Blockchain Papers

Nai-Hui Chia, Kai-Min Chung, Xiao Liang, Jiahui Liu

No abstract is available for this record.

Arthur Meunier

The advent of sufficiently powerful quantum computers poses an existential cryptographic threat to elliptic-curve-based public key infrastructure, upon which major blockchain networks depend for transaction security and identity. This paper conducts a rigorous comparative analysis of quantum risk exposure for Bitcoin and Ethereum, examining the structural, governance, and economic dimensions of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) transition for each protocol. We analyze the mathematical incompatibility of leading NIST standardized PQC signature schemes with current blockchain scalability constraints, with particular attention to signature size inflation (30-100× current schemes), the loss of algebraic linearity preventing signature aggregation, and the resulting implications for block space, fee markets, node economics, and validator infrastructure. We subsequently contrast Ethereum's upgrade-oriented, stake-weighted governance model and its modular cryptographic architecture against Bitcoin's deliberately ossified, consensus-driven governance structure. Our findings indicate that while Ethereum possesses the structural and institutional prerequisites for a credible, phased transition to post-quantum cryptography, Bitcoin's governance model and architectural constraints render such a transition highly contested and potentially irresolvable without chain fragmentation. We conclude that Bitcoin's structural limitations, compounded by deep ideological fractures and the irreversible nature of PQC deployment, place it at significant risk of prolonged governance stagnation or chain split, undermining its position as a reliable store of value and 'digital gold' standard in the medium term.

Meghna K. Bhatt, Mohammad Shabaz, Gyanendra Kumar

Digital Twin (DT) technology is elevating the next-generation intelligent transportation systems industry to new heights, as it enables real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control of connected and autonomous vehicles. However, the use of GenAI and DTs in interconnected vehicular technology ecosystems introduces new attack vectors, particularly from quantum computing, which can easily break classical encryption systems. This paper introduces Reputation-based Proof-of-Stake (R-PoS), a hybrid consensus mechanism tailored for lattice-based PQC operations on vehicular edge devices. The core contribution is a lightweight hybrid consensus mechanism optimized for lattice-based PQC on edge devices, enabling secure and scalable synchronization between physical assets and their digital twins. Experimental results from a containerized IoT testbed using the Open Quantum Safe (OQS) library show that the proposed PQC-BC framework achieves an average throughput of 1178 transactions per second with latency of 0.78 second. These results affirm the framework's efficacy in securing future interconnected vehicular environments and establishing a trust foundation for sustainable quantum-resistant digital twin applications.

Odnala Srinivas, Mallu Shiva Rama Krishna, G. Bhavani, Pullela Gokul Krishna · 7 authors

The exponential growth of IoT devices in smart city infrastructures generates vast edge data, demanding secure, low latency, energy-efficient processing. Conventional cloud-centric models face bandwidth bottlenecks, latency overhead, and single-point vulnerabilities, necessitating decentralized management. This research introduces BQAREM: Blockchain-Secured Quantum Adaptive Resource Management for Edge Machine Learning, integrating blockchain security, quantum optimization, reinforcement learning. The framework employs timestamped identity verification, multi parameter trust assessment, and a weighted Proof-of-Stake consensus for secure coordination. Quantum adaptive scheduling and smart contracts ensure efficient, tamper-proof resource allocation, achieving superior latency, energy efficiency, SLA compliance. Comprehensive performance evaluation demonstrates that BQAREM significantly enhances reliability, scalability, intelligent resource orchestration across heterogeneous edge environments. Testing in various smart city scenarios including Smart Grid Control, Traffic Management, Healthcare Monitoring, Surveillance Systems, and Emergency Response demonstrates high accuracy (> 95%), reduced latency (< 50 ms), and efficiency improvements exceeding 80%, with balanced energy use. BQAREM uniquely unifies blockchain-backed trust like timestamped identity + weighted PoS, quantum-adaptive risk-sensitive RL, and multi-resource orchestration with a new Robust Performance Index (RPI) for secure, low-latency, energy-aware Edge-ML scheduling.

