Blockchains have become an integral part of many distributed applications, providing a new platform for interaction between system components. Blockchains are perhaps most known for their use in crypto-currency systems, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, where pseudo-anonymous parties engage in transactions without a trusted third party. Blockchain systems often struggle to meet performance demands of real-word applications, rendering them inappropriate for performance sensitive applications.\nThere is also concerns regarding the immense amount of electrical energy required to securely run existing public blockchain systems. Bitcoin alone consumes more than small countries. Private systems have higher throughput and avoid excessive energy consumption, but have closed membership and do not scale to the same extent.\n\nBoth public and private blockchains rely on some form of membership mechanism providing peers with a view of other participants. Existing systems often employ partial view protocols due to their natural scalability. However, recent work have shown that full view protocols are feasible in practice, and can scale to thousands of participants. With full membership, applications can send messages directly to their destination without any intermediate hops.\n\nThis thesis presents FireChain, which combines a Byzantine fault-tolerant gossip service and full membership, with a proposal for blockchain systems that does not consume excessive energy. We evaluate FireChain's performance through experiments on PlanetLab, and show that it scales beyond hundreds of members.
Shirinyan Lada V., Rohanova Hanna O., Shirinyan Aram S.
The study is based on hypotheses about the influence of factors on bitcoin value formation. The aim of the article is the scientific inquiry and determination of factors affecting bitcoin value with a high level of correlation. The list of factors includes 33 world indicators, among which there are other cryptocurrencies, fiat money, world indices of stock markets, shares of powerful global companies, prices for energy and precious metals. As a result of the study, independent influential factors are selected and a correlation-regression model of bitcoin value is built. The statistical significance of the factors included in the model and the correlation-regression equation that allows simulating bitcoin value is substantiated. Practical approval of the proposed model using the actual data of the identified influence factors is carried out. Prospects for further research in this direction are based on applying trends as to independent factors that markedly affect the value of a bitcoin in order to model its future value. In addition to the factors identified, a significant influence on bitcoin value can be made by supply and demand, bitcoin scalability, interference of government regulatory institutions, the shadow money market, volume and nature of news in the crypto currency market.
The commodity industry, the transaction lifecycle of commodities, its value chain and supply chain are complex systems with many parties involved. Ownership of cargoes are determined by who is holding the physical paper, the Bill of Lading. The participants in the industry require constant verification between parties, and this resultsin cumbersome paper-heavy back-office operations which are exposed to human errors. \nThe entire commodity transaction life-cycle involves the value chain and supply chain, and it creates a complicated and long chain involving several intermediaries, each taking a piece of the pie and adds to transaction costs for producers. The roles of intermediaries in the commodity industry can be financing trades, facilitating trade, managing risk, on-site inspection and verification of cargoes, shipping, and logistics.\nBlockchain technology is the technology underlying bitcoins and most of the cryptocurrencies in existence. Bitcoin enabled people to transfer money, peer-to-peer without an intermediary to establish trust and facilitate transactions. Bitcoin has paved the way for further use-cases of the technology, which has a much broader use-case spectrum than just being the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies.\nBlockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger, where transactions are stored in blocks and secured with cryptography. It allows anyone to execute trade without an intermediary to establish trust between parties. It allows for one single source of the truth between counterparties through enhancing transparency, visibility and availability of transactions data and information.\nBlockchains can be fully transparent, but a blockchain can also allow for privacy. There are different types of blockchain, public/private/hybrid, and each of these types serves its purpose a little bit differently. In a private or hybrid blockchain, information that is sensitive to a certain trade remains private by only allowing the counterparties of that trade transparency into the transactions of that certain trade.\nThe blockchain technology enhances cyber security through decentralization and cryptography. Digital tokens can replace the Bill of Lading to track ownership of cargoes. Smart contracts that self-execute triggered upon a set of predetermined conditions are among the features of blockchain technology. The convenience of blockchain technology, is that anyone at any time can build its own decentralized application on top of already existing blockchain platforms like Ethereum, Hyperledger and others. These factors create for a unique opportunity to digitalize the commodity industry, gaining security, efficiency and opening up possibilities for new trade models in trade finance.
