<div xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"> This study delves into the intersection of emerging technologies, focusing on the integration of blockchain to enhance security in data warehousing. Blockchain, with its decentralized and immutable ledger, offers a transformative solution to address critical security challenges in traditional data warehousing systems. The research explores the fundamentals of blockchain technology, including its distributed ledger, smart contracts, and cryptographic techniques, providing a comprehensive understanding of its applicability in fortifying data security. The paper examines real-world case studies, showcasing successful implementations of blockchain in diverse industries, such as supply chain management and healthcare. These cases highlight the tangible benefits of blockchain, including increased security, enhanced privacy, improved data integrity, and decentralized control. However, the study acknowledges challenges and considerations, such as scalability issues, integration complexities, regulatory compliance, and environmental concerns. It emphasizes the importance of careful planning and collaboration to overcome these challenges and successfully integrate blockchain into existing data warehousing systems. Looking to the future, the research discusses potential trends and developments in blockchain technologies, envisioning a global data collaboration, tokenization of data, and seamless integration with artificial intelligence and machine learning. The study concludes with a call to action for organizations to consider the adoption of blockchain for improved data security, offering a glimpse into the transformative potential of emerging technologies in shaping the future of data warehousing. </div>
Support tools that monitor software application processes are required to identify, measure, and assess their performance and resolve any anomalies that impede their full functionality. Similarly, applications that use blockchain technology require analysis and monitoring tools for the resources and functionality provided by their smart contracts. This paper presents a computational tool that monitors hardware resources and evaluates transaction processing requests in blockchain networks. The solution presented here is called MonitorChain, and it has software components that allow the connection with different blockchain networks, the configuration of the workload, the monitoring of consumed hardware resources, and the evaluation of requests processed over blockchain networks. The effectiveness and adaptability of MonitorChain were validated through extensive evaluations across various blockchain environments, including public networks like Ethereum, Avalanche, and Fantom, as well as a private network using Hyperledger Fabric, with a consistent data load of 10,000 transactions. Additionally, through interviews with experienced software developers, we gathered feedback that led to further refinements and identified opportunities for future enhancements. The results demonstrated MonitorChain’s capability to provide critical insights into blockchain applications’ performance, scalability, and efficiency. MonitorChain advances the field compared to existing solutions by offering enhanced support for diverse networks, customizable workloads, and real-time data visualization, contributing significantly to the blockchain monitoring landscape.
Wilson Valdez, Juan Marcelo Parra-Ullauri, Attila Kertész
The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) applications poses formidable challenges in managing data processing, privacy, and security. In response, technologies such as Fog Computing (FC), Blockchain (BC), and Federated Learning (FL) have emerged as promising solutions. Combining these technologies can broaden their scope, and impose novel challenges. This paper conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to investigate their integration within the IoT domain, systematically evaluating the current state-of-the-art by analyzing 40 papers against 38 extraction criteria, encompassing technical characteristics specific to FC, BC, FL, or their integration. The findings offer insights into the advantages, challenges, opportunities, and limitations of this integration, addressing data processing, privacy, and security concerns in IoT. By filling a research gap and directly examining FC, BC, and FL interoperability across architectural layers, this study contributes to knowledge expansion in the field. This paper proposes a novel framework for implementing FL and BC within FC environments for IoT applications, alongside a comprehensive synthesis of existing literature, distinguishing it from previous research efforts. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into the current landscape, identifies research needs, and proposes future research directions. The framework and literature synthesis provided allow readers to access customized information on FC-BC-FL integration, aiding in designing and implementing robust IoT solutions.
In terms of digital transformation, organizations today are aware of the critical role that data and information play in their expansion and development in light of the Internet of Things. To increase network performance and stability, many applications are moving from cloud computing to edge computing (EC). However, in order to satisfy customers, applications like intelligent transportation systems, smart grids, smart cities, and healthcare call for even more effective services. This survey addresses extensive research on two aspects: firstly, we present the advancements of two application domains namely maritime areas and aerial systems in terms of integration with EC architecture. Secondly, we cover the most recent technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain, combined into the EC paradigm by discussing several experiments conducted in various fields to demonstrate the value of utilizing them in the edge computing architecture. We analyze the results of eleven experiments in each technology from 2015 to 2023.