Balasani Avinash, Balla Sahithi, Shaik Nousheen Sultana, Anugandula Kushal

The rapid progress in quantum computing poses a severe risk to contemporary blockchain systems, as their reliance on vulnerable primitives like ECDSA and RSA allows quantum algorithms (e.g., Shor's) to break discrete logarithm and factorization problems, potentially enabling attackers to forge signatures, steal assets, impersonate users, and compromise ledger immutability—undermining the core trust model of decentralized finance and Web3 applications.To preempt this crisis, we propose a next-generation quantum-resistant multicchain blockchain architecture fused with an intelligent AI-powered Web3 threat firewall. The framework natively adopts NIST-approved post-quantum cryptography, integrating lattice-based ML-DSA (Dilithium) and hash-based SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) schemes throughout the protocol stack: from secure key-pair generation in wallets, through transaction signing, to rigorous multi-node verification during consensus. This design ensures end-to-end protection against foreseeable quantum threats across diverse chains without requiring disruptive hard forks or retrofits.Comprehensive testnet experiments quantify the trade-offs: post-quantum signatures incur larger payload sizes (typically 2–4× compared to ECDSA) and modestly increased signing/verification times, yet the overall transaction processing capacity remains practical for everyday use, with throughput and latency suitable for high-volume decentralized applications. Storage and bandwidth overheads stay manageable through optimized encoding and pruning techniques.Augmenting cryptographic hardening, the AI threat firewall leverages machine learning models to perform real-time anomaly detection across multichain interactions, identifying subtle signature irregularities, suspicious patterns, and novel attack vectors—including those exploiting transitional quantum vulnerabilities—thereby providing adaptive, proactive defense beyond static primitives.These findings confirm that fully quantum-secure blockchain systems are deployable today with acceptable performance penalties, paving the way for resilient, future-proof Web3 infrastructure capable of withstanding the quantum era while preserving usability, scalability, and economic viability for global adoption.

Dr. Megala Rajendran, R. Gopalakrishnan, Dr.A. Dharmaraj, Dadajon Dadabayev Rustamovich

Background: Quantum computing poses a threat to classical signatures, like ECDSA, and makes long-lived blockchain smart contracts, particularly those used in a system of the circular economy and sustainability, susceptible to future forgery and governance attacks. Abstract: This paper presents a quantum resilient smart contract lattice architecture to achieve ethical governance and resource tracking in the use of a circular economy and maintain realistic performance. Methods: The architecture uses a NIST‑track lattice‑based post‑quantum signature scheme (CRYSTALS‑Dilithium) with one signature per transaction in an Ethereum‑like environment, adds batched post‑quantum verification opcodes to the virtual machine and a post‑quantum‑aware gas model, and introduces Solidity contracts for recycle passports, tokenized waste‑management incentives, and DAO‑based governance. Ethical governance is operationalized using a transparency index together with quantitative fairness and inclusiveness measures derived from reward distributions and participation rates. Results: The proposed framework has a 2.0 ms verification latency, 450 transactions per block, 70% relative throughput, and 130 GB/year storage, compared to 2.8 ms verification, 268 transactions per block, 55% relative throughput, and 140 GB/year storage in the hybrid post‑quantum baseline and the classical ECDSA configuration. Conclusion: These findings suggest quantum resilient smart contracts are a promising basis of long-horizon circular economy governance, which provides superior security and ethics by design assurances and sustains competitive performance and sustainability attributes compared to both classical and hybrid post-quantum baselines.

