Introduction. Building an effective and fair system of public finance is an important stimulus for the dynamic development of economy of Ukraine. In this case, balance and rationality of financial resources of Ukraine will contribute to creating an enabling macroeconomic environment for business and investment growth and provide guaranteed stability in the system of social protection. However, imbalances and problems in public finances are able to form a threat to national economic development. According to this the article is devoted to coverage of topical issues of public financial management in Ukraine and defining their solutions via the implementation of a new model of government – the transfer of key business practices in public administration. Results. Main solution for issues in a public finance management should be the implementation of the new government model which is based on using main principles of corporate finance management in public area. New government model includes elastic system of compensation to public officers which is based on KPIs, decentralization of budget system and controlling by independent auditor. Conclusion. The implementation of a new model of public administration requires systematic and deep reforms, which required considerable significant time and financial resources.
The aim of this article is to study the theoretical, methodological, and legal possibilities of application of certain types of legal responsibility to the relations, which are connected with cryptocurrency (bitcoin). Some types of liability in the field of cryptocurrency relations make the subject of the study. Methodology. The research is based on a comparison of legal regulation of the sphere of cryptocurrency in Ukraine and in foreign countries. Advantages and disadvantages of different modes of cryptocurrency turnover are determined: from direct prohibition to granting the status of the official payment system. It is made on the basis of the analysis of peculiarities of the circulation of virtual money in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Indonesia, China, the Russian Federation, Bolivia, Ecuador, Thailand, Vietnam, the USA, Japan, Spain, and some other countries. On the basis of the comparative legal study of certain provisions of the civil, administrative, tort, and criminal legislation of Ukraine, the possibilities and limits of the application of certain types of legal responsibility to violations in the field of cryptocurrency are determined. The results of the comparative legal study have shown that, unlike most foreign countries, in Ukraine, there is no legislative consolidation of the legal status of the virtual currency. In this regard, today in the national legislation, there are no direct rules that would predict the occurrence of administrative, criminal or civil liability for the offenses in the field of cryptocurrency relations. Practical impact. Since guarantees of compulsory restoration or protection of violated law play an important role in the legal regulation of any social relations, the proper legislative regulation of public relations in the sphere of crypto currency circulation is an urgent problem today, including with the help of establishing liability for the offenses in this field. Correlation/Authenticity. Comparative and legal research of legal regulation of the sphere of crypto currency gives us a better understanding of the most promising directions of development of administrative, criminal, and civil liability in this field.
The article discusses the history of cryptocurrency, its positive and negative sides, legal status, the evaluation of the prospects for its use and investigates the possibilities of obtaining cryptocurrency, mechanism of operation and its impact on the development of the shadow economy.
Олена Станіславівна Волярська, Ольга Іванівна Пастушок
In the article was considered a question of necessity of introduction of the system approach to organization of education of adult population in European space, to choice of optimal ways of the effective professional preparation of the different categories of adults for the diverse directions of qualification advance, determination of criteria of assessment of informal education of adults. There were grounded characteristics of professional training of specialists and unemployed people by the models on examples of Great Britain, Poland. There was determined the role of formal and informal education of adults. Formal education is given by the higher educational institutions – universities, institutions of postgraduate education, polytechnics and colleges. Informal education of adults is provided by the teaching associations, national educational institutions. There were determined the vectors of modernization of education of adult population: orientation on the real needs of customers (private persons and entrepreneurs); structural transparence and content flexibility of learning programs; multichannel financing; democratization of the system of education of adults by decentralization of managerial authorities.Conceptual principles of systematization of the prospects of development of education of adults in developed European countries are: determinism of educational policy of aforesaid countries by historical, political, national, socio-economic, cultural factors.We assign to the prospective directions of further researches: the theory and practice of education of adult population in the context of elaboration of civil society of the global scale; psychological adaptation of adults to the study and/or work in the foreign countries; acknowledge of the results of formal and informal education within international cooperation
Досліджено вплив процесів фінансової децентралізації на систему місцевих фінансів України. Визначено основні трансформаційні зміни системи місцевих фінансів внаслідок реалізації заходів реформи та шляхи її адаптації до нових умов. Розкрито базові характеристики зміни ролі державних органів влади та органів місцевого самоврядування, їх взаємозв’язків та відносин у системі, посилення участі населення в ухваленні рішень місцевого значення. Сформульовано основні вимоги до системи місцевих фінансів із урахуванням впливу процесів фінансової децентралізації, зокрема формування ефективної і стійкої бази для мобілізації фінансових ресурсів у межах кожної територіальної громади; забезпечення достатнього обсягу ресурсів для збалансованого і динамічного розвитку на місцевому рівні; підвищення ефективності управління місцевими фінансами із застосуванням процесного та проектного підходів. Запропоновано план заходів щодо зміни системи місцевих фінансів України в контексті фінансової децентралізації на п’ятирічний період. План заходів передбачає унормування регуляторних положень у сфері управління місцевими фінансами, підвищення кваліфікації посадових осіб місцевого самоврядування, розвиток ресурсного потенціалу, моніторинг та оцінювання ефективності діючої системи місцевих фінансів.