With the development of technology, the connected vehicle has been upgraded from a traditional transport vehicle to an information terminal and energy storage terminal. The data of ICV (intelligent connected vehicles) is the key to organically maximizing their efficiency. However, in the context of increasingly strict global data security supervision and compliance, numerous problems, including complex types of connected vehicle data, poor data collaboration between the IT (information technology) domain and OT (operation technology) domain, different data format standards, lack of shared trust sources, difficulty in ensuring the quality of shared data, lack of data control rights, as well as difficulty in defining data ownership, make vehicle data sharing face a lot of problems, and data islands are widespread. This study proposes FADSF (Fuzzy Anonymous Data Share Frame), an automobile data sharing scheme based on blockchain. The data holder publishes the shared data information and forms the corresponding label storage on the blockchain. The data demander browses the data directory information to select and purchase data assets and verify them. The data demander selects and purchases data assets and verifies them by browsing the data directory information. Meanwhile, this paper designs a data structure Data Discrimination Bloom Filter (DDBF), making complaints about illegal data. When the number of data complaints reaches the threshold, the audit traceability contract is triggered to punish the illegal data publisher, aiming to improve the data quality and maintain a good data sharing ecology. In this paper, based on Ethereum, the above scheme is tested to demonstrate its feasibility, efficiency and security.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has impacted global economy, workforce productivity, smart health, smart cities, smart transport, and much more to come. Large Language Models (LLM) such as ChatGPT and Google?s Gemini, have been widely adopted in various applications. Blockchain Technology stands as a towering disruptor in today's tech landscape, offering assurances of enhanced security and scalability for various applications. Within the realm of healthcare, its adoption has surged, spanning from streamlined recordkeeping to bolstered clinical trials, fortified medical supply chains, and vigilant patient monitoring. These applications harness the intrinsic attributes of blockchain to elevate standards of safety, privacy, and security within the healthcare sector. The combined power of AI and blockchain has the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery, ensuring improved security, transparency, and efficiency. Nevertheless, Porru et al. [1] have highlighted deficiencies in the processes, tools, and techniques within this domain. Hence, this paper aims to furnish a structured framework that ensures both security and sustainability in the development of healthcare blockchain applications. This paper also provides an overview of societal impact on both technologies. This article has evolved best practice guidelines and a systematic development framework for AI-Blockchain integration, known as AI-BlockchainOps. This research has also developed a reference architecture, exemplifying the modeling of an Electronic Health Record (EHR) using BPMN and simulation. Within this Electronic Health Record (EHR) scenario encompassing 100 user requests, the simulation absorbed 97.09% of cloud resources, with 76.33% allocated to knowledge discovery, and a utilization rate of 93.20% for blockchain scientists, alongside various other contributing factors.
Ikram Ud Din, Kamran Khan, Ahmad Almogren, Mahdi Zareei · 5 authors
In order to improve cybersecurity in newly developed network infrastructures, this research investigates the integration of blockchain technology with zero-trust security concepts. The zero-trust paradigm ensures continuous authentication across entities, in contrast to standard security models that often presuppose trust based on a network environment. Blockchain is used to decentralize and impose authentication intensity of communication clarity and honesty. The study compares the performance of the zero trust model enhanced by blockchain to traditional security systems in a number of parameters, such as intrusion detection rates and security breach reaction times, using extensive simulations. The findings demonstrate that the blockchain-enhanced zero-trust architecture performs better than conventional systems in both identifying and countering threats and methodically handling a large volume of transactions when under pressure. These conclusions, which emphasize significant advancements in security applications and system resilience, are predicated on the use of blockchain in zero-trust systems. Subsequent investigations will endeavor to enhance these technologies and investigate their utilization in networks across diverse intricate scenarios.