Tarik Ouardi

Temporal-Angular Quantum Addressing (TAQA) specifies a practical coordination layer for distributed quantum systems that operationalizes cycle-anchored phase-window execution. TAQA is designed for architectures where long-horizon absolute timestamp synchronization cannot be guaranteed and where continuous external timing infrastructure (GNSS, dedicated timing links, etc.) is undesirable, unavailable, or untrusted. Core idea Instead of scheduling actions at an absolute time, TAQA schedules actions by phase conditions on a shared cyclic phase convention \( \phi(t)\in[0,1)\cong \mathbb{S}^1 \) together with an explicit cycle index. Nodes execute when their locally estimated phase enters an agreed wrap-around-safe acceptance window within the intended cycle. This avoids “same phase / wrong cycle” ambiguity and supports deterministic coordination under explicit short-horizon error assumptions. What TAQA defines TAQA defines how to express and execute distributed quantum-network actions using classical metadata: Execution primitive (Q-Address style): TAQA expresses each executable action as a macro window + micro slot instruction. The macro window encodes the intended cycle and phase acceptance window; the micro slot provides local sequencing/offset ordering within that window using local hardware timing. Tick-canonical semantics: For interoperability and verification, TAQA adopts fixed-point ticks (integers) as canonical semantics (no floating-point boundary checks). Human-facing displays (HS degrees, HS index, SWT labels, etc.) are derived-only and must not be used for verification or boundary gating. Cycle anchoring: Every executable instruction is explicitly anchored to an intended cycle index to prevent ambiguous interpretation across repeated cycles. Optional audit hook: TAQA supports an optional post-execution signed audit receipt (TSAE-style) using the same tick-canonical context fields, suitable for optional anchoring (e.g., a ledger/Clockchain pattern). What TAQA does NOT define TAQA is a control-plane / metadata layer and does not modify quantum mechanics: It does not introduce a quantum time operator and does not change the Hilbert space. It does not define bootstrapping or clock-parameter estimation algorithms (offset/drift). These are handled by external initialization/tracking layers (e.g., bootstrapping protocols). It does not define cryptographic primitives or threat models. Security is defined by external, versioned security profiles. Applications enabled by TAQA TAQA provides a deterministic coordination layer for common distributed-quantum workflows, including: Phase-aligned distributed gate execution: remote node actions are triggered in the same cycle-anchored window; micro timing is local. Entanglement distribution scheduling: photon emission windows and BSM windows can be scheduled to coincide without continuous absolute-time synchronization. Temporal routing labels: cycle-anchored contexts can be used as temporal labels for routing, prioritization, and scheduling in repeater networks and distributed workflows. Security model (plug-in interface) TAQA treats Timeverse/Q-Address/TSAE fields as public context (not secrets). Security (signatures, nonce policy, anti-replay rules, canonical encoding, algorithm suites) is provided by an external Security Profile selected via a suite identifier (e.g., security_profile_id). TAQA fields may be bound as associated data (domain separation), but confidentiality and integrity are provided by the security layer. Normative dependencies (DOIs) TAQA is interoperable by construction and relies on the following published normative specifications: Phase-Coordination Series Conventions:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18068999 Q-Address: Macro Phase + Micro Slot:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18068997 Timeverse Security Profile:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18069423 Related context Theorem of Temporal Resolution Limitation and the Phase-Coordination Principle (v1.1):https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17955430 Quantum Bootstrapping Protocol (QBP) v1.2:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18064435 Keywords: TAQA, distributed quantum computing, quantum networks, phase coordination, phase windows, cycle anchoring, Q-Address, ticks, interoperability, control plane, audit receipts, security profiles.

Khang Wen Goh, Burhan Ul Islam Khan, Abdul Raouf Khan, Dwi Sudarno Putra · 6 authors

Blockchain systems built on classical cryptography face immediate risks from large-scale quantum computers, while purely quantum-based blockchains often rely on a single Private Key Generator (PKG) and incur heavy resource overheads. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid quantum and post-quantum blockchain approach that removes single points of trust by using Distributed Key Generation and a dual-layer signature mechanism. This method integrates quantum digital signatures, rooted in the Fully Flipped Permutation problem, with classical post-quantum (lattice-based) cryptography, enabling users to switch between quantum and classical signatures according to security requirements and channel conditions. Delegated Proof-of-Stake with node behavior and Borda count has been incorporated to manage consensus, ensuring that witness nodes are regularly re-elected and malicious actors are penalized by distributing secret shares among multiple rotating witnesses. We eliminate the central vulnerability of a sole PKG while maintaining rigorous resistance to collusions. Our analytical model indicates that a fraction of transactions can use quantum signatures without system-wide bottlenecks, while the remaining transactions follow classical PQC paths with throughput approaching classical baselines under our modeling assumptions. Consequently, this hybrid method offers higher scalability, robust collusion resistance, and long-term security even under quantum-capable adversaries. This paper presents extensive theoretical analyses, probability models, and algorithmic complexities, demonstrating that our design provides resilient infrastructure that meets the key performance and security requirements of next-generation blockchain systems.