The paper is aimed at a very accurate topic which is problematic of cryptocurrency Bitcoin. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential of this most important cryptocurrency to serve as full-value money. The matter of the first chapter is introducing the Bitcoin concept including its characters and history. In this phase, we are thinking about Bitcoin as a commodity. The analysis of cryptocurrency Bitcoin within currency relations framework is subject for next chapter. Each commodity, which has a role of money, must fulfil three criteria. This commodity must be convertible, relative stable and liquid. This paper discusses the evaluation of these aspects. Based on the analysis, we can contribute to the question whether bitcoin can be used as full-value money in the future. The paper is not concerned on technical aspects like the algorithm of mining, blockchain technology or account safety.
Since Bitcoin’s release in late 2008, the cryptocurrency has grown and proven itself as a disruptive technology, resistant to sovereign law and international financial regulations, and an alternative to the sovereign state’s concept of fiat money. The Wild West nature of cryptocurrency has enabled a number of individuals, criminal organizations, terrorist groups, and sovereign states to use Bitcoin, among other cryptocurrencies, to avoid detection, interference, or punishment from regulatory agencies to commit actions such as money laundering, trafficking narcotics, purchasing weapons, and bypassing international sanctions. This thesis addresses the disruptive nature of cryptocurrency by asking what legislative options are available to sovereign states to maximize the effectiveness of sovereign laws while limiting undesired cryptocurrency use. To tackle this question, this thesis breaks down the legislative actions countries may take into three categories—prohibition, regulation, and adoption—to investigate the benefits, limitations, and effects of each policy. By examining the legislative actions of countries like China, the United States, and Russia, this thesis finds that sovereign states have had limited success in preventing illicit cryptocurrency use; however, without implementing a refined, multifaceted global regulatory standard on cryptocurrency transactions in the near future, cryptocurrency will remain an unchecked means to transact on an international scale.
Mohammad Ahmad, Abdullah Al-Saleh, Fahad A. Al Masoud
Cryptocurrency subject attracted so many people for the last eight years around the globe. Satoshi’s Nakamoto’s, the founder of the bitcoin cryptocurrency behind this revolutionary change in digital money market. Bitcoin cryptocurrency uses “Power of Work” or simply PoW system as its mining algorithm. But in January of 2016, Ethereum cryptocurrency has launched which adopted a new system called “Power of Stake” or simply PoS that is used in Ethereum as its mining algorithm. This paper explores and compares PoW and PoS systems that is used widely today in cryptocurrencies digital money, concluding the pros and cons for each system with enabling to decide which one is more suitable and stable in digital money market.
The purpose of this study is to apply the α-Sutte Indicator and ARIMA in forecasting data. α-Sutte Indicator is a new forecasting method that was developed in 2017 by Ansari Saleh Ahmar. To see the accuracy of these methods, the forecasting results of the α-Sutte Indicator will be forecasting methods compared to other items, namely: ARIMA. Based on the results of forecasting, it is found that α-Sutte Indicator has MSE and MAE values that are lower than other methods (ARIMA). This is supported by MSE data from α-Sutte Indicator smaller than ARIMA(1,1,1).
This article provides an examination of regulation theory as applied to Bitcoin. Through an examination of the parallels with Ogus’ model for self-regulation, it is demonstrated that several unique features inherent to cryptocurrencies offer the benefits of regulatory oversight without the drawbacks. The article also provides a broader socio-regulatory analysis of Bitcoin in an attempt to better understand the benefits of competitive self-regulation for platform users. Finally, this article examines whether cryptocurrencies should be regulated by way of traditional State-based models and, if so, which of these approaches (if any) ought to be used to regulate the platform.
Distributed ledger technologies, such as blockchain systems, have in recent years emerged as promising platforms for machine-to-machine commerce and other forms of multi-stakeholder applications. However, despite the potential demonstrated by projects such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger Fabric, the disk space typically required to host a copy of a ledger may be prohibitively large for many categories of devices. In this paper, we introduce an approach for reducing ledger size in blockchain systems, based on arbitrary pruning predicate functions, allowing each network participant to independently select and remove any already applied transactions. We also show that if only pruning certain ledger transactions, the ability to derive an unmodified state data structure from the remaining transactions is maintained. The approach is validated through a supply chain use case utilizing a modified version of Hyperledger Fabric, in which ledger size is reduced by about 84.49% via selective transaction pruning.