The need for patient-centered electronic records that can store and retrieve the myriad details of a patient's medical history as documented during treatment has increased dramatically.These records are vital for future care, billing, or treatment.The distributed ledger technology known as Blockchain enables us to store this data and start and enable use at lightning speed while keeping the system transparent and secure.Using a distributed system with ledger capability allows for the safe and interoperable storage of records.With the elimination of mediators in financial and data transactions and in verifying data authenticity and ownership records, blockchain technology promises to alter the current state of digital asset transactions radically.Its extensive files and easy access to patients' medical histories are two of the most critical issues in healthcare, and its immutability, decentralization, and openness make it an ideal solution.Interoperability, the ability of various health organizations and software product makers to connect and exchange data securely and smoothly, is crucial to healthcare systems' practical and successful operation.Lack of interoperability is the root cause of many difficulties in contemporary healthcare, including data silos and disparate workflow tools.To solve this problem, a system that allows safe, recognized medical records to be kept in separate databases should be implemented.Using fog computing, which can decentralize data processing and handle massive amounts of data, we reviewed the literature and performed a system overview of blockchain technology in this study.Our ongoing experimental study highlights areas where current systems are lacking and suggests potential avenues for further research.
Junaid Nasir Qureshi, Muhammad Shoaib Farooq, Adel Khelifi, Zabihullah Atal
Distributed Scrum of Scrums Agile Software Development (DSsASD) plays a crucial role in modern software development, enabling collaboration across vast distances in software development. However, existing tools and frameworks have struggled to effectively address communication, teamwork, and collaboration challenges within DSsASD teams. These challenges include transparency, trust, traceability, auditability, and security concerns, these issues are related to project delays, client dissatisfaction, contract cancellations, miscommunication collaboration, and payment disputes between stakeholders. To tackle these persistent concerns and issues, this article introduces ChainAgilePlus, a novel framework that integrates blockchain technology in the distributed scrum of scrum agile software development. ChainAgilePlus implements smart contracts by utilizing a private Ethereum blockchain to govern acceptance acknowledgment, deployment testing, secure payments, verification of developer payments, and automated payment distribution to team wallets. Smart contracts also enforce penalties for delayed payments and overdue tasks, promoting accountability and adherence to deadlines. Additionally, ChainAgilePlus mitigates blockchain scalability challenges by integrating the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for off-chain storage. Empirical results from experimental processes demonstrate the effectiveness of ChainAgilePlus in enhancing communication, transparency, coordination, traceability, auditability, security, and trust among clients and developers in DSsASD projects.
Internet of Things (IoT) is currently playing a major role in how intelligent devices are interconnected and deployed to automate services in transport and smart living sectors. However, IoT is facing challenges in terms of data protection and authentication due to the heterogeneous nature of IoT devices that do not exhibit a central authority. It is crucial to provide secure and trustworthy solutions for the increasing demands of decentralized IoT environments. To this end, this research proposes a novel integration of blockchain-technologies in IoT services to enhance security, data integrity, users privacy, system scalability and interoperability of devices. This is done by leveraging smart contracts to enforce authentication, access control and data exchange mechanisms for IoT devices. The proposed approach is verified by the construction and deployment of a smart contract over the Polygon blockchain network in a simulated real-world IoT scenario. The obtained results show that the proposed approach ensures fast and secure authentication in IoT networks by decreasing the risk of unauthorized access and data tampering.
