This article examines economic aspects of managing territorial development. Themain principles of interaction between central and local authorities which exist in modern Ukrainian society have been defined. Some approaches to ensuring economic territorial development are revealed. The normative legal framework, on the basis of which the implementation of management actions in separate territories is carried out, has been examined. The decentralization reform and the activities of unified territorial communities that manage territorial development are characterized. The disadvantages that exist in the sphere of administrative decision-making concerning territorial development are considered. Particular emphasis is placed on improving public policy in order to intensify the decentralization reform at the sub-regional level, to increase the level of financing of unified territorial communities and improve control over the use of their budgetary funds.
Urgency of the research.The competitive position of the national economy depends on the power of human capital, the foundation of which is based on the system of secondary education. The reform of the decentralization of budgetary relations allows the local authorities to influence the financial provision of the Concept of the "New Ukrainian School", based on the needs and interests of each region. Target setting. The concept of the "New Ukrainian School" implies that the distribution of financial resources is based on the principle of "money goes after the child." In September 2018 the elementary school moves to a new content of education and financing. Budget decentralization is a powerful tool for creating a new educational environment. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Topics of reforming education and the specifics of its financing were investigated by I. Kohut, O. Kuklin, E. Stadnyi, A. Seitosmanov, L. Tsymbal, O. Fasolya, P. Hobzsey, N. Kholyavko and other scholars. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. There is an urgent need to research the regional aspects of financing secondary education in the context of budget decentralization. The research objective. To substantiate the conceptual approaches to financing decentralization of secondary education taking into account regional specificity. The statement of basic materials. Modern theoretical and methodological approaches and analytical materials concerning the reform of secondary education are analyzed. The economic and political preconditions of providing educational reform in conditions of decentralization are showed. Conclusions. The constructive implementation of the decentralization reform of the financing of the secondary education system and the implementation of the concept of the "New Ukrainian School", the transfer of significant powers and budgets from state authorities to local has been proved. The tendency to increase financing of education is revealed and specified directions for improving the provision of educational services.
The article outlines the logical legal and regulatory sequence of building a highly civilized, highly developed and democratic Ukrainian state that will maximally facilitate the implementation of natural inviolable freedoms, rights, security and supreme power of a Ukrainian citizen and his social duties, rights and responsibilities in the family, community , nation and state. After all, Ukraine is shocked by populist speeches of immoral and illiterate government officials of different levels, their pseudoreforms, pseudo-decentralization and other chaotic actions lead the state to collapse, and people are lowering them to even greater poverty. The people are completely deprived of their property and state control. Prosecutors, judges, police, the SBU and other governing bodies of the state are not controlled by the people. The state's control went into the hands of criminal-oligarchic clans, which loose it uncontrollably and cynically. It should be noted that the management of a civilized state is the most complicated process in the world, which is tens of thousands of times more complex than the most complex computer and space technologies. Therefore, the management of the state categorically can not allow people with immoral reputation and without deep theoretical knowledge and practical skills in management science, micro-and macroeconomics, finance and freedoms and human rights. To build a Ukrainian state that will serve exclusively a man of honest work, he will constantly increase the welfare of his life and the power of the state and make it impossible for anyone to parasitize, and in any way, for another's account, one should link in one harmonious and dynamic whole such state-building mechanisms: socially-economic justice; the selection and appointment by the people of government personnel at all levels and control over their work; development of industrial production, entrepreneurship, agro-industrial complex and farming; wholesale and retail trade; communications and engineering; efficient use of all natural resources, recycled materials and private and public property; social infrastructure of settlements; foreign economic activity and investments; development of science and innovation; prophylactic, diagnostic and medical care of the population; the protection of freedoms, rights, security, the supreme power of man and the clear and unconditional compliance of all citizens and officials with the laws in force; internal and external security of citizens, communities of settlements and the state; operational and statistical control over the implementation of strategic and current programs for the development of settlements and the state, their diagnosis and improvement of management, systematic and comprehensive explanatory and educational work in Ukraine and abroad, as well as the formation of a highly civilized worldview of Ukrainians and their unification into a single monolithic highly professional and active National Community and state-building force.
