This work exploits the potential of two important technologies which are UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and blockchain in the context of Agriculture 4.0. We propose a cattle health monitoring system based on UAVs that collect health measures from IoT devices equipping the animals. The main objectives of our system are twofold. First, the consumer will be aware of the quality of his/her food. Second, the national ecosystem (e.g. agriculture ministry, trade ministry) will get useful information about the quality and the number of cattle that can be put on the market. Thus, smart cattle management strategies could be undertaken afterward. The involved entities in such a system are multiple: the farmer, the veterinaries, the ministry of agriculture, etc… We first start by studying the system’s security by applying the FMEA risk assessment methodology. Our findings motivate us to integrate blockchain technology to manage the data collected as well as the attribution of the UAVs missions via a marketplace. Thanks to its properties, this technology ensures the transparent tracking of cattle status and fairness in the payment of the UAVs managed by private operators. Finally, we develop a proof of concept using the Sui blockchain platform.
The metaverse is a virtual world, consisting of a collective virtual shared space where users can interact with one another through avatars and computer-generated objects. Its goal is to mimic our real world as closely as possible, integrating elements of various trends like AI, immersive reality, advanced connectivity, and Web3. While there is currently no universally accepted definition of the metaverse, the emergence of metaverse technologies across multiple sectors, including animal farming, is rapidly gaining momentum. The potential value of the metaverse, particularly in relation to its capacity for solving complex problems (e.g., climate change and sustainability) in precision food production systems makes it an exciting endeavor. However, it is crucial to consider ethical implications during the development of metaverse technologies for modern animal farming, given the sensitive and controversial nature of animal welfare. Failure to address these ethical considerations could lead to a lack of credibility and insensitivity towards the adoption of metaverse technologies in the animal farming sector. It is therefore important to ensure that the development of metaverse technologies does not prioritize technology over animal welfare, ethics, and socio-economic implications. Additionally, addressing the topic of diversity and equity in the context of animal farming and the metaverse is crucial to avoid perpetuating existing inequalities during the implementation of metaverse technologies. The purpose of this critical review is to stimulate dialogue among stakeholders such as farmers, animal scientists, bioengineers, veterinarians, policymakers, consumers, and business-to-business clients. It aims to help them better understand the potential and power of the metaverse, identify ethical implications and strategic imperatives, and act as a force for its positive evolution.
This paper presents intuitive directions for field research by introducing a ground-breaking IoT-ML-driven intelligent farm management platform. This study’s main goal is to address agricultural difficulties by providing a thorough, integrated solution. This work makes a variety of important contributions. By utilizing cutting-edge technology like IoT and Machine Learning (ML), it first improves conventional farm management procedures. Farmers now have the capacity to remotely monitor and regulate irrigation management thanks to sensor-based real-time data. Second, based on data gathered from agricultural fields, our machine learning model offers improved water control management and fertilizer use recommendations, maximizing production while minimizing resource usage. The suggested solution also uses blockchain technology to create a safe, decentralized network that guarantees data integrity and defends against threats. We also introduce energy harvesting technology to address the issue of continuous energy supply for IoT devices, which lessens the load on farmers by removing the requirement for additional batteries. We achieved 89.5% accuracy in our proposed machine learning model. The suggested model would provide a variety of services to farmers, including pesticide recommendations and water motor control via mobile applications and a cloud database.
Livestock monitoring often requires human supervision to guide farm animals to a specific point and the displacement of workers to the places where these animals are, which is likely to be several kilometers away, thus resulting in a repetitive task that requires a significant amount of time and demands the usage of land vehicles capable of moving swiftly through the countryside. In addition to that, data collection about animal behaviour with such procedures is often insufficient and cannot be shared in a secure enough manner. This paper describes how Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) tailored for this kind of task, when combined with other protocols and software technologies, can provide a useful to mitigate these issues. To prove this end, a functional prototype has been designed, built and tested, offering the operator accurate monitoring of farm facilities and animals. Additionally, security has been conceived as a cornerstone of the presented system from the very beginning. Not only the communication protocols used for this purpose have built-in security layers, but also InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and blockchain have been used as the technologies that enhance data storage among peers in a network.