Iain Stewart, Dragos Ilie, Alexei Zamyatin, Sam M. Werner · 6 authors
Quantum computers are expected to have a dramatic impact on numerous fields due to their anticipated ability to solve classes of mathematical problems much more efficiently than their classical counterparts. This particularly applies to domains involving integer factorization and discrete logarithms, such as public key cryptography. In this paper, we consider the threats a quantum-capable adversary could impose on Bitcoin, which currently uses the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to sign transactions. We then propose a simple but slow commit-delay-reveal protocol, which allows users to securely move their funds from old (non-quantum-resistant) outputs to those adhering to a quantum-resistant digital signature scheme. The transition protocol functions even if ECDSA has already been compromised. While our scheme requires modifications to the Bitcoin protocol, these can be implemented as a soft fork.
Abstract Blockchain educational technology has created assessment and management tools for learner credentials that are permanent, transparent and sustainable while giving users direct access. Personal encrypted credentials enable users to shape lifelong learning pathways and personalizes education according to individual values and needs. They allow for the permanent documentation of both formal and informal learning based on transversal competencies, adjustable across the economic sector and responsive to situational needs. Badging was the initial response to online credentialing. Mozilla’s open digital badges have become the unofficial global standard and the specifications remain free. They may be viewed in e-portfolios and social networks. Yet, if issuers cease hosting badges, they become invalid even when authentic. Some experiments with blockchain technology remedy this situation by creating a permanent, secure and sustainable infrastructure for learning records. The MIT Media Lab has produced the bitcoin based Blockcerts; whereas the Knowledge Institute, Open University, UK has developed Ethereum’s Smart Contracts to document Microcredentials (Badges). Both are Open Source products. Most EU nations are experimenting with educational blockchain. The technology creates an infrastructure to document, store and manage credentials and provides learners with a sustainable record of achievements they can control. It also benefits universities by reducing administrative costs and bureaucracy.
Manasa Sastry J. K, Astha Pandey, M. S. Dahiya, L Magwa M
Background: From the time immemorial there have been several types of crimes. With the advancement in science and technology, digital crimes have become very prominent. One among which is Bit-Coin crypto-currency frauds which are gaining momentum in the types of frauds encountered by law enforcement agencies. Bit-Coin is a growing form of digital crypto-currency that is created and held electronically that has no centralized control systems, that governs the transactions. It is the most secretive form of money transfer between two anonymous people all over the world. It is on a superficial layer used to purchase or sell goods electronically, similar to the conventional dollars that are traded digitally where individual ledgers are maintained by all the bit coin users to have access to the building block-chain. However, a masked layer consists of a dark-net where enormous amounts of money are concealed in cold storage where illegal websites and illicit commerce like ATM/ Debit/ Credit Card scams subjecting to illegal transactions rule over the deep net by utilizing the innocent public money. Case Presentation: The present study involves a case study where it was noted that innumerable ATM Debit/Credit Cards were skimmed and the illicit money was exchanged with this crypto-currency using an illicit website for bit coin mining and storing huge amounts of anonymous public money that was dictated by a few Nigerian Fraudsters running this racket all over the nation.