Joao Vitor Barros Da Silva, Arsh Gupta, Madhusudan Singh Irish Singh

Secure interoperability across heterogeneous blockchains remains one of the most pressing challenges in Web3 with existing bridge protocols vulnerable to both classical exploits and emerging quantum threats. This paper introduces QLink a quantum-safe Layer 3 interoperability protocol that integrates postquantum cryptography (PQC) quantum key distribution (QKD) and hardware security modules (HSMs) into a unified validator architecture. To our knowledge, QLink is the first interoperability framework to combine these mechanisms to secure validator communication proof aggregation and key management. Validators exchange encryption keys through QKD channels, achieving information-theoretic security against interception, while cross-chain proofs are generated and aggregated with NIST-standardized PQC algorithms. Private keys remain sealed inside HSM enclaves mitigating the risk of theft or leakage. Deployed as a dedicated Layer 3 protocol QLink operates independently of Layer 1 and Layer 2 chains providing a scalable decentralized foundation for secure cross-chain messaging and asset transfer. Experimental evaluation using network simulations demonstrates that validator communication overhead remains sub-second while security guarantees extend beyond current bridge architectures to resist both classical and quantum adversaries. By addressing today vulnerabilities and anticipating future quantum threats QLink establishes a practical and future-proof pathway for blockchain interoperability.

Nikhil Pappu

We study non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs (NIZKs) for NP satisfying: 1) statistical soundness, 2) computational zero-knowledge and 3) certified-everlasting zero-knowledge (CE-ZK). The CE-ZK property allows a verifier of a quantum proof to revoke the proof in a way that can be checked (certified) by the prover. Conditioned on successful certification, the verifier's state can be efficiently simulated with only the statement, in a statistically indistinguishable way. Our contributions regarding these certified-everlasting NIZKs (CE-NIZKs) are as follows: - We identify a barrier to obtaining CE-NIZKs in the CRS model via generalizations of known interactive zero-knowledge proofs that satisfy CE-ZK. - We circumvent this by constructing CE-NIZK from black-box use of NIZK for NP satisfying certain properties, along with OWFs. As a result, we obtain CE-NIZKs for NP in the CRS model, based on polynomial hardness of the learning with errors (LWE) assumption. - In addition, we observe that the aforementioned barrier does not apply to the shared EPR model. We leverage this fact to construct a CE-NIZK for NP in this model based on any statistical binding hidden-bits generator, which can be based on LWE. The only quantum computation in this protocol involves single-qubit measurements of the shared EPR pairs.

MAZARI, Ilyes Tarik, Mazari, Yanis, Ilyan, Mazari

We present the Y.I.N. Mazari Architecture, an 8-pillar privacy-preserving federated learning system built around a novel cryptographic ordering: DP→ZK→HE (Differential Privacy →Zero-Knowledge Proof →Homomorphic Encryption) applied to federated learning gradients. The name Y.I.N. honors Yanis, Ilyan, and Neylia Mazari, while embodying the core principle that Your Information Never leaves your control.We identify a fundamental barrier in privacy-preserving federated learning: the inability to verify that participants correctly applied differential privacy noise while maintainin computational efficiency. The Y.I.N. Mazari Ordering resolves this barrier through a specific sequencing of cryptographic operations.This paper extends the classical architecture into the quantum domain through the QFED-MAZARI system,introducing the Mazari Quantum Ordering: QDP→MUA→DQEM(Quantum Differential Privacy →Manifold Unitary Aggregation →Distributed Quantum Error Mitigation). Experimental results demonstrate 99.37% model accuracy with 223× speed improvement in classical systems, while the quantum extension achieves 91.9% accuracy with 40–50% communication reduction. Together, the classical and quantum architectures establish a comprehensive 30-year intellectual property runway.

Gall, François Le, Liu, Yupan, Wang, Qisheng

The complexity class Quantum Statistical Zero-Knowledge ($\mathsf{QSZK}$), introduced by Watrous (FOCS 2002) and later refined in Watrous (SICOMP, 2009), has the best known upper bound $\mathsf{QIP(2)} \cap \text{co-}\mathsf{QIP(2)}$, which was simplified following the inclusion $\mathsf{QIP(2)} \subseteq \mathsf{PSPACE}$ established in Jain, Upadhyay, and Watrous (FOCS 2009). Here, $\mathsf{QIP(2)}$ denotes the class of promise problems that admit two-message quantum interactive proof systems in which the honest prover is typically computationally unbounded, and $\text{co-}\mathsf{QIP(2)}$ denotes the complement of $\mathsf{QIP(2)}$. We slightly improve this upper bound to $\mathsf{QIP(2)} \cap \text{co-}\mathsf{QIP(2)}$ with a quantum linear-space honest prover. Specifically, the honest prover uses space linear in the size of the transcript of the original $\mathsf{QSZK}$ proof system. A similar improvement also applies to the upper bound for the non-interactive variant $\mathsf{NIQSZK}$. Our main techniques are algorithmic versions of the Holevo-Helstrom measurement and the Uhlmann transform, both implementable in quantum linear space, implying polynomial-time complexity in the state dimension, using the recent space-efficient quantum singular value transformation of Le Gall, Liu, and Wang (CC, to appear).