Revealed a variety of approaches and concepts ethnogeny of the Ukrainian people in the context of its primary mentality. Within historiosophical Ukrainian mentality paradigm study describes key milestones ethnogeny of Ukrainians. Emphasized on the bright tilling discovered the nature of Tripoli culture — protocultural Ukrainian, which defined the original features of their mentality. Ants state is seen as the first proto-Ukrainian political community, which laid the mental qualities that find their further development in the political mentality of the Ukrainians: democracy, decentralization, regionalism and more. The article made the following conclusions. To solve the problem of Ukrainian ethnogeny finally and clearly, convincingly and consistently play its period features and is quite a difficult task given the complex dynamic processes ethnogeny. The process of the emergence of ethnicity is not always adequate and comprehensive reflection of scientific sources. But we can talk about the possibility and the need to find the most acceptable and scientifically correct hypotheses concerning Ukrainian ethnogeny. In this connection, the indigenous-origin Ukrainians autonomous version looks like is that most meets the requirements. Summarizing some moments Ukrainian ethnogeny should pay attention to the specific features of the formation of primitive mentality of pre Ukrainians who subsequently receive proper development of the mentality of the Ukrainian people. Prolonged existence of matriarchal clan system in the distant predecessors Ukrainian ensured the dominance of women in their mentality primary which is fixed at the time of Tripoli culture in the cult of the earth-mother, typical, however, for all grain-growing nations. Surely this time there is a future mental dominant Slavs — female archetype of the Earth Mother. The emergence of a day of metals territorial community where there is communal land ownership, and processing is carried out a separate family, on the one hand, determines saving big role family (actually a mother) in the education and life of a particular individual, and withother hand, reinforces sedentary, propensity to a certain piece of land that forms the mentality of a no-aggressive expansionist motivations and as a result — peacefulness. The latest feature best manifested in Ukrainian, which for all its history never won one but, however, were themselves the object of permanent conquest. The existence of modern Ukrainian territory ScythianSkolot, Ants States is representative of the capacity of the substrate to the proto-Ukrainian political organization. Study of the socio-political system Ants state, which M. S. Grushevsky generally believed the first Ukrainian state formation, and to determine certain characteristics of political mentality of their own immediate ancestors Ukrainian. The decisive role of tribal assembly, which later transformed into Kiev Rus in the council, shows immanence democratic guidelines original Ukrainian mentality. At the same time the actual exercise of functions among convening meetings of tribal council of elders, which often had the sole head — his head, which writes the same M. S. Grushevsky [6, p. 33], indicating both the propensity to collective forms of governance, and in disregard of the principle of autocracy and a mistrust or neglect their own authorities. The latter attitude will develop in a typical Ukrainian political mentality and will be called «egalitarian negativity» with respect to their political leaders and the political elite. Polycentric state system Ants state determines the political and mental focus our ancient predecessors decentralism that evolutionary regionalism to Ukrainian
Subject of research is fiscal decentralization. The goal of this research paper is the analysis of the dynamics and status of fiscal decentralization. Methods which were used in course of research: generalization, comparative analysis method, statistical method and other methods. Study results. Characterized and analyzed Application of results: Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Conclusions. Decentralization in terms of expansion of powers at the local level leads to high efficiency of public administration at the lowest level, and to improve the efficiency and quality of public services. But the significant transfer of powers and functions from state to local levels without adequate financial security can lead to negative financial results. It is therefore particularly important is finding the optimum between the volume of granted powers, and their support by adequate financial resources.
