In the past few years, several attacks against the vulnerabilities of EOSIO smart contracts have caused severe financial losses to this prevalent blockchain platform. As a lightweight test-generation approach, grey-box fuzzing can open up the possibility of improving the security of EOSIO smart contracts. However, developing a practical grey-box fuzzer for EOSIO smart contracts from scratch is time-consuming and requires a deep understanding of EOSIO internals. In this work, we proposed AntFuzzer, the first highly extensible grey-box fuzzing framework for EOSIO smart contracts. AntFuzzer implements a novel approach that interfaces AFL to conduct AFL-style grey-box fuzzing on EOSIO smart contracts. Compared to black-box fuzzing tools, AntFuzzer can effectively trigger those hard-to-cover branches. It achieved an improvement in code coverage on 37.5% of smart contracts in our benchmark dataset. AntFuzzer provides unified interfaces for users to easily develop new detection plugins for continually emerging vulnerabilities. We have implemented 6 detection plugins on AntFuzzer to detect major vulnerabilities of EOSIO smart contracts. In our large-scale fuzzing experiments on 4,616 real-world smart contracts, AntFuzzer successfully detected 741 vulnerabilities. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of AntFuzzer and our detection pl
Ethereum Trader In spite of the fact that exchanging bitcoin isn't basic, it has become simpler to do so because of the accessibility of various different exchanging programs. Then again, finding the right and genuine exchanging stage stays a troublesome undertaking. A Ethereum Trader survey was led to have an exhaustive comprehension of the exchanging bot's usefulness. We want to ensure that these cases are precise so you can choose whether or not this exchanging bot deserve your consideration.\n\nhttps://www.theethereumtrader.com
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Cristóbal Marinkovic, Julio López Fenner, Óscar Ancán, Carlos Cares
Smart contracts are contracts made of executable code running on Blockchain platforms. DasContract was introduced in 2019-2020 as a domain-specific language (DSL) for smart contract modeling with the ability to generate code in a programming language (Solidity), yet its environment exhibits various limitations, both in technical and design aspects. In this work, we propose a user interface with improved usability that includes tools for syntax verification, develop a software prototype, demonstrate its usage with a case study, and identify future lines of research.
Područje istraživanja rada obuhvaća temu kriptovaluta te koje se sve vrste pojavljuju. Spominje se povijest i počeci kriptovaluta odnosno tko je započeo cijelu teoriju i kako nastaje prva kriptovaluta i postojeće mreže kriptovaluta. Pojašnjenje pojmova blockchain, rudarenje kriptovaluta i NFT-jeva. Pojašnjava se kako se trguje sa kriptovalutama, koje burze postoje i na koji način funkcioniraju na primjeru burzi koje su spomenute kao primjer te kako se trguje pomoću kripto novčanika. Nadalje se analizira i istražuje kako se koriste fundamentalna i tehnička analiza. Izvršena je analiza mogućih trendova koji postoje, neformalne riječi i izričaji koji se koriste svakodnevno u svijetu kriptovaluta, grafička analiza i najčešći uzorci koji se pojavljuju na grafovima i kako ih prepoznati. Posljednji dio rada prikazuje primjer investicije u određeni projekt, od čega se sastoji, što je uopće decentralizirana burza, mreža za trgovanje te najčešći uzroci gubitka novaca.
<em>In the 21<sup>st</sup> Century in the world of computers everything is digitalized. This is an era of smart phones, smart classes and smart contracts. The world is being held in our palms. Contracts are being entered into across the globe day in a day out. Smart contract solves the issue of physical distance. This paper throws light on origin of smart contracts, its progression, its usage, its merits and demerits. The paper throws light on the Indian laws which revolve around smart contracts. The author has incorporated suggestions for the better execution of smart contracts.</em>
Jan 1, 2022·Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Economy, Data Modeling and Cloud Computing, ICIDC 2022, 17-19 June 2022, Qingdao, China
As an emerging technology, smart contract has attracted more and more attention. In order to deeply analyze the research status and development trend in the field of smart contract at home and abroad, we take the core journals of CNKI and ScienceNet database in recent ten years as the research objec
U ovom radu prikazana je izrada web aplikacije za simulaciju razmjene kriptovalute Bitcoin. Ova aplikacija je razvijena s ciljem da omogući korisniku testiranje trgovanja kriptovaluta, a specifično se koristi kriptovaluta Bitcoin. Aplikacija se sastoji od korisničkog sučelja (engl. frontend) te poslužiteljskog dijela (engl. backend). Korisničko sučenje web aplikacije služi za prikaz i upravljanje resursima te razmjenu valuta. Pruža korisnicima mogućnost izrade novog računa, podizanje novih narudžbi te pregled povijesti narudžbi i transakcija. Poslužiteljski dio aplikacije se koristi za pohranu podataka o korisnicima i njihovim narudžbama kao i oblikovanje podataka iz baze za korisničko sučelje. Glavna funkcija poslužiteljskog dijela je spajanje korisničkih narudžbi i obrade transakcija među narudžbama.
