Blockchain Papers

Krittaphas Wisessing, Phattaradon Ekthammabordee, Thattapon Surasak, Scott C.-H. · 5 authors

In this paper, the prototype of Thai voting sys-tem using blockchain technology (B-VoT) has been successfully designed and developed. Hyperledger Fabric was chosen to be a major blockchain infrastructure. The web-application was developed to allow voters to vote. In addition, real-time voting results will be shown on the same website after election period has passed. We connected the web-application and blockchain database together in order to store the votes as a blockchain transaction. With our Blockchain Internet Election, the voters can easily elect on the website and their votes is automatically stored in the blockchain database as a single blockchain transaction. This voting prototype can assure the data integrity because no one can modify any information or voting results. Therefore, our system could have a huge impact on the voting reliability as well as rebuild public trustworthiness in Thailand election.

Milon Biswas, Md. Julkar Nayeen Mahi, Rakib Hossen, Uzzal Kumar Acharjee · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Sagar Rao, Shalomi Fernandes, Samruddhi Raorane, Shafaque Fatma Syed

No abstract is available for this record.

Priyanka Padki, Riya Anna Sunny, N. Ramya, S Aishwarya · 5 authors

In this paper we are proposing a blockchain based video surveillance system. The proposed framework includes a collection of blockchain, with trusted internal managers. The video metadata is registered on the blockchain's distributed ledger thus preventing the possibility of data forgery. Proposed designs encrypt and collects footages, generates a license and exports video inside the blockchain. Because the blockchain's private database manages the decryption key for the film, the internal manager does not leak it without the consent of the owner. Also, the admin can securely maintain and send the footages by sending it to the DRM-applied video player the license created in the blockchain.

Ernest Bonnah, Shiguang Ju

With the public key being the parameter users are mostly addressed by on blockchain network, an intruder can connect transactional patterns to the public key and make a probable revelation of the identity of the user. Due to the diversity in approaches in achieving privacy, integrating the principle of transparency in any blockchain - edge computing platform will present some structural security challenges. Thus, an attempt should be made to achieve confidentiality whilst not eliminating a key principle of blockchain - transparency. Based on elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC), we present a privacy-aware scheme that preserves the privacy details of the user in a blockchain-edge computing environment based on a combination of randomly generated public keys and digital signatures. The resilience and practicality of our scheme were tested on AVISPA and NS2 respectively. The results indicated our scheme was robust against attacks, efficient and low on computation resources of edge devices.

Mustafa A. Ali, Wesam S. Bhaya

Blockchain emerges as a novel distributed digital ledger with consensus of a majority scheme for economic transaction. Recently, major implementations across different sectors that includes the education projects, technology projects, smart contracts, and supply chain management systems. In addition, any other digital data that needs to executed, stored, verified and continually update among participating parties with security, privacy, trust, and transparency without a central authority having control can be relying on Blockchain technology. Blockchain could be new revolution in information technology. This research aimed to conduct an overview of Blockchain attributes and its applications and challenges that encounter during the implementation. Our objective is exploring number of common Blockchain technology applications to highlight of how transparency, anonymity, tamper resistant, and secure decentrality helps to get rid security breaches compromising the current model, in which third parties collect and control massive amounts of critical data. In contrast, number of factor observed as issues that affect deploying Blockchain technology such as majority attack, fork problems, scale, and others issues. The future works must be concerned the proposed solutions in many real world verity environments and explore the characteristics, benefits, and evaluation their effectiveness.

Clemens Brunner, Fabian Knirsch, Andreas Unterweger, Dominik Engel

No abstract is available for this record.

Felix Truger

Ordinos is a novel verifiable tally-hiding e-voting system. At its heart, a homomorphic encryption scheme and secure multi-party computation (MPC) are used to tally votes and securely determine the voting result, without necessarily revealing the full tally (e.g., the number of votes per candidate)The proof of concept implementation of Ordinos is based on a threshold variant of the Paillier encryption scheme and two MPC protocols for the comparison of encrypted numbers (greater-than and equality). Due to the threshold construction, the decryption key is shared among a set of trustees. The MPC protocols for comparison require precomputed encrypted randomness of certain shape. Formerly, a trusted party was employed to generate the key shares and randomness and distribute them to the trustees. In this thesis, the trusted party was replaced by MPC protocols that allow to generate the key shares and randomness among the trustees. The protocols provide security against malicious parties in the honest-majority setting. The key generation follows a proposal by Nishide and Sakurai (2010) that is based on verifiable secret sharings and zero-knowledge proofs for committed values. We introduce a few adaptations to reduce its runtime using mostly standard techniques. The generation of randomness is based on the Paillier encryption scheme as an arithmetic black box and standard zero-knowledge proofs for Paillier encrypted values. The protocols were implemented and their performance was evaluated in a local network. Most notablythe implemented key generation protocol for threshold Paillier showed an expected average runtime around 95 minutes for generating 2048-bit keys among 3 trustees with a threshold of 2. Since existing implementations provide security only in the semi-honest setting, this is the first time that an approach with security against malicious parties was implemented and evaluated. Overall, the distributed generation of both key shares and randomness takes considerably more time compared to the use of a trusted party, but avoids security risks and trust problems that occur with trusted parties.