С. А. Корольков, Alexander G. Losev, Vasily V. Tarakanov
This publication belongs to case category. The main task of the research is to formulate methods and algorithms of financial analysis and teaching process management at the university. It suggests designing financial mathematical model of budget financing for university structural units on the basis of teaching and financial plans of teaching programs. This model is based on per capita financing of educational institutions acting upon state order. The authors of the article have already designed and presented practical implementation of original algorithms for forming salary funds for lecturers from the chairs. The article presents the main principles of the model analyzing main outcomes of its implementation and formulates possible challenges and ways of solving then. There has been a significant economic effect of introducing the model, absence of legal limitations for its implementation, perspectives of its development in the field of prognosticating university structural units’ financial position, implementing effective contracts, network form of training and individual educational trajectories. Developed method of budgeting for structural units can be used at any university on the basis of curricula analysis and making teaching and financial plans. Its implementation eliminates discrepancies between principles of business support of educational activities in general and its individual structures (chairs); creates an opportunity for calculating the costs of curriculum modules and components; improves efficacy of teaching process organization; formation of financial mechanism for implementing individual educational trajectories by the students and network forms of training, basic chairs functioning, decentralization of financial and economic management and creation of prerequisites for acknowledging a chair as the center of financial responsibility. The model is original and is in fact a natural continuation of per capita financing of university educational activities.
The article highlights the essence of budgetary control. The features of control in the public sector performance are grounded as well as the relationship between verifiability and the controllability. It is proved that the achievement of public finance management needs its controllability. There is no alternative verifiability by ensuring controllability of budget resources. The classification criteria of budgetary control types according to the different classification criteria are developed. It has allowed to distinguish its following types: scheduled, unscheduled, previous, current, next, state, municipal, specialized, departmental, public, external, internal, solid, selective, comprehensive, effective, ineffective, centralized, decentralized, legislative, realizable, further, active, passive, available, projected, intermediate, final, mixed. The purpose of the article is to provide a classification criteria of budgetary control development, taking into account the role and functions of control in public finance management. The subject of the study is a set of financial relationships arising during the budgetary control due to appropriation of financial resources. Methodology. The following methods have been used in the process of writing: cognition, induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis. Results of the survey. Thus, the main directions of budgetary control implementation we can consider the following ones: monitoring compliance with procedures for preparation, review and approval of state and local budgets; the implementation of revenue and expenditure of the budget at the national and local levels control; detection of theft of public funds, as well as their misuse; accuracy of accounting control; increasing the revenue base of the state budget detection; preventive measures to combat corruption and bribery in the public sector. The author’s approach to classification criteria of budgetary control types, unlike existing ones considers budgetary control as a complex in all its manifestations. It allows implementing budgetary control in full and at all stages of the budget process. It will significantly increase its efficiency and effectiveness. Value/originality is specified in the following items. Classification of budgetary control, which differs from previous approaches in more detail and grouping features has been improved according to: the degree of planning and subordination:, control entities, stages of implementation, level of activity, time direction, nature of action, implementation and assessment according to the timing, forms of implementation, the scope that makes more effective budgetary financial management control.