Invented in 2008 with Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies represent a radical technological innovation in finance and banking; one which threatened to disrupt the existing regulatory regimes governing those sectors. This article examines, from a reputation management perspective, how regulatory agencies framed their response. Through a content analysis, we compare communications from financial conduct regulators in the UK, US, and Australia. Despite the risks, challenges, and uncertainties involved in cryptocurrency supervision, we find regulators treat the technology as an opportunity to bolster their reputation in the immediate wake of the Global Financial Crisis. Regulators frame their response to cryptocurrencies in ways which reinforce the agency’s ingenuity and societal importance. We discuss differences in framing between agencies, illustrating how historical, political, and legal differences between regulators can shape their responses to radical innovations.
Victor von Wachter, Johannes Rude Jensen, Ferdinand Regner, Omri Ross
The smart contract-based markets for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on the Ethereum blockchain have seen tremendous growth in 2021, with trading volumes peaking at 3.5b in September 2021. This dramatic surge has led to industry observers questioning the authenticity of on-chain volumes, given the absence of identity requirements and the ease with which agents can control multiple addresses. We examine potentially illicit trading patterns in the NFT markets from January 2018 to mid-November 2021, gathering data from the 52 largest collections by volume. Our findings indicate that within our sample 3.93% of addresses, processing a total of 2.04% of sale transactions, trigger suspicions of market abuse. Flagged transactions contaminate nearly all collections and may have inflated the authentic trading volumes by as much as 149,5m for the period. Most flagged transaction patterns alternate between a few addresses, indicating a predisposition for manual trading. We submit that the results presented here may serve as a viable lower bound estimate for NFT wash trading on Ethereum. Even so, we argue that wash trading may be less common than what industry observers have previously estimated. We contribute to the emerging discourse on the identification and deterrence of market abuse in the cryptocurrency markets.
The purpose of this Note is to determine which cryptocurrency initial distribution methods involve the offering of securities as regulated by the 1933 Securities Act. The primary legal issue is the Howey test. This test identifies whether an offering is an investment contract, and thus subject to regulation by the 1933 Securities Act, based on whether it involves an investment of money in a common enterprise, in which investors are led to expect profits from the efforts of a promoter or third party. The distribution methods discussed are mining, airdropping, forking, and initial coin offerings (“ICOs”). Mining, airdropping and forking are likely not investment contracts, but initial coin offerings likely are. However, regulators should make it clear that mining, airdropping and forking are acceptable practices. Furthermore, they should proceed with a light touch when regulating initial coin offerings, except in the case of fraud. In particular, the ICO community in partnership with government should instigate a system where ‘crypto-underwriters’ vet ICOs and the crypto-underwriters are regulated by the SEC.
Blockchain technology is most likely to change the next decade of business.It enables transfer of digital property from one Internet user to another in a secure way without any intermediaries.The consequences of this breakthrough technology have a vast potential in all areas of business.Information Technology (IT) provides ready to use, end-to-end solutions and allow small businesses to focus on their core business.Recent innovations in IT have positively impacted businesses.With the emergence of blockchain technology, the convergence of telecom and computing is finally reaching maturity in a unified platform for doing business in the 21 st century.In this paper, we study the various ways in which blockchain technology can help small businesses and propose a framework that helps in choosing the appropriate blockchain application in the context of business process reengineering.
Over the last few years, debates regarding the application of federal securities laws to primary cryptocurrency offerings and secondary market trading have taken a sharp turn. At the heart of this discussion, regulators, developers, and market participants began to recognize the diversity of protocols supporting the distribution of digital assets and resales on secondary market trading platforms.
This Essay proposes modifying an exemption from registration for exchanges under the regulations governing alternative trading systems (“ATS”). Promulgated in 1998, Regulation ATS offers a set of rules governing emerging alternative trading platforms. The exemption enables the Commission to monitor and supervise newly developing trading venues. In recent years, for example, the Commission has amended Regulation ATS to permit private exchange operators to service secondary trading markets; this approach enables private exchange operators to avoid the onerous registration requirements under Section 5 of the Exchange Act yet facilitates the Commission’s oversight of a critical and increasingly sizeable volume of secondary market trading activity. Anticipating the need to register with the Commission, a number of cryptocurrency trading platforms have already submitted or announced their intention to submit applications to register as alternative trading venues under Regulation ATS.