Ch G V N Prasad, A. Mallareddy, M. Pounambal, Vijayasherly Velayutham
The advancement of Internet-based technologies has made huge progress toward improving the accessibility of "smart agriculture." With the advent of unmanned and automatic management, smart agriculture is now able to accomplish monitoring, supervision, and real-time picture monitoring. It is not possible to know for sure that the data in a smart agriculture system is complete and secure from intrusion. This article investigates and assesses the potential of edge computing and blockchain for use in smart agriculture. We combine the advantages of blockchain technology and the edge computing framework to create a smart agriculture framework system that is based on a very straightforward analysis of the evolution of smart agriculture. The study proposes a thorough method for emphasizing the significance of agriculture and edge computing, as well as the advantages of incorporating blockchain technology in this context. This paper also proposes an intelligent agricultural product traceability system design: edge computing with blockchain for smart agriculture. The study concludes with a discussion of outstanding problems and difficulties that can arise during the creation of a blockchain-based edge computing system for smart agriculture systems.
Xiujuan Wang, Mengzhen Kang, Hequan Sun, Philippe De Reffye · 5 authors
Briefing: The demand for food is tremendously increasing with the growth of the world population, which necessitates the development of sustainable agriculture under the impact of various factors, such as climate change. To fulfill this challenge, we are developing Metaverses for agriculture, referred to as AgriVerse, under our Decentralized Complex Adaptive Systems in Agriculture (DeCASA) project, which is a digital world of smart villages created alongside the development of Decentralized Sciences (DeSci) and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) for Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSSs). Additionally, we provide the architectures, operating modes and major applications of DeCASA in Agri-Verse. For achieving sustainable agriculture, a foundation model based on ACP theory and federated intelligence is envisaged. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities.
Sukrutha L. T. Vangipuram, Saraju P. Mohanty, Elias Kougianos, Chittaranjan Ray
It is a known fact that large quantities of farm and meat products rot and are wasted if correct actions are not taken, which may lead to serious health issues if consumed. There is no proper system for tracking and communicating the status of the goods to their respective stakeholders in a secure way. Consumers have every right to know the quality of the products they consume. Using monitoring tools, such as the Internet of Agricultural Things (IoAT), and modern data protection techniques for storing and sharing, will help mitigate data integrity issues during the transmission of sensor records, increasing the data quality. The visibility state at the customer end is also improved, and they are aware of the agricultural product's conditions throughout the real-time distribution process. In this paper, we developed and implemented a CorDapp application to manage the data for the supply chain, called "agroString". We collected the temperature and humidity data using IoAT-Edge devices and various datasets from multiple sources. We then sent those readings to the CorDapp agroString and successfully shared them among the relevant parties. With the help of a Corda private blockchain, we attempted to increase data integrity, trust, visibility, provenance, and quality at each logistic step, while decreasing blockchain and central system limitations.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has rapidly progressed in recent years and immensely influenced many industries in how they operate. Consequently, IoT technology has improved productivity in many sectors, and smart farming has also hugely benefited from the IoT. Smart farming enables precision agriculture, high crop yield, and the efficient utilization of natural resources to sustain for a longer time. Smart farming includes sensing capabilities, communication technologies to transmit the collected data from the sensors, and data analytics to extract meaningful information from the collected data. These modules will enable farmers to make intelligent decisions and gain profits. However, incorporating new technologies includes inheriting security and privacy consequences if they are not implemented in a secure manner, and smart farming is not an exception. Therefore, security monitoring is an essential component to be implemented for smart farming. In this paper, we propose a cloud-enabled smart-farm security monitoring framework to monitor device status and sensor anomalies effectively and mitigate security attacks using behavioral patterns. Additionally, a blockchain-based smart-contract application was implemented to securely store security-anomaly information and proactively mitigate similar attacks targeting other farms in the community. We implemented the security-monitoring-framework prototype for smart farms using Arduino Sensor Kit, ESP32, AWS cloud, and the smart contract on the Ethereum Rinkeby Test Network and evaluated network latency to monitor and respond to security events. The performance evaluation of the proposed framework showed that our solution could detect security anomalies within real-time processing time and update the other farm nodes to be aware of the situation.