Issues of crypto currencies usage in international and domestic financial systems are considered in thearticle. Detailed review of crypto currency stages development in Ukraine and abroad was provided.Analysis of crypto currency nature was made. It was paid attention to the description of basic kinds ofcrypto currencies and specifications of their usage. Process of crypto currency implementation infinancial system of Ukraine was reviewed
The objective of the article is the accumulation and review of existing regulatory material regarding the decentralization process, namely the implementation of fiscal decentralization, and financial and legal analysis of the current state of local Finance and their legal regulation reform in modern conditions of development of Ukraine taking into account foreign experience. The relevance of the research topics is the need of the modern understanding of legal regulation of decentralization processes in public administration of Ukraine and the state of development of law in these processes. Doclet themes. The problem of decentralization of financial resources and authority devoted a lot of research scientists (N. Bykadorova, A. Bondarenko, N. Kaminska, I. Karchevsky, P. Kolody, B. Krajnik, I. Legkostup, J. Ostroshenko and others) both in Ukraine and abroad. The author explores the concept of decentralization, financial decentralization, the decentralization of power. Analyzed the legal value of laws of Ukraine: "On principles of state regional policy" and "On voluntary consolidation of territorial communities" for further reform actions in Ukraine. Analyzed components of the new system in the formation of profitable and account parts of local budgets, the determination of the principles of transfer policy and intergovernmental relations. The main objectives of such a system and ways of their implementation are as follows: 1. Ensure fiscal autonomy and financial independence of local budgets 2. The consolidation of local budgets in the stable sources of income and stimulate podatkovni communities. 3. Strengthening the responsibility of relevant ministries for the balance of financial resources and sectoral policies, in particular through the mechanism of providing educational and medical subsidies, subsidies for personnel training. 4. The expansion of spending powers of local authorities by transferring funding from the local budgets of individual budget programmes and agencies, which are now financed from the state budget. 5. The introduction of a new mechanism of budgetary regulation and equalization. In Ukraine the process of fiscal decentralization takes place quite actively, consistently, with a fairly full legislative regulatory the development of this process, which is a positive thing for Ukraine in the historical development of both areas and the state.
The paper studies issues of strengthening the financial basis of regional development as a component of economic security policy and one of the most important areas of administrative decentralization in Ukraine. Main problems of regional development financing identified, ineffectiveness of inter-budget relations proved and the obstacles for accumulation of financial resources of local communities determined. It has been shown that main consequence of regional financial “weakness” was the inability to concentrate resources for prior investment projects and activities of regional development. The measures for strengthening of the financial security of regions in the context of regional policy objectives and according to the announced decentralization and fiscal reforms in regions offered. It is proved that for strengthening the financial base of support for regional development and ensuring self-sufficiency of territorial communities, in terms of the objectives of the new regional policy, it is necessary: to gradually expand the list of instruments used by local authorities to increase the amount of cool tools; disseminate program-target method of compilation and execution of local budgets with the aim of increasing transparency and efficiency of use of budgetary funds; to organize intergovernmental relations, to increase the share of targeted funding, to ensure the formation of horizontal intergovernmental relations; to provide for the expansion of the revenue base of local budgets, transfer of shares separate national taxes, the search for extra-budgetary financial resources.
The article is dedicated to critical analysis of competitive conceptual approaches to determining the essence of financial system. The system establishing element of the financial system resource concept is understanding finance as economic relations of formation, allocation and use of financial resource funds with the purpose of performing functions and tasks of the state/company and provision of conditions for expanded reproduction. According to this approach, the notion «financial system» is further determination of finance and shall be interpreted as the totality of relatively separated but mutually related spheres and links of relations, in the process of which centralized and decentralized financial resource funds are created and used. The institutional concept of the financial system considers finance as a social institution that organizes determined ways of interactions between individuals or their separate groups in the society. Its target purpose is to minimize transaction expenses arising at exchange of binding requirements for real resources in the economy. Under this approach, the financial system is understood as an aggregate of means — financial institutions and markets — which result from the evolution of social contracts and with the help of which intertime decisions and interactions are fulfilled and coordination of savings and investments in the economy is performed. The article shows that the alternative theoretical models of financial system contain structural elements heterogeneous by content and nature of interrelations, with various properties. The differences between them concern methodological approach to distinguishing qualitative signs which determine the essential nature and structure of the financial system; mechanism of formation and functioning of financial relations; nature of distribution and scheme of financial resources flow; the nature of functions of the financial system in the economic environment; special mechanism of effect of the financial system upon the economic system. Considering the theoretical and methodological differences between the resource and institutional concepts of the financial system, the author offers to divide them into two theoretical models — financial system concept and the concept of the system of finance