Donal O’Mahony, Sijia Zhao

The emergence of e-commerce has changed the way people trade. However, merchants are charged high fees for their use of the platform and for payment services. These costs are passed on to customers in the form of higher prices. Blockchain technology can provide lower transaction fees with high security and privacy level but is incapable of delivering the number of transactions per second demanded by real e-commerce. Establishing a layer above the blockchain to manage transactions which we called Blockchain Layer2 technology, has the potential to solve these issues. In this article, we focus on the effect that layer2 technology can provide in reducing fee costs and improving transaction volumes. We introduce the problems that the e-commerce industry is facing currently and how blockchain layer2 technology can help to address these issues. We list and describe the main layer2 mechanisms based on the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains. We discuss issues that arise when applying layer 2 technology to e-commerce. We analyse the costs associated with difference e-commerce payment network topologies and investigate the funds-capacity needed to support high levels of value transfer.

George Bissias, Brian Neil Levine

Blockchain systems are designed to produce blocks at a constant average rate. The most popular systems currently employ a Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm as a means of creating these blocks. An unfortunate limitation of all deployed PoW blockchain systems is that the time between blocks has high variance. For example, Bitcoin produces, on average, one block every 10 minutes. However, 5% of the time, Bitcoin's inter-block time is at least 30 minutes.

Aggelos Kiayias, Dionysis Zindros

No abstract is available for this record.

Bin Liu, Lijun Xiao, Jing Long, Mingdong Tang · 5 authors

Previous contract protocols in blockchains ensure their fairness and traceability by utilizing centralized credible nodes. If credible nodes are dishonest or conspire with the signatory, then other nodes are compromised. Meanwhile, the leakage of sensitive information of participant nodes poses a serious threat to the privacy security of data access in blockchains. To address this issue, this study proposes a secure control method of digital certificate-based data access in blockchains. The proposed method combines blockchain and digital certificate technologies and designs a secure authentication protocol for privacy data in blockchains without verifying the encrypted identity signature of the third-party participant. The high-efficiency network forwarding protocol proposed in this work can support the fair contract signing of multiple signers via blockchain. This protocol can protect the privacy of contracts and identities of participants. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is superior in terms of communication overhead, storage overhead, and detection rate.

Fatma Mallouli, Aya Hellal, Fatimah Abdulraheem Alzahrani, Abdulsalam Almadani · 5 authors

The widespread presence of Corona virus (COVID-19) is causing organizations and individuals major economics downsizing.The way this virus is transmitted from one individual to another is the real cause of the problem.For that, researchers in different fields started seriously looking for touch-less and contact-less exchange.Particularly in the finance world, cash transactions and key pad based transactions are becoming obsolete because they are some of the major causes of the spread of this virus (and other viruses and bacteria).Cryptocurrency could be one of the solutions to the above mentioned situation.This novel money is based on Blockchain technology, which is based on cryptography algorithms for the safety and the security of the transactions.This paper exhibits a comparative study of the asymmetric cryptography algorithms.This helps the user to best choose the most secure, safe and reliable method to encrypt/decrypt the transactions created in the Blockchain.

Akhil Shah, Nishita Sodhia, Shruti Saha, Soumi Banerjee · 5 authors

A blockchain-enabled online-voting system is being proposed in this following paper. Blockchain technologies deliver an endless variety of applications that benefit from distributed economies. The proposed model is an android application that has enhanced security features which includes both authentication and authorization. Authentication is incorporated by using a unique identification key and authorization is done by using fingerprint. Voters are also being verified by One-time password. The security in this project is implemented by using a 128 bit AES encryption algorithm and SHA-256 along with blockchain. The vote is casted in the form of transaction, where a blockchain is created, which keeps track of tallies of votes. Through this atomicity and integrity are maintained. [4] Index Terms—Voting System , Blockchain , SHA-256, Security, AES-128, Ballot

Affaf Shahid, Umair Sarfraz, Muhammad Waseem Malik, Muhammad Sohaib Iftikhar · 6 authors

Supply chains are evolving into automated and highly complex networks and are becoming an important source of potential benefits in the modern world. However, it is challenging to track the provenance of data and maintain traceability throughout the network. The traditional supply chains are centralized and dependent on third party for trading. Centralized systems lack transparency, accountability and auditability. In our proposed solution, we have presented a blockchain-based reputation system in Agriculture and Food (Agri-Food) supply chain. It leverages the key features of blockchain and smart contract deployed over ethereum blockchain network. Although blockchain provides an immutable network for supply chain events, it still fails to solve the problem of trust among entities. Therefore, a reputation system is required that logs reviews of sellers and maintains the trust between trading entities.