Antonio Jesús Maroto Enríquez

This is the fourth and most comprehensive edition of the theoretical framework introduced in the original preprint (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17834958). The Universal Distributed Architecture (UDA) proposes a three-dimensional quantum blockchain of Planck-scale quantum cubes governed by a novel Proof-of-Consciousness (PoC) consensus protocol. Five core equations are rigorously derived and proven: the PoC consensus operator (Kraus representation), the Absolute validator state, ledger entropy growth rate (Lindblad form), OAM entanglement threshold, and quantum-resistant hash function. The work integrates loop quantum gravity, AdS/CFT correspondence, the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model, JT gravity, and holographic tensor networks (MERA, PEPS, and 5D extensions), together with five-dimensional optical memory crystals (University of Southampton) as an experimental substrate, with equations 27–34 establishing Rayleigh scattering as a physical implementation of holographic hash verification and a room-temperature experimental protocol. Version 4 introduces three structural advances. (1) A ledger isomorphism (Proposition 0): every axiom of a distributed append-only ledger — immutability, decentralized consensus, append-only ordering, bounded block capacity, and double-spend prohibition — is shown to be independently realized by an established physical principle (no-cloning/no-deleting theorems, quantum Darwinism, the second law, the Bekenstein–Bousso bound, and monogamy of entanglement), localizing UDA's novel content entirely in the validation rule. (2) An operational, laboratory-reproducible definition of the consciousness quantity, |Q| = m/m_P = ω_C·t_P, integrating Inomata's pan-psychist quantity Q = i√G·M and measurable through three independent channels: Compton-clock interferometry and gravitationally induced entanglement (BMV), a standardized measurement-induced-phase-transition (Q-MIPT) meter on quantum processors with explicit calibration and uncertainty budget, and collider bounds on event-driven non-unitarity anchored by ATLAS/CMS top-quark entanglement and neutral-kaon CPT interferometry. The channel-universality law Q_G = Q_I = Q_C is the flagship prediction exclusive to UDA. (3) A sharp mathematical distinction between the anti-Hermitian consciousness operator (magnitude of agency: write capacity per Planck tick) and the Hermitian moral operator (valence of agency: mutual-information gain per unit entropy budget), with an explicit laboratory protocol distinguishing them. The framework further develops a SYK–Consciousness correspondence with non-Hermitian topological phases, MIPT modulated by consciousness density, and non-Hermitian MERA networks exhibiting a Holographic Skin Effect that topologically protects conscious information at the holographic boundary. UDA's non-unitarity is event-driven rather than continuous, making it consistent by construction with Diósi–Penrose bounds and separable from collapse models in a single two-parameter experiment (Discriminator D1). Falsifiable predictions are organized in two tiers — five UDA-exclusive predictions (2026–2030), each with its own falsification clause, and inherited consistency tests — alongside detailed QuTiP simulations, NV-center and 5D crystal protocols, and applications in quantum computing, quantum AI, and high-energy tests at the LHC and FCC. The framework resolves the von Neumann measurement chain via dual observation and portrays the universe as a growing, error-corrected quantum ledger.

Vipul Goyal, Xiao Liang, Omkant Pandey, Yuhao Tang · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Thomas den Hollander, Daniel Slamanig

No abstract is available for this record.

Wu-Sheng Wang, Masahito Hayashi

On-demand authentication is critical for scalable quantum systems, yet many existing quantum signature and message-authentication schemes are signer-initiated, requiring advance distribution of authentication material even when no verification occurs. We introduce verifier-initiated quantum digital signatures (VIQDS), in which the verifier requests authentication only when needed and the signer responds once; after issuance, verification proceeds without further interaction. Practically, shifting authentication to a verifier-driven, on-demand workflow reduces avoidable communication and storage overhead and aligns with deployments where verification is sporadic, such as distributed services and audit-oriented infrastructures. Our approach leverages quantum zero-knowledge techniques so that verification reveals nothing about the signer’s secret key beyond the fact that the signature is valid. We present a general conversion principle from suitable quantum proof protocols to VIQDS, together with a concrete realization based on elementary qubit platforms. Here, we show information-theoretic security against forgery and privacy against curious verifiers without computational hardness assumptions. The authors introduce a verifier-initiated quantum message-authentication method, in which authentication is requested only when needed. Their approach uses quantum zero knowledge techniques to protect information about the signer’s secret key while providing information-theoretic security against forgery