In Ukraine, the cryptocurrency is viewed as a monetary surrogate. In many countries of the world, operations with cryptocurrency are more or less permitted. You can name countries such as Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Brazil, Israel, Canada, China, Norway, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Germany, Croatia, Switzerland, Japan and others. On the basis of objective analysis and the study of examples from foreign experience, the legal regime of operations with the cryptocurrency is proposed to equalize with the legal regime of operations with foreign currency; legalize the mining of the cryptocurrency as a type of economic activity, introduce its licensing and taxation of income from it. Citizens of Ukraine are not forbidden to keep savings in foreign currency and exchange foreign currency for hryvnia and other foreign currency. Ukrainians can not receive wages or any remuneration in foreign currency on the territory of Ukraine, but they can earn or win foreign currency on the Internet. The same regime should receive cryptocurrency. And operations on mining of cryptocurrency should be licensed as highly profitable and requiring a special knowledge and skills type of economic activity. Applying income tax to miners is offered on general terms. Three ways of determining the amount of taxes are proposed: 1) granting access to representatives of the fiscal body to the computer program and purses of the cryptocurrency; 2) through the calculation by the representatives of the fiscal body of the average monthly volume of production of units of crypto currency for a certain equipment and, accordingly, in proportion to it, the amount of tax; 3) in proportion to the amount of electricity spent. The last two look the most real. In the case of taxation of operations on «mining» of cryptocurrencies, the state through the amount of electricity consumed can identify and control miners. It is concluded that the legalization of the state of the budget. REFERENCES Derevianko B.V. Ryzyky zdiisnennia operatsii z kryptovaliutoiu (bitkoinamy) hromadian i subiektiv hospodariuvannia Ukrainy. Forum prava. 2017. No. 3: 33—39. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/j-pdf/FP_index.htm_2017_3_8.pdf [in Ukrainian]. Protsenko A.T. Pravove rehuliuvannia obihu elektronnykh hroshei v Ukraini: dys. ... kand. yuryd. nauk : 12.00.07. K., 2016 [in Ukrainian]. Vyshnevska A.O. Rol kryptovaliuty dlia informatsiinoi ekonomiky Ukrainy ta svitu. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Cherkaskoho derzhavnoho tekhnolohichnoho universytetu. Ser. Ekonomichni nauky. 2017. No. 47: 13—17 [in Ukrainian]. Halushka Ye.O. Sutnist kryptovaliut ta perspektyvy yikh rozvytku. Molodyi vchenyi. 2017. № 4 (44): 634—638 [in Ukrainian]. Petruk O.M., Novak O.S. Sutnist kryptovaliuty yak metodolohichna peredumova yii oblikovoho vidobrazhennia. Visnyk ZhDTU. Ser. "Ekonomichni nauky". 2017. No. 4 (82): 48—55 [in Ukrainian]. Sokhatska O., Kurant T. Kryptovaliuty: zasib platezhu chy investytsiinyi instrument? Pershi naukovi chytannia pamiati S.I. Yuriia: zbirnyk nauk. prats. Za red. d.e.n., prof. O.P. Kyrylenko (26.11.2015. m. Ternopil). Ternopil: TNEU, 2015. S. 42—47 [in Ukrainian]. Yatskiv N.H., Yatskiv S.V. Perspektyvy vykorystannia tekhnolohii blokchein u merezhi internet rechei. Naukovyi visnyk NLTU Ukrainy. 2016. Vypusk 26.8: 381—387 [in Ukrainian]. Pro Natsionalnyi bank Ukrainy: Zakon Ukrainy vid 20.05.1996 No. 679-XIV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1999. No. 29. St. 238 [in Ukrainian]. Pro platizhni systemy ta perekaz koshtiv v Ukraini: Zakon Ukrainy vid 05.04..2001 № 2346-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2001. No. 29. St. 137 [in Ukrainian]. Roziasnennia shchodo pravomirnosti vykorystannia v Ukraini “virtualnoi valiuty/kryptovaliuty” Bitcoin: Roziasnennia Natsionalnoho banku Ukrainy vid 10.11.2014. Ofitsiinyi sait Natsionalnoho banku Ukrainy. URL: https://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=11879608 [in Ukrainian]. Konstytutsiia Ukrainy vid 28.06.1996 No. 254k/96-VR. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1996. No. 30. St. 141 [in Ukrainian]. Tsyvilnyi kodeks Ukrainy: Zakon Ukrainy vid 16.01.2003 No. 435—IV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2003. No. 40—44. St. 356 [in Ukrainian]. Pro systemu valiutnoho rehuliuvannia i valiutnoho kontroliu: Dekret Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 19.02.1993 No. 15— 93. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1993. No. 17. St. 184 [in Ukrainian]. Pro litsenzuvannia vydiv hospodarskoi diialnosti: Zakon Ukrainy vid 02.03.2015 No. 222-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2015. No. 23. St. 158 [in Ukrainian]. Pro zatverdzhennia pereliku orhaniv litsenzuvannia ta vyznannia takymy, shcho vtratyly chynnist, deiakykh postanov Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy: Postanova Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 05.08.2015 No. 609. URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/609-2015-%D0%BF [in Ukrainian]. Podatkovyi kodeks Ukrainy vid 02.12.2010 No. 2755-VI. 