A management of surveillance of video process which is based on block chain technology has been proposed. The system which has been intended contains a network of block chain with internal nodes which are trusted. The distributed ledger of blockchain includes the metadata of the surveillance footage, thereby stopping the possibility of the data forgery. The architecture of proposed system saves and encrypts the footage, generates a license inside the block chain and exports the footage. Since the private database manages the decryption key for the footage in the block chain, it is not exposed by the internal nodes illegally. Also, the internal administrator can handle and export surveillance footage safely by decrypting the frames stored in the block chain and reconstructing the footage which can be later downloaded.
Open access
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
With the development of technology, the network structure has changed a lot. Many people regard the Internet of Things as the next-generation network structure, which means all the embedded devices can communicate with each other directly. However, some problems remain in IoT before it can be applied in a large scale. Blockchain, which has become a hot research topic in recent years, may be one of the solutions. However, currently, the transaction speed of blockchain is still a disadvantage compared to traditional transaction methods. This paper focuses on to implement a high-performance blockchain platform. After investigation of the current blockchain consensus algorithm and blockchain architecture, we propose: (1) an improved blockchain consensus algorithm, which is implemented based on the mortgage model instead of probability model; (2) a cross-chain protocol with transverse expansion capacity, which would support the message transmission among chains; (3) a high-performance cross-chain blockchain network structure, which could handle more than 1000 transactions per second per chain by verification. Experiments have been carried out, and shown that the cross-chain blockchain network structure we provided is feasible to meet the requirement of large-scale distributed IoT applications.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Moses Arhinful Acquah, Na Chen, Jeng‐Shyang Pan, Hong-Mei Yang · 5 authors
Biometrics, with its uniqueness to every individual, has been adapted as a security authentication feature by many institutions. These biometric data are processed into templates that are saved on databases, and a central authority centralizes and controls these databases. This form of storing biometric data, or in our case fingerprint template, is asymmetric and prone to three main security attacks, such as fake template input, template modification or deletion, and channel interception by a malicious attacker. In this paper, we secure an encrypted fingerprint template by a symmetric peer-to-peer network and symmetric encryption. The fingerprint is encrypted by the symmetric key algorithm: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and then is uploaded to a symmetrically distributed storage system, the InterPlanetary File system (IPFS). The hash of the templated is stored in a decentralized blockchain. The slow transaction speed of the blockchain has limited its use in real-life applications, such as large file storage, hence, the merge with IPFS to store just the hashes of large files. The encrypted template is uploaded to the IPFS, and its returned digest is stored on the Ethereum network. The implementation of IPFS prevents storing the raw state of the fingerprint template on the Ethereum network in order to reduce cost and also prevent identity theft. This procedure is an improvement of previous systems. By adopting the method of template hashing, the proposed system is cost-effective and efficient. The experimental results depict that the proposed system secures the fingerprint template by encryption, hashing, and decentralization.
Open access
Biometric Identification and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
E-voting reduced the cost of election and provided convenience to some extent as compared to the traditional approach of pen and paper but it was considered to be unreliable as anyone having access to the machine physically can obstruct the machine and alter the votes. Also in order to control the e
Open access
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
G Pazhev, Gr. Spasov, Mitko Shopov, Galidiya Petrova
Abstract The paper presents an implementation of a smart home architecture with two gateways based on collaboration of blockchain technology and Internet of Things (IoT) Message oriented middleware (MOM) architecture for management of internal home appliances. A basic overview of IoT MOM, MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transfer) protocol and blockchain architectures is made and the key characteristics and consensus algorithms are presented. Some challenges and the Ethereum smart contracts concept of the blockchain technology are discussed.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Public blockchains can be abused to covertly store and disseminate potentially harmful digital content which poses a serious regulatory issue. In this work, we show the severity of the problem by demonstrating that blockchains can be exploited to surreptitiously distribute arbitrary content. More specifically, all major blockchain systems use randomized cryptographic primitives, such as digital signatures and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs; we illustrate how the uncontrolled randomness in such primitives can be maliciously manipulated to enable covert communication and hidden persistent storage. To clarify the potential risk, we design, implement and evaluate our technique against the widely-used ECDSA signature scheme, the CryptoNote's ring signature scheme, and Monero's ring confidential transactions. Importantly, the significance of the demonstrated attacks stems from their undetectability, their adverse effect on the future of decentralized blockchains, and their serious repercussions on users' privacy and crypto funds. Finally, we present a generic framework to immunize blockchains against these attacks.