The role of the state in the processes of European integration and decentralization is analyzed, the factors of threats for it are determined. The following common features of decentralization processes in the EU member states are highlighted as strengthening the role of the regional level, the need to choose between different models of separation of powers between different levels of government (exclusive or joint authority) and the search for ways to adequately finance transferred powers. Decentralization also actualizes the problem of territorial inequality and patronage for European countries. It is proved that the national state is a central actor in the process of decentralization, despite the fact that this process creates certain threats to the state itself. On the one hand, the EU as a supranational organization has already limited some aspects of the sovereignty of its member states, in particular, in the area of monetary policy. With the deepening of European integration, the powers of national states and in other areas are increasingly limited. On the other hand, the gradual increase in the share of powers conveyed by the state to decentralized and regional authorities further weakens its role. Moreover, the increasing influence of liberalism on state policy and the introduction of competition among the main providers of public services also limits the possibility of the state’s influence on its internal policies. Such a dynamics gives grounds for questioning the ability of states to effectively manage their territories. At the same time, it was noted that in most EU member states, the bodies of state power have long been the guarantor of national unity in both social and territorial terms. Such a “unity of opposites” (decentralization and centralization) is unlikely to change in the medium term.
he article presents the characteristic of the scientific genesis of public risk management in construction in Ukraine, in global and local dimen- sions. The essence of the working organization of risk management in the con- struction and operation of buildings, taking into account the transformational processes in society, is disclosed. On the basis of the analysis of risks in construc- tion and taking into account the current realities, scientifically grounded ap- proaches to the formation of the risk system in the construction and operation of facilities in the system of public administration. It is noted that the risks and crisis phenomena in the construction complex gave a powerful impetus to un- derstanding the causes of the problems of decentralization and finding mecha- nisms for their elimination, in general. The trilateral mission of the state in the conditions of decentralization is the regulation of the macroeconomic role of the construction complex, the mechanism of economic relations of its participants, and ensuring the effectiveness of design decisions in the construction sector, by extending their competences on prevention and risk reduction in the construction industry by the local self-government bodies. To form a state decentraliza- tion policy for construction is required on the basis of knowledge of objective regional macro- and microeconomic investment-construction processes in ci- ties, economic mechanism and indicators of development of investment-build- ing complex and dynamics of social and economic development of regions. The mechanism of the construction complex needs to be improved, using new sources and forms of financing, achieving the balance of the goals of decentralization and its financial support. In addition, taking into account the European integration course of the announced reforms, the European understanding of the essence of risk management in construction during decentralization becomes of paramount importance. Therefore, further research requires the study of the experience of European countries in the implementation of risk management processes in con- struction during the decentralization of power and the analysis of foreign systems of management mechanisms, in the context of their implementation in the na- tional practice of public administration.
The article is devoted to the definition of problems using of blockchain technologies, and ways to overcome them to create distributed, secure applications. The paper considers the theoretical fundamentals of blockchain technologies and blockchain applications, new models of blockchain business, blockchain applications development platform, blockchain applications security, blockchain applications development problems, prospects for further research. The analysis of recent research and publications in the field of blockchain technologies are made in the article. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the blockchain industry has not yet completed the process of generating a generally accepted multilevel technology description. The overview of existing models of business blockchain, their characteristics and areas of application are done in the article. Software tools for creating and maintaining blockchain applications are considered. The article deals with the features, advantages and problems of using blockchain technology for creating distributed, secure applications. The problem of integration of new and existing private systems with an open blockchains is considered. A possible solution to this problem is the creation of a blockchain authentication service to implement a global security level. Such a service can become a standard security infrastructure for new models of mixed private and public systems that will be useful to all participants in different areas of the economy. The directions of development of protected blockchain applications in the sphere of public administration and private business in Ukraine are determined. In addition, the priority tasks that need to be solved for successful implementation of technology in Ukraine are determined based on the analysis of the current state of development of blockchains. There are three main areas of development of blockade technology: standardization, application security and integration of block systems with existing private systems and modern technologies of artificial intelligence, large data and the Internet of things, and described prospects for further research for them.
This thesis analyses the concept of private cryptocurrencies alongside the conduct of contemporary monetary policy. The technological development of blockchain and cryptocurrencies could imply a disruption in the global economic system and substitution of modern fiat money worldwide. This research aims to discuss whether the mass adoption of cryptocurrencies would lead to substitution of the fiat money system. The viability of such a proposition is analysed through the literature review and the discussion on the topic. \n \nLiterature review consists of a detailed examination of money history and its nature, the conduct of contemporary monetary policy and its critique, and the purpose of cryptocurrency as a solution to financial freedom. \n \nIt is then discussed, how much power over money people have and how it could be increased with the mass adoption of cryptocurrency. The problems of transcending network effects for mass adoption are addressed with the analysis of technical drawbacks. A regulatory approach is examined, and several proposals are presented. \n \nThough the libertarian approach to economies and financial management is virtuous, the contemporary implementation of cryptocurrencies is imperfect. In their pure form, cryptocurrencies are unlikely to gain widespread adoption and substitute fiat money under stable economies.