Al Thani, Jamil

This comprehensive technical specification details the ADN-NChain protocol, a first-of-its-kind Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). It introduces a revolutionary self-repairing neural blockchain architecture, leveraging biologically-inspired genetic algorithms for state management and unprecedented network resilience to systemic and quantum threats. The whitepaper thoroughly covers the robust system design, the novel Proof-of-Resonance (PoR) consensus mechanism, and a future-proof post-quantum cryptography implementation (CRYSTALS-Dilithium) essential for securing the next generation of crypto-assets and decentralized applications (dApps). Performance metrics confirm high scalability (12,000+ TPS) and exceptional data integrity with a 99.9% automatic corruption repair success rate. This work is critical for researchers, investors, and developers focused on next-generation blockchain, Web3, cryptocurrency security, and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) solutions.

Yosef Bonaparte

Blockchain technology has emerged as the backbone of cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance, yet its long-term resilience is increasingly threatened by advances in quantum computing. Quantum algorithms, such as Shor’s algorithm, can undermine public-key cryptography, while Grover’s algorithm accelerates brute-force search, weakening proof-of-work schemes. In this paper, we propose a Quantum Blockchain Framework that integrates quantum communication protocols, quantum consensus mechanisms, and quantum-resistant cryptography. We construct a theoretical model of quantum-secured distributed ledgers, where qubits, entanglement, and quantum key distribution (QKD) enhance security and efficiency. Applications to cryptocurrency are explored, highlighting how quantum blockchain can mitigate security risks, improve consensus speed, and enable quantum-native digital assets.

James Hsin-yu Chiang, Ivan Damgård, William R. Duro, Sunniva Engan · 6 authors

We propose efficient, post-quantum threshold ring signatures constructed from one-wayness of AES encryption and the VOLE-in-the-Head zero-knowledge proof system. Our scheme scales efficiently to large rings and extends the linkable ring signatures paradigm. We define and construct key-binding deterministic tags to achieve linkability. We then extend our threshold ring signatures to realize post-quantum anonymous ledger transactions in the spirit of Monero. Finally, our deterministic tags also enable succinct aggregation using approximate lower bound arguments of knowledge; this allows us to achieve succinct (approximate) multi-signatures without SNARKs. Our constructions assume symmetric key primitives only.

Efe Büke

The rapid evolution of financial technologies (FinTech) and digital assets—including cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance (DeFi), and tokenized capital markets—has created an unprecedented need for secure, scalable, and computationally efficient systems. This study examines the transformative potential of quantum computing in reshaping financial technology infrastructures and digital asset ecosystems. Traditional computational models, constrained by classical encryption limits and the exponential growth of financial data, face increasing inefficiencies in handling real-time risk assessment, portfolio optimization, and transaction verification. Quantum computing, with its capacity for superposition, entanglement, and parallel state evaluation, provides novel opportunities to redefine data security, financial modeling, and cryptographic mechanisms in the digital economy. The research explores how quantum algorithms—notably Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT), and Grover’s search algorithm—can enhance financial operations such as market forecasting, fraud detection, and asset pricing. Additionally, it investigates quantum-resistant cryptography to safeguard digital asset networks against the vulnerabilities introduced by future quantum decryption capabilities. By integrating hybrid quantum–classical frameworks, this approach enables the development of sustainable, adaptive, and transparent financial systems. The findings highlight quantum computing’s potential to advance financial inclusion, increase transaction speed, and improve systemic resilience. As global financial markets transition toward quantum readiness, the convergence of FinTech and quantum innovation is expected to redefine how digital assets are managed, traded, and secured—marking a paradigm shift toward quantum financial intelligence.