A. Sasikumar, Logesh Ravi, Malathi Devarajan, A. Selvalakshmi · 8 authors
The edge devices will produce enormous quantities of data daily as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) expands in scope. Still, most IIoT data is stored in data centers, making it challenging to transfer data between domains safely. Smart logistic products have dramatically changed due to the prevalence of decentralized edge computing and blockchain in the industry sector. To address the need to exchange data between logistics networks, we proposed a novel decentralized hierarchical attribute-based encryption (HABE) scheme combining edge computing and blockchain. To begin, we offer an IoT data encryption strategy in which edge devices can send data to a nearby cloud network for data processing while maintaining privacy. In addition, we developed a blockchain-integrated data-sharing scheme that makes it possible for users to share data via the use of edge and cloud storage. In particular, an IoT device incorporates an encryption-based authentication system to verify users’ access rights at the network’s periphery in a decentralized manner. Using HABE, we provide a blockchain-integrated architecture for the IoT that protects user privacy. The suggested design utilizes the edge and cloud network paradigms and HABE to maintain privacy and works well with smart logistics applications. The authentication time of the proposed model is reduced by 1.5 times compared with the centralized model. The analyses and experimental findings show that the proposed blockchain-integrated edge computing architecture is better than the existing schemes in terms of data sharing, data privacy, and security.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Joyce Quintino, Carina Oliveira, Rossana M. C. Andrade
The growth of devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought an increase in the amount of data flowing through the network. As a consequence of that, a reliable environment has became essential to avoid security vulnerabilities. In this scenario, Blockchain emerges as a promising technology to enhance IoT security, enabling decentralized, encrypted, and immutable data registration with the consensus of network participants. Smart contracts are self-executing programs distributed in a Blockchain. In IoT applications that use Blockchain, smart contracts can eliminate the need for intermediaries, allowing for more secure and transparent data transfers between involved parties in a decentralized manner. However, smart contracts are subject to security flaws, mainly caused by programming errors and vulnerabilities in the source code, which can result in financial losses or compromise data integrity, posing risks to users’ privacy and security. Therefore, performing tests with different approaches before deployment can expose errors in the smart contract code and reduce security risks. This work then proposes a process, called PERCI, that defines a set of verification steps for smart contracts in IoT applications to detect known vulnerabilities, using a combination of static and dynamic analysis tools before the contract deployment. The combination of static and dynamic analyses is proposed to improve vulnerability detection, providing a more robust solution. For this, the process uses two static analysis tools, Slither and Mythril, and one dynamic analysis tool, Manticore. PERCI is evaluated, firstly, by demosntrating that the combination of the analyses of each tool resulted in more efficient vulnerability detection, providing a more comprehensive and precise verification of the smart contract code. Additionally, this work integrated a smart contract to register and authenticate devices on the Blockchain with an IoT application that shows weather conditions through colors with a smart lamp. The process evaluation demonstrated the feasibility of using combined static and dynamic analyses for more efficient vulnerability detection. Finally, this dissertation is expected to contribute to improving the security and the reliability of IoT applications that use Blockchain.
M R Shrihari, J Lubna Saira, N Ajay, M. Mahesh · 6 authors
The advancement of smart farming, a crucial aspect of the Internet of Things (IoT), facilitates data-driven insights to enhance agricultural efficiency. However, the widespread deployment of IoT devices presents notable concerns related to data security and integrity. This paper introduces AgriChainSynch, a robust framework integrating blockchain, IoT, and artificial intelligence (AI) to strengthen the security, privacy, and operational efficiency of smart farming ecosystems. The framework utilizes a distributed ledger system to ensure tamper-proof data management, incorporates a Blockchain Integration Layer (BIL) for scalability, and features a Feedback and Adaptation Module (FAM) for continuous performance enhancement. By leveraging AWS Cloud, ESP32, and Ethereum Rinke by smart contracts, the system is capable of detecting and mitigating security threats in real time. Experimental evaluations demonstrate improvements in network efficiency, data storage optimization, and transaction processing speed. Additionally, the study establishes a link between faster threat response times and increased blockchain transaction success rates. The results underscore the feasibility of integrating blockchain, AI, and IoT to develop secure, scalable, and efficient precision agriculture solutions.