Bitcoin: Opportunities and Threats for UkraineThe information technology world is constantly evolving.And Bitcoin has become one of the greatest innovations in economic decentralization since the late 20th century.Bitcoin is the first decentralized digital currency, which can be used through the Internet.Every country should decide what Bitcoin means for them: possibility or threat.First of all, Bitcoin has significant advantages for investors, companies, employers and employees, they are: solution of the problem of assets centralized nature; bilateral dealing system; it is not affected by inflation; geographic independence for transactions; transparency of bitcoin processes; comparative safety of cryptocurrency wallets; transaction fees and time level in comparison to SWIFT or SEPA; solution of the"double spending problem" of electronic currencies.The possible advantage for the country in case of bitcoin legalization is new business activity and new tax registration.It is important to notice that cryptocurrencies were created to be uncontrolled by any financial institutions.So the superfluous interference of the government can have detrimental effect on the development of this type of currency as a way of effective payment and accumulation facility.However, Bitcoin has some disadvantages: lack of awareness and understanding for society; risk and volatility caused by limited amount of coins and high demand; complexity and cost of cryptocurrency mining.The main threats of bitcoin distribution in Ukraine are: reduction of the state control over currency transactions and decrease of the importance of the existing currency circulation system in settlements between counterparties for goods delivered and services performed.Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency in the modern world, but, despite the achieved heights, it is in the phase of development and constant improvement.Considering the facts above, we can draw the following conclusion: the importance of bitcoin should not be underestimated for Ukraine with its developed shadow economy and instability in the east of the country.This can lead to the even greater share of shadow market and reduction of legalized transactions in the field of international payments.A careful study of the currency features and analysis of its advantages and disadvantages allow to conclude that it is impossible to effectively combat the expansion and development of the cryptocurrency in the world economy.Therefore, it is advisable to take it for granted and to take the process of its development under control by adopting appropriate legislative framework and establishing the main directions for its using in the national economy.
Valentyna Kostyuchenko, A. Malinovskaya, Anastasiia Mamonova
Introduction. The worldwide expansion of digital technologies and the development of the cyber economy led to emergence of a new digital assets – the cryptographic currency that rapidly growing popularity. The phenomenon of cryptocurrency is relatively new and little investigated. \n \nPurpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the preconditions for the introduction of accounting and taxation of transactions with cryptic currencies in Ukraine. \n \nResults. The article considers the economic preconditions for the introduction of accounting and taxation of cryptocurrencies transactions in Ukraine. The definition of the economic content of cryptocurrency has been researched. On the basis of the definitions analysis, an author’s definition of cryptocurrency is proposed. In particular, the cryptocurrency is understood as the digital (virtual) currency, with the unit “coin”, which is emitted in the network according to certain principles of cryptography to provide transactions and control the creation of new coins. \n \nThe advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency as a digital currency have been analyzed. The common and distinctive characteristics of cryptocurrencies and gold were determined. The mechanism of cryptocurrencies functioning was disclosed and a glossary of terms used in cryptocurrencies transactions was provided. The cryptocurrencies development in the world and in Ukraine was investigated. Legal and tax bases for the cryptocurrencies introduction into the activities of small business entities was given. \n \nConclusions. The cryptocurrency exists outside the jurisdiction of Ukraine and in the majority world countries. The state should adopt it, acknowledge either as a digital (virtual) currency or as another digital asset, to regulate the taxation system and introduce an accounting methodology of cryptocurrencies transactions for integration into the global economic environment.
The article analyzes the current problems of the formation of local budgets and systematizes proposals on the prospects of financial decentralization in the context of the need for reforming the power system in Ukraine. The priority directions of the management of public finances are defined: substantiated formation, transparent distribution and redistribution and effective use, which will promote effective management of budgetary funds in the country. It is proved that the improvement of the legal and institutional framework of the system of intergovernmental financing will contribute to the implementation of effective budget reforms.
The implementation of strategic planning of the development of united territorial communities in the conditions of decentralization in Ukraine is justified. The stages of strategic planning of territories development in Ukraine are described. The authors identified the features of the current stage of strategic planning of the development of territories. The problems of strategic planning of socio-economic development of communities are described in the article: methodical problems; organizational problems; economic problems; problems of personnel; social problems. The authors pay special attention to the characteristics of financing of the united territorial communities in the Donetsk region. The need to assess the financial situation in the united territorial communities, the right choice of priorities for community development is emphasized.