Bozhi Wang, Qin Wang, Shiping Chen, Yang Xiang

The Tangle-based structure becomes one of the most promising solutions when designing DAG-based blockchain systems. The approach improves the scalability by directly confirming multiple transactions in parallel instead of single blocks in linear. However, the performance gain may bring potential security risks. In this paper, we construct three types of attacks with comprehensive evaluations, namely parasite attack (PS), double spending attack (DS), and hybrid attack (HB). To achieve that, we deconstruct the Tangle-based projects (e.g. IOTA) and abstract the main components to rebuild a simple but flexible network for the simulation. Then, we informally define three smallest actions to build up the attack strategies layer by layer. Based on that, we provide analyses to evaluate different types of attacks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive security analysis of Tangle-based blockchains.

Masoud Barati, Omer Rana, Ioan Petri, George Theodorakopoulos

Data privacy in Internet of Things (IoT) applications remains a major concern of regulation bodies. The introduction of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) enables users to control how their data is accessed and processed, requiring consent from users before any data manipulation is carried out on their (personal) data by smart devices or cloud-hosted services. Blockchains provide the benefits of a distributed and immutable ledger recording digital transactions across a global network of peer nodes. Blockchain support for tracking of operations carried out by an IoT-based system provides greater confidence to a user that the IoT device is not infringing user privacy (as the Blockchain can be audited to verify which operation was carried out, by which actor). A formal model (following the privacy-bydesign approach) is proposed for supporting GDPR compliance checking for smart devices. The privacy requirements of such applications are related to GDPR obligations of device (and software systems) operators (such as user consent, data protection, right to forget etc). Three smart contracts are proposed as a practical solution to support automated verification of operations carried out by devices on user data, in accordance with GDPR rules. We evaluate the performance and scalability costs of our approach using a Blockchain test network.

R.Suvitha N.Shanthi

E-voting is the process of conducting the voting process through online. The voters can cast their votes from different locations and these votes are collected and recorded electronically. Therefore, there is a need for a system to provide control and security to the whole procedure. Blockchain, a distributed ledger technology can be integrated to provide a decentralized system. Blockchain uses distributed ledger technology (DLT) to avoid forged voting option & non-repudiation and one time login of the user is also ensured. By integrating the above techniques, a secure user authentication for e-voting supported blockchain in p2p network is projected. This system would increase the safety by avoiding the forgery of votes. Similarly, the blockchain are often integrated to a spread of voting situations and a few alternative applications.

Juan Zhao, Tianrui Zong, Yong Xiang, Longxiang Gao · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Sathya AR, Barnali Gupta

Cryptography is the process of protecting information from intruders and letting only the intended users’ access and understand it. It is a technique originated in 2000 BC where simple methods were used in earlier times to keep the information in a way that is not understandable by everyone. Only the intended receiver knows how to decode the information. Later, as technology advances, many sophisticated techniques were used to protect the message so that no intrusion can invade the information. Many mathematically complex algorithms like AES, RSA are used to encrypt and decrypt the data. Due to the advancements in the computer science field, recently, cryptography is used in the development of cryptographic currencies of cryptocurrencies. Blockchain technology, a distributed ledger technology identified to be the foundation of Bitcoin cryptocurrency, implements a high-level cryptographic technique like public-key cryptography, Hash Functions, Merkle Trees, Digital signatures like Elliptic curve digital signatures, etc. These advanced cryptographic techniques are used to provide security to blockchain data and for the secure transmission of information, thereby making Blockchain more popular and demandable. Blockchain applies cryptography in various phases, and some of the techniques used in Blockchain are advanced in cryptographic sciences. This paper intends to provide a brief introduction to cryptography and Blockchain Technology and discusses how both technologies can be integrated to provide the best of the security to the data. This paper reviews the various cryptographic attacks in Blockchain and the various security services offered in Blockchain. The challenges of blockchain security are also analyzed and presented briefly in this paper.