The secure sharing and privacy protection of medical data have become pain points for medical data management platforms. Therefore, a secure sharing electronic health record privacy protection method based on blockchain is proposed in the study, aiming to improve data security privacy and ensure absolute ownership of patients' medical data. Attribute encryption and blockchain computing are utilized to construct a data secure sharing model, and zero-knowledge proof and ElGamal encryption algorithms are introduced to further improve the construction of data privacy protection methods. Experimental verification showed that the data secure sharing method proposed in the study has more advantages in terms of production key size and time cost. Compared with other public recognition mechanisms, zero-knowledge proof reduced the average time cost of generating keys by 54.36%. The proposed data privacy protection method had an average increase of 7.73% in protection effectiveness compared to other methods. The results indicate that the data secure sharing and privacy protection methods proposed in the study can improve the overall performance and security of the system while fully ensuring the absolute ownership of patients' data. This method has positive application value in the privacy protection of medical data.
This article addresses the dynamic landscape of smart supply chain management, characterized by the integration of cutting-edge technologies. It proposes an IoT-Blockchain system for monitoring equipment status in a smart supply chain environment. The system utilizes IoT sensors to collect temperature and humidity data from the equipment. This collected data is then processed and stored in the cloud using the InfluxDB database. To further enhance security and transparency in the monitoring process, the system incorporates blockchain technology. This ensures the tamper-proof nature of collected data through the deployment of smart contracts. The monitoring platform developed on Grafana provides users with an intuitive dashboard for accessing real-time information about the equipment’s status. The proposed system offers a comprehensive monitoring solution for sensitive supply chain operations, allowing stakeholders to track the equipment’s journey along the supply chain and monitor its status in real-time. This system has the potential to revolutionize supply chain monitoring, providing an efficient and secure way to optimize equipment performance and improve overall supply chain efficiency.
Paulo Victor Dias, Helena Gonçalves, Firmino Silva, Jorge Duque · 6 authors
Over the past decade, significant technological advancements have taken place, with a strong focus on systems designed to enhance the security and reliability of distributed data across various sectors, both public and private. Among these technological innovations, blockchain technology has emerged as a standout paradigm, offering unique characteristics that guarantee data security and reliability in different applications. The model presented represents a culmination of efforts that trace their origins to the Ethereum platform, restructured to align with Hyperledger Fabric. This transformation elaborated according to the comprehensive analysis of various Hyperledger frameworks involving segmentation, comparison, and selection of components that augment the model's conceptual foundation. The overarching objective of this article is twofold: firstly, to delve into the exploration of Hyperledger technology, substantiating the rationale behind the chosen implementation model, and secondly, to showcase the model's restructuring within the framework presented. A central facet of this article is a compelling case study that illustrates the transformative potential of blockchain technology in reshaping existing systems and processes. Specifically, integrating Hyperledger Fabric as an enterprise-grade technology underscores its role in facilitating the practical implementation of blockchain solutions. Ultimately, the primary contribution of this article lies in its endeavour to formalise knowledge surrounding blockchain technology applicability and to underscore its potential societal and organisational benefits. By presenting a well-structured model and a practical case study, this work aims to advance the comprehension of blockchain's relevance and capacity to drive positive change across various domains.
Ahmad Y. A. Bani Ahmad, Neha Verma, Nadia Sarhan, Emad Mahrous Awwad · 6 authors
The process of controlling the flow of products and services from a company by encompassing each stage involved in transforming raw materials and parts into finished items, also delivering them to the final consumer is known as Supply Chain Management (SCM). The development of numerous smart city applications including smart grids, smart homes, smart supply chains, and smart healthcare has drawn attention to the Internet of Things (IoT). Nowadays, researchers are considering the smart healthcare system’s role as a Public Emergency Service (PES) to treat patients promptly. A distributed smart fire brigade system receives little attention like PES to save lives and property from catastrophic fire damage. The conventional PES methods are created using a centralized method that needs a lot of processing power and doesn’t offer timely services. The traditional systems developed for managing the supply chain have drawbacks like single-point failure issues, data integrity, transparency, and lack of trust. To alleviate the existing issues, in this paper, a Blockchain and IoT Enable Secure and Transparent Supply Chain Management framework is utilized for PES in the smart city environment. Further, two edge computing servers, like a service controller and an IoT controller are adapted. The local storage is handled by the service and IoT controller. Thus, it enhances the data processing speed of PES requests and PES fulfillment. The service controller utilizes the Optimal Queue Model to manage the PES requests based on the minimum service queue length. The efficiency of the network is improved by fine-tuning the parameters from the Queue model with the aid of a Revised Fitness-based Political Optimizer (RF-PO). The multi-objective constraints like queue length, utilization, actual arrival time, expected arrival time, and end-to-end delay are utilized for the efficient supply chain system. These stimulated results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the supply chain framework.