У статті розкрито питання децентралізації фінансових ресурсів місцевими бюджетами України. Окреслюється чимало проблем цього процесу, зокрема акцентується увага на неузгодженості розрахункових показників Мінфіну та органів місцевого самоврядування, суттєвій дотаційності місцевих бюджетів, переважанні темпів зростання трансфертів над темпами зростання доходів у місцевих бюджетах, незначній частці місцевих податків і зборів у їх доходах, залежності органів місцевого самоврядування у прийнятті рішень та управлінні фінансовими ресурсами від центральних органів. У статті подано окремі рекомендації щодо усунення проблем децентралізації фінансових ресурсів місцевими бюджетами України (The article investigates the decentralization of fi nancial resources of Ukrainian local budgets. The author outlines a lot of problems in this process, particularly emphasizing the incompatibility of calculated indicators of the Ministry of Finance and local governments, considerably subsidized local budgets, the prevalence of the growth rate of transfers over the growth rate of incomes of local budgets, the small share of local taxes and duties in their incomes, the dependence of local governments on central government in decision making and fi nancial resource management. The article presents some recommendations to solve the problems connected with the decentralization of fi nancial resources of Ukrainian local budgets)
The financial decentralization is an essential component part for the political, administrative and economic decentralization process, with major involvement on the economic and social system in Romania. Although the authorities of the local public administration in Romania were authorised to ensure the local communities the services provided by law and even to involve in the economic-social development of the towns and communes, in fact they have never had enough financial sources from the state budget or from the local budgets. The local budgets represent the planning and management tools of the financial activity of the territorial-administrative units. Their structure reflects the autonomy level of the local administration towards the central level and the links existing between the different territorial administrations. Also, the local budgets reflect the flows of incomes formation and the expenses of the local administrations, the method of financing the expenses on destinations and the deficits covering. The local authorities must access external aid programs, in order to be able to achieve the investigation works related to the commune infrastructure, due to the fact that the local incomes are insufficient to achieve investigations works from their own sources. In this context, the present paper proposes to highlight the characteristics of the budget process within the local public administration in the rural sector area.
Bulgaria is one of the first countries from the former socialist block, which adopted a new democratic Constitution as early as 1991. The Constitution affirms the model of modern democratic state and outlines the principle of decentralization, admitting the right of self-government to the municipalities. Development of the legal frame of the local self-government and the enlargement of its functions, including the regulation of the financial independence of the municipalities, was accepted as a good perspective for further development of the local self-government. \n \nBased on the above the paper analyses: \n• Political, administrative and financial decentralization in Bulgaria as an integral part of the process of making public institutions more efficient, responsive and accountable to citizens; \n• Historical background of the decentralization process - undertaken reforms; adoption of legal texts; Constitutional amendment for providing local authorities with taxation powers; establishment of a joint Working Group on Financial Decentralization; adoption of a Concept and a Program for Financial Decentralization; creation of a system of incentives which target higher local revenues, consolidated financial management potential, and maximum level of local autonomy to determine the type, scope and provision of municipal services; division of municipal budget financed public services into two groups (state delegated and local); development of Strategy for decentralization and a Program for its implementation; \n• The impact of national and international (Council of Europe, European Commission) institutions and NGO’s on the decentralization process. \n \nThe purpose of the paper is not only to reveal the past reforms, but to stress on the present results and to examine the intergovernmental fiscal relations and local financial management. Unfortunately despite the positive changes, made in the first years after the period of centralized economy and governance, nowadays the local finance system is almost unchanged. Some of the ascertained problems might be summarized in the following: \n \n- Presence of permanent structural deficit in the municipal budgets, caused by the discrepancy between expenditure responsibilities and the income base; \n- Complicated, non-transparent and frequently changing transfer system; \n- Insufficient financing of delegated responsibilities; \n- Reduction of the recourses for municipal investments. \n \nThe experience in our country shows that a number of former decisions and initial intentions in the sphere of decentralization end with stabilization of the centralization. In this respect the paper searches arguments, connected with the reasons for the above described situation – is it a result from: \n• the unpreparedness of local government institutions and local stakeholders to operate in a reformed environment and the limited capacity to design, implement and monitor decentralization policies; \n• or from the wish for realizing a lot of changes for very short period of time; \n• or the reason is in the lack of political will.