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The development of information technologies is accelerated in the modern world. The digitization of socio-economic relations is carried out on the basis of peer-to-peer blockchain technology. Bitcoin is a cryptographic protocol. The article shows that, to date, there is no common understanding of Cryptocurrency, in some sources they are treated as currency and other goods or raw materials in other. At this moment, cryptocurrency in Ukraine is not regulated at all. This article discusses the potential legal classification of Bitcoin and the consequences thereto. Bitcoin has been, and continues to be, used by some for the purchase of illegal substances and in furtherance of crimes. Nonetheless, Bitcoin possesses significant economic upside over traditional currencies and methods of transaction online. The National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) has not yet recognized bitcoin or other encrypted currencies. Several bills to regulate encrypted money have been submitted, but none has yet been passed. The Ukrainian parliament has been actively trying to find a solution for creating a legislative and regulatory framework specific to the cryptocurrency industry. Ukrainian draft laws give their own definition of crypto-currency, mining and other specific terms; stipulate those who have the right to engage in mining, how the activities of exchanges are regulated, and the attendant moments, such as legal responsibility and specific taxation. Yet, the proposed legislation has not yet been passed into the law. Ukraine should monitor world trends and not miss a chance to use new technologies and innovations in the financial sector. On the basis of the analysis of domestic and foreign practices, a number of non-regulated by Ukrainian law of the creation and circulation of cryptocurrencies have been identified by the law of Ukraine, proposed ways of resolving issues of determining their legal nature and legal regulation. The situation regarding the definition of legal status of cryptographic goods in foreign countries and Ukraine is analyzed. The main points to be solved in the course of approval of the right regulation of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine are determined. REFERENCES Liashenko V.I., Vyshnevskyi O.S. Tsyfrova modernizatsiia ekonomiky Ukrainy yak mozhlyvist proryvnoho rozvytku: monohrafiia. Kyiv, 2018 [in Ukrainian]. Cryptocurrency Market Capitalizations. Top 100 Cryptocurrencies by Market Capitalization. URL: https://coinmarketcap.com Ponsford M.A Comparative Analysis of Bitcoin and Other Decentralised Virtual Currencies: Legal Regulation in the People’s Republic of China, Canada, and the United States. Hong Kong Journal of Legal Studies. 2015. Vol. 9. URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2554186 Kryptovaliuta: Zibraty po kryptakh. Kryptofakhivtsi roziasniuiut yurystam znachennia naiposhyrenishykh sliv “latyny maibutnoho” kryptomovy. Za materialamy vydannia “Ukrainskyi Yuryst”. URL: http://axon.partners/uk/blog/cryproalphabet/ [in Ukrainian]. Nermin Hajdarbegovic. Japan Makes First Bitcoin-Related Drug Arrest. Coindesk. May 9, 2014. URL: . https://www.coindesk.com/japan-makes-first-bitcoin-related-drug-arrest Pravove rehuliuvannia kryptovaliutnoho biznesu. Axon Partners, ForkLog Research. URL: http://axon.partners/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02/Global-Issues-of-Bitcoin-Businesses-Regulation.pdf [in Ukrainian]. The Federal Reserve System’s semiannual monetary policy report to the Congress. The U.S. Government Printing Office. September 17, 2015. URL: http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/pr7231-15 Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions amending Directives 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 2000/46/EC (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union. L 267. 10.10.2009. P. 7—17. Court of Justice of the European Union PRESS RELEASE No 128/15. URL: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-10/cp150128en.pdf O razvitii tsifrovoy ekonomiki: Dekret Prezidenta Respubliki Belorus ot 21.12.2017 No. 8. URL: http://president.gov.by/ru/official_documents_ru/view/dekret-8-ot-21-dekabrja-2017-g-17716/ [in Russian]. V instytuti Patona pratsiuvala nezakonna fabryka Bitcoin. Informatsiinyi Aktsent. URL: https://www.infa.ua/v-insty-tutipatona-pratsyuvala-nezakonna-fabry-ka-bitcoin/ [in Ukrainian]. Prokuratura y SBU vyluchyly v Kyievi 400 bitkoin-ferm. Informatsiinyi Aktsent. URL: https://www.infa.ua/v-insty-tutipatona-pratsyuvala-nezakonna-fabry-ka-bitcoin/ [in Ukrainian]. Pro obih kryptovaliuty v Ukraini: proekt Zakonu Ukrainy vid 06.10.2017 No. 7183. URL: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=62684 [in Ukrainian]. Pro stymuliuvannia rynku kryptovaliut ta yikh pokhidnykh v Ukraini: proekt Zakonu Ukrainy vid 10.10.2017 No. 7183-1. URL: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=62710 [in Ukrainian].