Introduction/purpose: This work provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain technology, elucidating its foundational principles and how it ensures transparency, immutability, and decentralization. The integration of Solidity with blockchain is explored through theoretical approach. Methods: This work meticulously dissects blockchain principles, elucidating transparency, immutability, and decentralization, while exploring Solidity integration in a theoretical framework, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of their intricate relationship and contributing to a broader comprehension of modern distributed ledger technology. Results: The resulting product of this paper will be getting useful knowledge about the technology that practically shapes the world. Conclusion: In conclusion, the adoption of Solidity as a programming language in blockchain technology has proven to be pivotal, enhancing smart contract functionality and overall system security. Its specialized features make it an indispensable tool for developers navigating the complexities of decentralized applications.
Blockchain is an emerging technology with Big data, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning. It disrupted industries such as health, education, manufacturing, and banking. However, the increasing popularity of Blockchain ex- poses the scalability issues of major public blockchain platforms (e.g., Bitcoin and Ethereum) and dramatically affects its development. The scalability problem manifests in terms of Low throughput, high transaction latency, and massive energy consumption. Several reviews and studies cover these factors and their potential solutions, yet these studies need to highlight more information through actual application to natural systems or projects. This study investigates all relevant papers on current research solutions for public blockchain scalability issues. The scope of this paper is to explore the implementation of different state-of-the-art scalability solutions to natural systems and projects while simultaneously highlighting the results. This study discusses the methods and techniques used and the challenges encountered that have yet to future researchers must explore.
Metaverse brings unlimited space and tremendous potential since it is an integrated application of multiple fundamental technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, networking, Internet of Things, and interactivity. During those building blocks of metaverse, blockchain is a type of technology operated by a group of individual participants and known for its immutability feature. The massive adoption of blockchain has been severely prevented by various security and scalability issues in blockchain-based applications due to the inherent characteristics of this technology. To accelerate the massive adoption of blockchain, many previous studies have been carried out to address the security and scalability issues. This article reviews blockchain-related publications collected from four major security conferences (i.e., NDSS, CCS, S&P, and USENIX Security) published in the past three years. Through this overview, we disclose the security and scalability issues of mainstream blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Our study aims to help researchers better understand the bottleneck of blockchain-empowered metaverse, and how to address user requirements for security and scalability from the perspective of blockchains.
Haotian Deng, Tao Liu, Xiaochen Ma, Weijie Wang · 7 authors
The space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) are pivotal for modern communication and surveillance, with a growing number of connected devices. The proliferation of IoT devices within these networks introduces new risks due to potential erroneous synergistic interactions that could compromise system integrity and security. This paper addresses the challenges in coordination, synchronization, and security within SAGINs by introducing a novel static program analysis (SPA) technique using zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs. This approach ensures the detection of risky interactions without compromising sensitive source code, thus safeguarding intellectual property and privacy. The proposed method overcomes the incompatibility between SPA and ZK systems by developing an imperative programming language for SAGINs and a specialized abstract domain for interaction threats. The system translates network control algorithms into arithmetic circuits suitable for ZK analysis, maintaining high accuracy in detecting risks. Evaluations of real-world scenarios demonstrate the system’s efficacy in identifying risky interactions with minimal computational overhead. This research presents the first ZK-based SPA scheme for SAGINs, enhancing security and confidentiality in network analysis while adhering to privacy regulations.