In Part I, this Essay briefly explores the existing legal framework applied to exchanges and examines the settlement agreement between the SEC and Coburn in the Commission’s first prosecution of a platform accused of violating Section 5 of the Exchange Act. Part II offers a brief analysis of the unique attributes of decentralized exchanges and concludes with questions regarding the existing regulatory framework for secondary market trading. Part III of this Essay proposes that the Commission adopt an exemption from registration under Section 5 of the Exchange Act for secondary market trading platforms facilitating cryptocurrency transactions under Regulation ATS. By taking affirmative action and engaging in formal rule-making procedures, the SEC will enhance liquidity, price accuracy, and price discovery and reduce regulatory uncertainty in secondary cryptocurrency trading markets.
Digital assets are hot right now. Whether cryptocurrencies, like bitcoin, or initial coin offerings and tokens, this new asset class has captured the imagination of American investors. While it remains to be seen if this phenomenon has staying power, there is no doubt that these assets and their promoters have attracted the attention of the Securities and Exchange Commission. But neither Congress nor the SEC has formally elucidated which digital assets are securities and which are not. This Article seeks to provide clarity in determining which digital assets are securities. It proposes two tests that operationalize the Supreme Court’s test in SEC v. W. J. Howey Co. The first test is the Bahamas Test, which asks whether a digital asset is sufficiently decentralized such that it is not a security. The second test is the Substantial Steps Test which is used to determine whether an investment is made with an expectation of profit. This Article takes a rules-based approach to provide clarity and begin a conversation about crafting more predictable jurisprudence and regulation in this area.
For many, the appeal of bitcoin is in its detachment from government regulation. \nHowever, the Coffee bonding theory, which initially arose in the context of foreign \nstocks, suggests certain benefits of regulation for bitcoin, including increased \nlegitimacy. By invoking the Coffee bonding theory, this Article offers another \nperspective on the regulation of bitcoin.
Although many people equate blockchain with bitcoin, cryptocurrency, and smart contracts, the technology also has the potential to transform the way companies look at governance and enterprise risk management, and to assist governments and businesses in mitigating human rights impacts. This Article will discuss how state and non-state actors use the technology outside of the realm of cryptocurrency. Part I will provide an overview of blockchain technology. Part II will briefly describe how public and private actors use blockchain today to track food, address land grabs, protect refugee identity rights, combat bribery and corruption, eliminate voter fraud, and facilitate financial transactions for those without access to banks. Part III will discuss key corporate governance, compliance, and social responsibility initiatives that currently utilize blockchain or are exploring the possibilities for shareholder communications, internal audit, and cyber security. Part IV will delve into the business and human rights landscape and examine how blockchain can facilitate compliance.
Specifically, we will focus on one of the more promising uses of distributed ledger technology – eliminating barriers to transparency in the human rights arena thereby satisfying various mandatory disclosure regimes and shareholder requests. Part V will pose questions that board members should ask when considering adopting the technology and will recommend that governments, rating agencies, sustainable stock exchanges, and institutional investors provide incentives for companies to invest in the technology, when appropriate. Given the increasing widespread use of the technology by both state and non-state actors and the potential disruptive capabilities, we conclude that firms that do not explore blockchain’s impact risk obsolescence or increased regulation.
The research objective of the article: The aim of the paper is to present the challenges and opportunities of Initial Coin Offering (ICO) procedure (sometimes appearing in literature and official documents as the Initial Token Offering (ITO)) from the point of view of a company as well as verify the hypothesis about ICO as a cheap form of capital rising that is often presented in websites dedicated to ICO. There are enumerated the differences and similarities to the Initial Public Offering and possible advantages over other methods of capital rising. The paper points out the most important barriers to the use of ICO. The research method applied: As there is shortage of available research papers and literature related to the topic that are focused on financial aspects such as comparison between ICO and other methods of capital rising, there was conducted the analysis of reliable internet sources and a case study method of Ethereum – the first company that applied the Initial Coin Offering procedure. The mentioned research method has its limits, as it is necessary to verify received information. That is the reason why only professional websites dedicated to the topic were used. The outcome of the research (considerations, analyses), main conclusion(s): the Initial Coin Offering procedure is recognised as a very controversial topic. It is clearly visible that ICO has many advantages over traditional forms of rising capital for the company, but, so far, ambiguous legal status, cost level and high risk of scams and other possible abuses make it difficult to become widely applied by newly created companies.
2017 was a landmark year for cryptocurrency. In that year, it burst onto the global economic scene and attracted investments from people and organizations all around the world. Its popularity gave rise to cryptocurrency exchange platforms, which seemed to further herald its arrival into the mainstream. However, these entirely unregulated exchange platforms have fostered insider trading that has no discernable recourse—and U.S. policymakers have done little to stop it. As such, this article explores the phenomenon that is cryptocurrency, the trend of insider trading, and the difficulties facing U.S. officials as they attempt to reconcile cryptocurrency’s novelty with its need for stability. The article concludes this discussion by outlining and recommending three solutions to the cryptocurrency insider trading conundrum.