Blockchain technology is often discussed and theorized in relation to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Its quality as a technology that produces advanced encryption keys between objects, however, also makes it interesting to those who seek to connect physical objects to digital elements. The reason for this is that the link between objects needs to be ‘secure’ from undesired external interference. In relation to such interests, blockchain has been identified as a highly attractive technology to support the general digitalization of society towards the Internet of Things, smart cities etc. In extension, the implementation of blockchain technology implies that it may work as a tool that has the capacity to direct which objects may/may not interact with each other. The ‘ledger of everything’ that blockchain may possibly produce as regards the ‘Internet of Everything’ is even suggested to make humans and other intermediary technologies redundant. In this essay, I argue that in order to sustain legal critique when the world moves into the next era of digitalization, we need to understand - and question - how technological control operates through e.g. blockchain technology by locking physical and digital elements to each other.
Open access
Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Sentimental Analysis is an ongoing research field in Text Mining Arena to determine the situation of market on particular entity such as Product, Services...Etc. and it can be called as computational treatment of reviews, subjectivity and sentiment of text. Cryptocurrency can be explained as a type of digital estate and devised to mechanize as a form of trade and exchanges that uses cryptography as an encryption technique to secure the transactions and acts as decentralized controlled transaction which is opposed to centralized transactions. Cryptocurrency are a type of virtual currency, digital currency and alternative currency, On basis of categorical, there are different architecture and security protocols which are used in the cryptocurrencies to secure transactions, the different types of cryptocurrency are available in the market such as Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Namecoin…etc. This paper focuses on survey on different types of sentimental analysis methods and main contribution of this paper include sentimental analysis of social media data on different types of cryptocurrencies on basis of categorical and different terms of cryptocurrency such as Cryptocurrency, virtual currency, digital currency and discussed on trends of crypto currency in present market.
In this vision paper, we present an approach that makes it possible to protect developed ideas and early concepts even during their systematical development. We take the Design Thinking process as an example, in which interfaces are used for individual stages (understand, observe, define, ideate, prototype, test) to digitally record verbal, written or sketched, and even modeled or constructed outcome. This outcome is recorded and linked to the originating person. To guarantee both proof-of-existence and proof-of-origin, a unique hash is generated from each digital artifact stored and embedded into the Bitcoin Blockchain by the OriginStamp decentralized trusted timestamping service. Once this unique fingerprint is embedded in a transaction in the underlying Blockchain network, it can be proven where particular contributions originated due to the characteristics of Blockchain architecture. By setting up a decentralized tamper-proof means of record keeping, the entire innovation chain from the first ideation to the beginning of production is verifiably stored. By providing a clear proof-of-origin, all innovators (even competitors) could continue to work on existing problem-solving process and add their contribution proportionately, depending on the state of innovation development. This concept enables an Open Innovation ecosystem, which has the potential to increase the innovation potential of companies immensely. Additionally, inventions that are not patentable because they do not comply with the strict regulations of patent law can still be published and protected because the information about the origin of the respective contribution is guaranteed.
Open access
Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
Thomas Hepp, Patrick Wortner, Alexander Schönhals, Béla Gipp
The use of blockchain technology to track physical assets is not new. However, the state of the art concepts are not applicable due to several limitations. One limitation is the scalability of blockchains with regard to the number of transactions that can be processed by the network. The well-established technology in tracking products is based on RFID chips that can be cloned. This paper provides insights into how objects can be protected and monitored by a varnish with a unique crack pattern, as an example of a Physical Unclonable Function. The perceptual hash of the unique pattern is used to encrypt the associated data to ensure privacy. Instead of logging each event on the blockchain individually, which is not possible due to the limited transaction throughput, OriginStamp is used to preserve data integrity on the blockchain. OriginStamp aggregates events, combines them through hashing and embeds this hash into a Bitcoin transaction. Once the Bitcoin network mines the transaction into a block and confirms it, the timestamp is considered as immutable proof of existence. With this approach, the integrity of tracking data cannot be contested.
Open access
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security