An intelligent ecosystem with real-time wireless technology is now playing a key role in meeting the sustainability requirements set by the United Nations. Dairy cattle are a major source of milk production all over the world. To meet the food demand of the growing population with maximum productivity, it is necessary for dairy farmers to adopt real-time monitoring technologies. In this study, we will be exploring and assimilating the limitless possibilities for technological interventions in dairy cattle to drastically improve their ecosystem. Intelligent systems for sensing, monitoring, and methods for analysis to be used in applications such as animal health monitoring, animal location tracking, milk quality, and supply chain, feed monitoring and safety, etc., have been discussed briefly. Furthermore, generalized architecture has been proposed that can be directly applied in the future for breakthroughs in research and development linked to data gathering and the processing of applications through edge devices, robots, drones, and blockchain for building intelligent ecosystems. In addition, the article discusses the possibilities and challenges of implementing previous techniques for different activities in dairy cattle. High computing power-based wearable devices, renewable energy harvesting, drone-based furious animal attack detection, and blockchain with IoT assisted systems for the milk supply chain are the vital recommendations addressed in this study for the effective implementation of the intelligent ecosystem in dairy cattle.
The development of Internet technology provides a lot of convenience for the promotion of smart agriculture. At present, smart agriculture has gradually realized unmanned and automatic management, which can realize monitoring, supervision, and real-time image monitoring. However, the data in smart agriculture system cannot be guaranteed to be complete and vulnerable to attack. Based on this, this paper studies and analyzes the application of edge computing and blockchain in smart agriculture systems. Based on the simple analysis of the development of smart agriculture, the edge computing framework and the advantages of blockchain are used to build the framework system of smart agriculture. The classical architecture of edge computing and the confidentiality of blockchain are used to realize the analysis and storage of data. In view of the shortcomings of crop image overlap detection, it is proposed to detect the overlapping area and determine the feature points to analyze the image based on the edge computing and hash algorithm. In terms of data integrity, based on the advantages of blockchain, an edge data detection method based on short signature is proposed, and experiments are designed to analyze the accuracy and effectiveness of the algorithm. The simulation results show that the image mosaic algorithm can extract the contour information of the image and realize the fast image matching. The edge data integrity calculation based on short signature can meet the requirements and shorten the response time.
Andi Arniaty Arsyad, Irawan Widi Widayat, Mario Köppen
For more than a decade, various farm-specific models have been developed by collaborating and integrating sensing technologies as a step toward successful data-farm documentation and effective decision-making. However, the stored and gathered data continues to rely on cloud infrastructure or centralized platform control, which is particularly vulnerable to threats such as data tampering, data distortion, confidentiality, and manipulation, which caused the farm product data difficult to trace to its provenance. In this paper, we propose a farm transaction model by demonstrating a flow of farm transaction simulation implicated by MBC sensing instrument with an array of sensors, controllers, networking hardware, computing equipment, and internal memory functions to enhance data integrity and security farm object. Based on the proposed model, a proof-of-concept experimental system called Encapsulating Block Mesh (EBM) integrates blockchain technology with the specific application case of cocoa production has been implemented. Results have shown that farm objects represented by MBC take turn recording information on the process of generating, transacting, and consuming a farm product and encrypting it into a block was validated and linked in the EBM with the hash of transaction data that connected to each cocoa farm object in a simulation environment.