This paper presents the significance of the issues related to the activity of territorial self-government for the social and economic development of Ukraine. The efficient operation of self-government in any country is unfeasible without financial resources. Polish experience in the development of territorial self-government is particularly valuable in relation to the reform of Ukraine’s self-government. The paper outlines the differences in the structure and operation of territorial self-government in both countries. The paper is concluded with numerous observations on the direction of selected reforms of Ukrainian self-government. It shows the weaknesses of local self-government in Ukraine, which result from the lack of decentralization of finance and the small amount of state-collected taxes. The conclusions end with the observation that a consistent development of the Ukrainian state is required for Poland to develop well.
This paper presents the significance of the issues related to the activity of territorial self-government for the social and economic development of Ukraine. The efficient operation of self-government in any country is unfeasible without financial resources. Polish experience in the development of territorial self-government is particularly valuable in relation to the reform of Ukraine’s self-government. The paper outlines the differences in the structure and operation of territorial self-government in both countries. The paper is concluded with numerous observations on the direction of selected reforms of Ukrainian self-government. It shows the weaknesses of local self-government in Ukraine, which result from the lack of decentralization of finance and the small amount of state-collected taxes. The conclusions end with the observation that a consistent development of the Ukrainian state is required for Poland to develop well.
Pointed comparative description separate rice of the systems of of public welfare of Ukraїni and some foreign powers; certainly advantages and failings in adjusting of the domestic system of public welfare of 90th years and the features of financing of social sphere of at are analysed modern terms of decentralization of management.
Development of the European integration through the European Union (EU) considers not only strengthening integration from the economic aspect (internal market). It also considers the political aspect of the integration i.e. strengthening political integration of member states and their citizens. Political segment of integration considers strengthening of the internal policies of the EU in which fiscal system, i.e. public finances have extremely important role. The EU fiscal system presents reflection of the extremely strong and often confronted interests between the economic and the political integration. These issues are closely related to the second component of the European politic and economic integration, that are the fiscal relations between the EU “central” level and the national “lower” levels which bring the all important decisions in the EU. According to the theory of public finance (fiscal federalism) and the criteria of economic efficiency, fiscal functions (allocation, redistribution, stabilization) and activities are assigned to the different levels of government, as well as certain resources for their financing. On the basis of fiscal functions carried out by national levels in the EU, and the manner of their financing, the EU is a prominently fiscally decentralized complex community. The traditional approach to the fiscal federalism that fiscal authorities are transferred from central to lover levels means that this is a process of decentralization, while in the case of the EU this means centralization of fiscal authorities from the level on national states to the EU as a supra-national level. The main goal of this paper is to analyze fiscal relations in the EU according to basic fiscal functions: allocation, redistribution and stabilization. Methodology would include analysis and comparison of positive EU aspect with normative aspect of public finances in multi-level community. Induction of gained results will confirm thesis that, because of political restraints, development of common (central) system of the EU public finances is based on alternative approaches of harmonization and cooperation.
The paper deals with hybrid systems, where human actors and non-human agents meet and interact. Different from most of the literature on autonomous technology, which mainly deals with the question of agency of non-humans, the paper puts forward the assumption that the release of smart technology may lead to a deconstruction of order or even a regime change, thus raising the question of how order emerges in hybrid systems. Discussing different sociological concepts, the paper identifies two modes of governance: central control and decentralized selforganization. However, smart technology allows implementing different system's architectures, some of which may go beyond this traditional distinction. Referring to a case study on collision avoidance in aviation (and especially the mid-air collision at Ueberlingen in 2002), the paper shows that hybrid systems create new opportunities, but entail new risks as well. The release of smart technology seems to intensify well-known problems of automation, especially when systems get out of control. Aviation is one of the societal fields, where experiments with new modes of governance currently take place that combine features of central control and decentralized self-organization.