The invention of "BiT Coin (BTC)", by Satashi Nagamoto circa 2008, remains as a formidable task. There is a plenty of benefits to motivate a further development of BTC without the rare metal material as the token, as the early Digital Crypto Currency (DCC), e.g. ( "I owe you such under this reneging condition." The major difference in secured feature is taking the available World Wide Web broadcasting one-way to all memberships in the Cloud. However, only the (1) involved trading partners can read with their private keys, (2) no third party banking or broker fee, (3) no International currency exchange fee, and (4) no one can rob the digital bank, etc. These benefits have been endorsed by Small Business Innovative Research.
The aim of the article is to study the theoretical and legal possibilities of using cryptocurrency in purchase and sale contracts, to determine the specificities of such a phenomenon as cryptocurrency (Bitcoin) from the perspective of jurisprudence, and to draw attention of legal scholars primarily to possible further scientific researches on the introduction of this phenomenon in the modern civilian legislation of Ukraine. The subject of the study is the specificities of using cryptocurrency in contracts of purchase and sale. Methodology. The research is based on an analysis of legal acts on the legal regulation of cryptocurrency in Ukraine. By means of the comparative legal method of investigation of certain provisions of Ukrainian legislation, the possibilities and limits of the use of cryptocurrency in contractual relations, in particular, contracts of purchase and sale are determined. The results of the study revealed that the cryptocurrency regime in Ukraine and in many countries is in a legal vacuum. Such a conclusion is based on the lack of clear legal clarification and consolidation of the concept and types of cryptocurrency in the relevant rules of the tax, banking, civil, and commercial law. In case of eliminating this gap, it is advisable to review the state policy on Bitcoin and its analogues. Practical implications. It is necessary and appropriate to introduce a corresponding license for cryptocurrency activities that can minimize the laundering of proceeds from crime or terrorism financing. It is suggested that eventually the relations concerning the digital currency will be regulated in Ukraine, but most likely, it will copy the experience of another state, which may have negative consequences. Relevance/originality. Analysis of a possible use of cryptocurrency in contracts of purchase and sale can become the basis for the development of the most promising directions of domestic civil law in contractual relations.
The article is devoted to the causes of the origin, the consequences of the functioning of the crypto currency and the prospect of restructuring the modern financial system on the basis of blocking technology. The article shows that the crypto currency emerged as an evolutionary stage in the development of the world payment system, that the modern financial system is developing in a dead-end direction, that the use of crypto currency and its derivatives in practice can destroy the world payment system and world financial market from within. It is suggested that, based on the technology of the block, a modern financial system can be restructured.
The history of creating bitcoin cryptocurrencies has been considered, the main features of cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency market have been identified. Based on the identification of features of the blockchain technology, the possibilities of making settlements outside the traditional financial system have been determined. Special attention has been paid to the issue of legal regulation of cryptocurrency in various countries. According to the results of a study of current trends in the cryptocurrency market, in the conditions of a significant decline in the market value of bitcoin in 2018, as the flagship of the cryptocurrency market, prospects for its development have been determined
Introduction. Reconstitution of human capital and education and science financing is a strategic factor in sustainable development of region, a significant element in strengthening the competitiveness of our enterprises, a prerequisite for rising incomes and improving living standards of the population. Purpose. The article aims is to determine the directions of the regional policy of Ukraine for the development of human capital and education financing on the basis of foreign countries experience in the conditions of the development of decentralization processes. Results. The main tendencies of education financing in Ukraine have been investigated. The experience of foreign countries development of decentralization processes in the organization of the financing of education has been systematized. On the basis of the conducted research, we have proposed directions of the region policy in the field of education financing of in Ukraine depending on the budget capacity.
Essence of cryptocurrencies is considered in the article, their risks and prospects of development in Ukraine and world. Advantages and disadvantages of crypto currency are described. Positions of foreign central banks and other financial regulators are lighted up in relation to cryptocurrencies and markets of cryptocurrencies. It is offered, that the experience of Japan, Switzerland, the United States and England in this question should be used as a fairway. It is marked that corresponding activity and financial services must be licensed by the state as a type of professional activity on the stages of formation of cryptocurrency (mining) and support of its circulation (trading and financial consulting).