Blockchain empowered agricultural knowledge discovery system provides the secured environment for the people to store and exchange agricultural data. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain technology, and edge computing supports the agricultural fields to increase crop productivity and reduce the usage of natural resources. The smart decision support system provides efficient data management to the farmer to make the best decision to increase crop productivity and profit. In the agriculture field, different sensors and devices collect different data about the land then it can be sent to the server in the cloud environment. These data are highly sensitive and need to be securely stored and protected against unauthorized access. The farmers can communicate with the intelligent decision support system using the mobile app and web applications to get information about the land from domain experts. The proposed system used blockchain technology to provide privacy, security, easy accessibility, and availability of information to the people to use natural resources effectively and reduce the effect of soil and water pollution by using pesticides and fertilizer based on data stored in the knowledge base. We have implemented a knowledge discovery system using the platform hyperledger for efficient storage and sharing of sensor data which provides security and data privacy. Precision agriculture with IoT and Edge computing allows people and devices to be connected anywhere, anytime in a smart cloud environment to provide intelligent service to the farmers.
The elevated version of the Agricultural Traceability System dealing with food production holds utmost significance in not only assuring food insecure, smart contracts and agri-insurance to farmers but also guaranteeing insurance to them during natural disaster. The proposed and improved system for food cultivation traceability deals with agri-crops and farmers that hires the Blockchain technology guarantee at par safety, agreement, distributed ledger, immediate payment, de-centralization and thereby achieving the goal of minimizing the cost incurred in the food processing system and building trust. Smart contracts play a pivot role in the field of agricultural insurance. Agricultural insurance based upon Blockchain comprises of major weather incidents and associated payouts enlisted on a smart contract, connected to the mobile wallets with timely weather updates notified by the field sensors and interrelated with data from proximity weather stations would enable prompt payout during any natural calamity such as flood or drought. A panel of advisers in the decentralized system which is professionally governed and managed by certain retired officers makes the traceability system more trustworthy. These professionals can offer wise suggestions to the planters aiding them to acquire productive outcome.
The Sandbox metaverse LAND non-fungible token (NFT) prices increased by than 300 times (in USD) between December 2019 and January 2022, but when measured in its native utility token (SAND), the increase is only 3 times. Depending on how prices are denominated, investment returns and effective transaction prices vary. We analyze more than 71,000 transactions and find that users are willing to pay 3-4% more when transactions are settled in SAND, and 30% less when settled in wETH (a smart contract version of ETH) when compared to ETH, so unit of account matters. Our results contribute to the discussions of blockchain-based, virtual economy management and the digitalization of money (Brunnermeier et al., 2019).
Chunchu Suchith Kumar, B. B. Nayak, Neroju Manasa, Sanjeev Kumar
The World Economic Forum marked Blockchain technology (BCT) as one of the seven revolutionary technologies of the future. It is a distributed ledger system ensuring transparency, security, immutability, interoperability, and provenance. This article tries to understand the technological aspects, working mechanism and explore different areas where BCT can be applied in agriculture. Data in BCT is stored in a series of blocks contains the hash value (previous and the current), timestamp, and difficulty details, secured cryptographically with a symmetric or asymmetric digital signature to avoid data tampering and fraud. Traceability (supply chain), using Smart contracts (in Agricultural insurance, Crop finance, Land records) achieved by the BCT and the companies (Carrefour, Trace harvest), states (Telangana, Andhra Pradesh), and countries (Kenya, European Union) practicing are discussed. The Farmer producer company- Sahyadri farms keen implementation of blockchain fetched benefits to farmers amid Covid times. Finally, addressing the barriers in practicing the BCT in India- Technology maturity, energy cost, and education. The massive potential of BCT is yet untapped, to reach up to the farmer level, which will flourish in the coming years.
M. Sangeetha, Goriparthi Thejaswini, A Shoba, Snehal Gaikwad · 6 authors
Abstract In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT) based Crop Monitoring and Classification system is proposed for automated sensing, storing, and monitoring real-time parameters that play an important role in determining a crop’s quality and yield. Sensors are placed in-situ in the field and the warehouse to monitor the crop. The long-Range wide area network (LoRa) module is used for communication between the sensing unit placed at the field, warehouse, and data processing unit. The yield is classified based on qualitative analysis posed by the imperative sensor data. Further, to enable an equitable gateway of resource sharing between the distributor and the farmer, a Blockchain-based transaction is taught to enhance trust and security. This proposed method aims to eliminate intermediaries in the trade, thereby helping farmers get the price for their product details stored in an immutable database, which also displays the farmer’s quality of the crop reaped.
