applications in key application sectors of the banking and financing domain with a mapping of technical features with the application domains. Thereafter, the applicability of blockchain-based applications is evaluated with relevant regulatory definitions. Finally, we discuss open research challenges and potential future works with the blockchain in the domain of financial systems.
K. Suresh Kumar, Jafar A. Alzubi, Nadia Sarhan, E. M. Awwad · 6 authors
This paper aims to establish a virtual object management system, as well as optimal task scheduling using the foundation of Digital Twins (DT), to improve the user's experience with management and to accomplish the task efficiently. On the other hand, offloading tasks using IoT gadgets to edge computing, fails to speed up control by users. The capabilities of the DT are provided by executing processes such as visualization, virtualization, synchronization, and simulation. The optimal selection of the virtual objects for the DT is done by utilizing the implemented Hybrid Energy Valley with Lévy Flight Distribution Optimization (HEV-LFDO) in order to optimally offload the task by the edge devices. The optimal selection of the virtual objects is done with the aid of the HEV-LFDO in the DT by considering the total cost of executing all tasks using the selected virtual objects and the decision variables to determine whether a virtual object is taken for executing a task or not as the constraint. The data for performing resource management is secured using the blockchain or distributed ledger technology. This accounts for the minimization of the local loss function. Finally, the secured data is considered for optimal resource management tasks. The optimal resource management is done using the same HEV-LFDO. This optimal resource management is carried out by considering the constraints like the cost of assigning a virtual object for the task to the edge device, and the cost of assigning the task to the edge device. These two costs are analyzed by taking the network's bandwidth, energy consumption, and computational resources into consideration. Experimental verifications are conducted on the executed optimal resource management scheme to prove the ability of the implemented model to be integrated with the edge computing network. The overall processing time as well as the latency are also minimized by executing the optimal resource management scheme.