Introduction.The objective reason for the existence of an institution of local budgets is an increase in the efficiency of the provision of public services guaranteed by the state due to the proximity of such services to the immediate consumer. This process is based on the principle of subsidiarity, requires a sufficient level of financial security of local budgets and demonstrates the basic idea of the concept of fiscal decentralization. The decentralization reform is systematic and involves structural changes in various spheres of public life. The object of research of this article is the impact of changes in tax and budget laws aimed at decentralization on structure and dynamics of income and expenditures of local budgets. Purpose.The purpose of the article is to identify trends, priorities and unresolved issues in financing local budget expenditures, compare dynamics of expenditures with dynamics and structural changes in local budget revenues. Results. In the course of the research, the expenditures and revenues of local budgets of Ternopil region during 2004-2017 were analysed, comparison with trends in Ukraine was made. It has been established that due to slowed down economic growth and a systematic decrease in the share of own revenues in recent years, the amount of funding for institutions and activities in the social and cultural sphere has been reduced and the transfer of important functions to the local level was not accompanied by the transfer of sufficient amount of financial resources. Conclusions.The strategic goal of decentralization is to ensure the availability and proper quality of public services for all categories of the population. The decentralized budget system should function on the basis of a coordinated, unified national cooperation policy for many independent institutions, each of which has a legislatively defined sphere of autonomy. Since tax revenues form the main volume of own revenues of local budgets, the issue of improving the efficiency of tax administration comes to the forefront in the context of decentralization changes. Therefore, on the way to ensuring the increase of tax revenues, the strategic goal of local authorities should be to promote economic development of regions.
The technology of the distributed registry creates new opportunities for changing the management system, which are discussed in the article. The use of the blockchain allows building a decentralized autonomous commercial organization on a network basis. With the help of p2p technology, it is possible to radically reorganize the structure of organization and management, and reduce the management and transaction costs inherent in the traditional hierarchical structure of the firm. The analysis of the steps by means of which real enterprises can be transferred to the blockchain is provided, and the role of smart contracts is analyzed.
Introduction. The state of financial provision of social protection at the expense of budgetary funds is an important issue for each state. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to scientifically substantiate the theoretical foundations of social protection of the population and the sources of its financial support. Results. Expenditures on social protection of the population occupy a significant place in the state expenditures of Ukraine. Through the system of social protection during 2010–2016, about 23% of GDP was allocated. A tendency towards a decrease in their share (in 2016 – 18,2%) was revealed. Budget financing takes the lead in the system of sources of financial support. Due to the budget system, 10.8% is distributed, while in the structure of total expenditures of the Consolidated Budget expenditures on social protection and social security make up 59,6%. A comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of volumes and structure of budget financing during 2007–2017 was conducted. A tendency towards annual growth of expenditures on social protection has been established, and it has been found that their growth rates during the investigated period significantly exceeded GDP growth rates. A significant level of centralization is established. Such a situation requires the optimization of budgetary expenditures on social security and social security and the modernization of sources of their financial support. Conclusions. The main vectors for improving the budget financing of social protection and social security in Ukraine are: – decentralization of budget financing of social protection and social security; – provision of social transfers based on the verification of the property and financial status of the recipients; – the targeted nature of social assistance; – monetization of subsidies; – optimization of the state policy in the labor market with a view to its rapid adaptation to structural changes taking place in the economy; since socially-market economy is aimed not only at social protection, but also the creation of such an organizational and economic mechanism that would contribute to reducing the part of the population that needs state paternalistic care (social assistance).
The aim of the article is a comparative legal study of laws and regulations that determine the legal principles for the regulation of cryptocurrency circulation in some foreign countries and in Ukraine and, on this basis, a definition of ways to improve domestic legislation in this sphere. The subject of the study is an interrogation of legal regulation issues of cryptocurrency circulation in Ukraine. Methodology. The study is based on a legal comparison of the regulation of cryptocurrency circulation in Ukraine and in foreign countries. Based on a comparative legal study of certain provisions of Ukrainian legislation, the possibilities and limits of implementation of positive foreign experience in this sphere are determined. The results of the study revealed that to implement foreign experience for the legal regulation of cryptocurrency circulation, it is necessary to postpone the final transition to a floating rate regime by reinforcing state interference. Moreover, it is necessary to strengthen currency control not only for currency transactions with cryptocurrency but also for the activities of entities that determine the state policy on cryptocurrency regulation, as well as operate respectively using instruments provided for by the regulations of the current legislation. Practical implications. The positive experience of the formation of the foreign exchange market in other countries demonstrates that the gradual transition to cryptocurrency circulation is the beginning of the natural market rate, the balance of payments and gradual liberation of the national economy from the pressure of administrative and corruption restrictions. Relevance/originality. The legal analysis of the regulation of cryptocurrency circulation in Ukraine and the definition of problems is the basis for developing the most promising directions for the development of domestic legislation in this sphere.