Pest can be a serious topic in agricultural areas especially rice plantations. The pest destroys the plants before harvesting time. Because of the presence of the pest, the yield of agricultural products is decreasing. From a technical point of view, an agricultural professional should identify not only the type of pest that destroys rice plants but also overcome the pest. This research proposes a paper review on pest detection systems by using Blockchain technology and the Internet of Things involving all parties involved. The use of the review is to have a broad overview regarding the functional combination between IoT and Blockchain technologies to reduce the pest problems. Smart contract technology Blockchain may be held to determine automatic alert in the system and know how to resolve the problem accurately and all information is verified by blockchain system without a human interception. IoT devices can be attached to rice plantations to monitor, determine and send the information of the pests. Our paper explains the combination of IoT and Blockchain technologies in order to improve any possibility of success rate by getting the pests. Thus, IoT replaces human manual checking in pest identification to reduce human error. So that, the harvesting time can be increased and the agriculture yields are good. The search comparison results show that ScienceDirect has the highest search value
Lu Wang, Longqin Xu, Zhiying Zheng, Shuangyin Liu · 8 authors
The complexity of a supply chain makes product safety or quality issues extremely difficult to track, especially for the basic agricultural food supply chains of people's daily diets. The existing agricultural food supply chains present several major problems, such as numerous participants, inconvenient communication caused by long supply chain cycles, data distrust between participants and the centralized system. The emergence of blockchain technology effectively solves the pain-point problem existing in the traceability system of agricultural food supply chains. This paper proposes a framework based on the consortium and smart contracts to track and trace the workflow of agricultural food supply chains, implement traceability and shareability of supply chains, and break down the information islands between enterprises as much as possible to eliminate the need for the central institutions and agencies and improve the integrity of the transaction records, reliability and security. At the same time, farmers record details of the environment and crop growth data in the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and store file IPFS hashes in smart contracts, which not only increases data security but also alleviates the blockchain storage explosion problem. This framework has been applied in Shanwei Lvfengyuan Modern Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. Although there are still many defects, the framework has successfully realized functions such as disintermediation and tracing of agricultural product information through QR codes. Thus, the framework proposed in this paper is of great significance and reference value for enterprises to ensure product quality and safety traceability.
Milan Marković, Naomi Jacobs, Konrad M. Dryja, Peter Edwards · 5 authors
In this article, we discuss our experience of realising a prototype IoT-based food safety monitoring solution which integrates inexpensive off-the-shelf open source IoT technology for monitoring food deliveries, semantic services for managing and reasoning about food safety provenance records, and private blockchain networks for persistent and secure storage of semantic provenance graphs. We describe how observation of real-world contexts was used to develop a prototype device, and the results of field trials deploying these prototypes as part of the food delivery process. Results indicate that continuous, context sensitive, trustworthy temperature measurement could provide benefits to multiple stakeholders across the delivery pathway. However, close attention has to be paid to the technology used - as cheap multi-functional IoT devices may produce low quality sensor observations which adversely affect the utility of the overall solution. Our experience also suggests that future food safety management systems may need to include machine-processable guidelines to support analysis of raw sensor data for food safety compliance.
One of the key processes in Agriculture is quality measurement throughout the transportation of grains along its complex supply chain. This procedure is suitable for failures, such as delays to final destinations, poor monitoring, and frauds. To address the grain quality measurement challenge through the transportation chain, novel technologies, such as Distributed Ledger and Blockchain, can bring more efficiency and resilience to the process. Particularly, Blockchain is a new type of distributed database in which transactions are securely appended using cryptography and hashed pointers. Those transactions can be generated and ruled by special network-embedded software -- known as smart contracts -- that may be public to all nodes of the network or may be private to a specific set of peer nodes. This paper analyses the implementation of Blockchain technology targeting grain quality assurance tracking in a real scenario. Preliminary results support a potential demand for a Blockchain-based certification that would lead to an added valuation of around 15% for GM-free soy in the scope of a Grain Exporter Business Network in Brazil.