Anita A. Lahane, Junaid Patel, Talif Pathan, Prathmesh Potdar

Election could be a important event during a trendy democracy however massive sections of society round the world don’t trust their election system that is major concern for the democracy. Even the world’s largest democracies like Republic of India, us, and Japan still suffer from a blemished legal system. Vote rigging, hacking of the EVM (Electronic vote machine), election manipulation, and booth capturing square measure the key problems within the current electoral system. during this system, we tend to square measure work the problems|the problems within the election vote systems and attempting to propose the E-voting model which might resolve these issues. The system can highlight a number of the popular blockchain frameworks that provide blockchain as a service and associated electronic E-voting system that is predicated on blockchain that addresses all limitations severally, it additionally preserve participant’s obscurity whereas still being hospitable public examination. Building Associate in Nursing electronic electoral system that satisfies the legal necessities of legislators has been a challenge for an extended time. Distributed ledger technologies is Associate in Nursing exciting technological advancement within the info technology world. Blockchain technologies supply Associate in Nursing infinite vary of applications cashing in on sharing economies. Blockchain could be a unquiet technology of current era and guarantees to enhance the resilience of e-voting systems. this technique presents a shot to leverage edges of blockchain like cryptological foundations and transparency to attain an efficient theme for e-voting. The projected theme conforms to the elemental necessities for e-voting schemes and achieves end-to-end verifiability. The system presents in-depth analysis of the theme that with success demonstrates its effectiveness to attain Associate in Nursing end-to-end verifiable e-voting theme.

Lijun Xiao, Weihong Huang, Yong Xie, Weidong Xiao · 5 authors

Current Intellectual Property (IP) copyright protection technologies have low efficiency of authority management, traceability, and scalability. In this work, a blockchain-based IP copyright protection algorithm is proposed to address these issues by establishing a mathematical model of quadratic matrix transformation for IP circuit trading. This algorithm proposes the design of a distributed random embedding mechanism and position mapping function that, when IP trading occurs in blockchain, the traceable mapping function can trace the copyright information in IP trading with the mapping factor. Besides, this work analyzes the credibility, transparency, overhead, and complexity. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can resist replaying attacks, yet the copyright information can be rapidly retrieved after suffered from attacks. Still, the proposed algorithm has higher security, stability, and traceability.

Tzu-Yu Yeh, Rasha Kashef

A blockchain is a digitized, decentralized, public ledger of all cryptocurrency transactions. The blockchain is transforming industries by enabling innovative business practices. Its revolutionary power has permeated areas such as bank-ing, financing, trading, manufacturing, supply chain management, healthcare, and government. Blockchain and the Internet of Things (BIOT) apply the us-age of blockchain in the inter-IOT communication system, therefore, security and privacy factors are achievable. The integration of blockchain technology and IoT creates modern decentralized systems. The BIOT models can be ap-plied by various industries including e-commerce to promote decentralization, scalability, and security. This research calls for innovative and advanced re-search on Blockchain and recommendation systems. We aim at building a se-cure and trust-based system using the advantages of blockchain-supported secure multiparty computation by adding smart contracts with the main blockchain protocol. Combining the recommendation systems and blockchain technology allows online activities to be more secure and private. A system is constructed for enterprises to collaboratively create a secure database and host a steadily updated model using smart contract systems. Learning case studies include a model to recommend movies to users. The accuracy of models is evaluated by an incentive mechanism that offers a fully trust-based recom-mendation system with acceptable performance.

Mahmoud M. Badr, Wesam Al Amiri, Mostafa M. Fouda, Mohamed Mahmoud · 6 authors

Most of the existing smart parking systems threaten the drivers' privacy by revealing information about their visited locations. Moreover, they are centralized making them vulnerable to a single point of failure and attack, which threatens the availability of the parking service. They also suffer from a lack of transparency, where the centralized service organizer may favor some parking lots by booking their parking slots first. To tackle these concerns, we propose a blockchain-based smart parking system with privacy preservation and reputation management. In our system, a consortium blockchain is created by different parking lots to run the parking system securely and transparently, where the parking offers are recorded on a shared and immutable ledger. We use a commitment technique during the submission of the offers to ensure fair parking rates. Then, we use a private information retrieval technique during the offers retrieval to preserve the drivers' location privacy. Furthermore, to anonymously and efficiently authenticate drivers during the reservation process, we use a short randomizable signature. We also use a time-locked anonymous payment technique to discourage drivers from not committing to their parking reservations and provide a secure and privacy-preserving payment method for parking service. Finally, we integrate a blockchain-based anonymous reputation management scheme into our system, where drivers can anonymously rate the parking service to ensure high quality of service. Our evaluations demonstrate that our smart parking system is secure and capable of preserving drivers' privacy with low communication, computation, and storage overheads.