Efe Büke

The exponential growth of digital finance—encompassing online banking, digital assets, decentralized finance (DeFi), and algorithmic trading—has intensified the need for robust cybersecurity frameworks. However, the rise of quantum computing presents a dual challenge: while it enables revolutionary advances in data analytics and optimization, it simultaneously threatens the cryptographic foundations of contemporary financial systems. This research explores the emerging field of quantum cybersecurity and its implications for safeguarding financial infrastructures in the post-quantum era. Traditional encryption methods such as RSA, ECC, and Diffie–Hellman key exchange are vulnerable to quantum attacks, particularly through Shor’s algorithm and Grover’s search algorithm, which can efficiently break asymmetric and symmetric cryptographic schemes. The study evaluates quantum-resistant cryptographic protocols—including lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial encryption—as viable solutions for ensuring financial data integrity, transaction confidentiality, and regulatory compliance in quantum-vulnerable environments. Furthermore, it investigates Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG) as hardware-assisted techniques for achieving unconditional security in financial communications and transaction authentication. By integrating quantum cryptography, hybrid encryption, and AI-driven threat modeling, this work outlines a roadmap for financial institutions transitioning toward quantum-secure infrastructures. The findings demonstrate that quantum cybersecurity is not merely a defensive measure but a transformative enabler for resilient digital finance, aligning with global efforts to achieve technological sovereignty, financial stability, and sustainable innovation in the era of quantum computing.

Deni Teminyan

Decentralized finance (DeFi) uses smart contracts to automate payments, lending, and asset management, but current blockchains often suffer from slow, expensive, and energy-hungry execution. In this project, I explore a quantum-enhanced optimization framework for smart contract–based financial services. The main idea is to treat gas use, transaction ordering, and resource allocation as optimization problems that can be tackled by hybrid quantum–classical algorithms. Using a conceptual model, I map smart contract execution to cost functions suitable for the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE). I then compare, at a qualitative level, how these quantum-inspired approaches differ from classical heuristics in terms of expected throughput, latency, and cost. A focused literature review on quantum computing, blockchain scalability, and quantum-safe cryptography provides context for these ideas. The results suggest that quantum-enhanced optimization could reduce gas fees, improve transaction scheduling, and support more efficient consensus under heavy load. The project also discusses the need for post-quantum security so that future quantum computers do not undermine blockchain trust. Overall, the work outlines how quantum computing might contribute to faster, safer, and more sustainable automated financial systems.

Liviu Ionut Epure

The convergence of quantum physics and machine learning presents unprecedented opportunities for developing ultra-secure authentication systems. This comprehensive paper investigates the integration of quantum random number generators (QRNGs) with advanced machine learning architectures, including quantum neural networks (QNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, and hybrid quantumclassical models, to establish authentication mechanisms with information-theoretic security guarantees. We provide rigorous theoretical foundations spanning quantum entropy theory, min-entropy estimation, and randomness certification, complemented by detailed analyses of contemporary QRNG hardware implementations including photonic integrated circuits achieving generation rates exceeding 20 Gbps. The paper explores deep learning architectures for biometric authentication, demonstrating how QNN-enhanced systems achieve superior performance through quantum superposition and entanglement. Furthermore, we examine the application of quantum entropy sources in zero-knowledge proof protocols, particularly zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs, addressing post-quantum security concerns. Through comprehensive mathematical formulations, algorithmic implementations, and security analyses, we establish that hybrid quantum-classical authentication systems combining QRNG-derived cryptographic keys with ML-based behavioral authentication provide provably secure, practical solutions for next-generation cybersecurity applications. Experimental results from current quantum hardware platforms validate theoretical predictions and demonstrate real-world applicability.

Ejiro U, Osiobe, Waleed A., Hammood, Safia, Malallah, Nyore E., Osiobe · 6 authors

Quantum mechanics principles underpin quantum computing, signaling a major shift in how we process information. While it offers immense processing power and potential advantages, it also presents significant challenges for the cryptocurrency industry. This sector has grown rapidly, supporting decentralized finance and empowering users worldwide, but it also attracts malicious actors looking to exploit its vulnerabilities. Traditional cryptography remains strong, yet increasingly sophisticated computational attacks threaten security. As the cryptocurrency market expands, quantum computing offers both opportunities, such as improved transaction security, and risks, like easier decryption for hackers. Understanding quantum technology’s benefits and challenges is crucial as it develops. Currently, data is protected by traditional cryptography, but future, more powerful quantum computers could weaken this security. This article explores potential uses of quantum computing in daily life and business, explains its functions simply, and discusses societal impacts. Its goal is to help students and general readers understand how quantum technology might transform our world through clear language and real-life examples. Topics include the basics of quantum computing, its present and future applications across industries, and its societal effects. We provide a thorough analysis of how quantum computing could reshape society through mathematical insights, practical examples, and future perspectives.