Open access
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Tharaka Hewa, An Bracken, Mika Ylianttila, Madhusanka Liyanage
Internet of Things (IoT) is a key topic of interest in modern communication context with the evolution of 5G and beyond ecosystems. 5G will interconnects billions of IoT devices wirelessly. The wireless communication exposes the devices to massive security risks in different dimensions. The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is one of the promising solutions to eliminate security risks. It ensures the authentication and communication integrity by using public key certificates. However, the overhead of certificate storage is a significant problem for the resource constrained IoT devices. We propose an application of Elliptic Curve Qu Vanstone (ECQV) certificates, which are lightweight in size for the resource restricted IoT devices. Furthermore, we incorporate the blockchain based smart contracts to handle the certificate related operations. We utilize the smart contracts in the certificate issuance and developed a smart contract based threat scoring mechanism to automatically revoke the certificates. The lightweight nature of ECQV certificates enables the distributed ledger to store, update, and revoke the certificates. We evaluated the proposed solution in Hyperledger Fabric blockchain platform.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Traditional paper certificates and electronic certificates have difficulties in preservation and management, not to mention other problems concerning inconvenient verification, poor reliability, anti-counterfeiting and anti-tampering. This paper proposes a scheme designed to build a decentralized certificate system that is based on blockchain technology and smart contract, in which a set of blockchain certificate system aiming at providing blockchain certificate services for college students' innovation and entrepreneurship competition is developed. In this system, certain functions of the certificate about management, issuing, verification and revocation are realized via smart contract. Signer information, certificate template and certificate information are stored in a smart contract that adopts structured data, thereby realizing more convenient callings in querying and validating certificate.
Open access
2 source records
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Although almost all information about Smart Contract addresses is shared via websites, emails, or other forms of digital communication, Blockchains and distributed ledger technology are unable to establish secure bindings between websites and corresponding Smart Contracts. For a user, it is impossible to differentiate whether a website links to a legitimate Smart Contract set up by owners of a business or to an illicit contract aiming to steal users' funds. Surprisingly, current attempts to solve this issue mostly comprise of information redundancy, e.g., displaying contract addresses multiple times in varying forms of images and texts. These processes are burdensome, as the user is responsible for verifying the correctness of an address. More importantly, they do not address the core issue, as the contract itself does not contain information about its authenticity. To solve current issues for these applications and increase security, we propose a solution that facilitates publicly issued SSL/TLS-certificates of Fully-Qualified Domain Names (FQDN) to ensure the authenticity of Smart Contracts and their owners. Our approach combines on-chain identity assertion utilizing signatures from the respective certificate and off-chain authentication of the Smart Contract stored on the Blockchain. This approach allows to tackle the aforementioned issue and further enables applications such as the identification of consortia members in permissioned networks. The system is open and transparent, as the only requirement for usage is ownership of an SSL/TLS-certificate. To enable privacy-preserving authenticated Smart Contracts, we allow one-way and two-way binding between website and contract. Further, low creation and maintenance costs, a widely accepted public key infrastructure and user empowerment will drive potential adaption of Ethereum Authenticated Smart Contracts (AuthSC).
Time-release cryptography is a special encryption technique that allows a message to be hidden for some time. The previous schemes have shortcomings in that the encryptor should predict the decryptor’s computing power precisely or the trusted agent should be always available. In this paper, we propose a new, practical time-release blockchain, and find the key to decrypt the content after a certain time. In order to verify the effectiveness of the blockchain system automatically, which uses the proof-of-work (PoW) and the consensus algorithm in the the proposed technique, we have implemented a prototype version of our blockchain system using Python. The proposed method has the following advantages. First, the decryption time is automatically adjusted, even if the miner’s computing power changes over time. Second, unlike previous time-lock puzzle schemes, our algorithm does not require additional computation work for solving the puzzle. Third, our scheme does not need any trusted agents (third parties). Fourth, the proposed method uses standard cryptographic algorithms.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Morampudi Mahesh Kumar, Munaga V. N. K. Prasad, U. S. N. Raju
Multi‐biometric systems have been widely accepted in various applications due to its capability to solve the limitations of unimodal systems. Directly storing the biometric templates into a centralised server leads to privacy concerns. In the past few years, many biometric authentication systems based on homomorphic encryption have been introduced to provide security for the templates. Most of the existing solutions rely on an implication of the assumption that the server is ‘honest‐but‐curious’. Therefore, the compromise of server results into the entire system vulnerability and fails to provide the integrity. To address this, we propose a novel multi‐instance iris authentication system, BMIAE to deal with malicious attacks over the transmission channel and at the untrusted server. BMIAE encrypt the iris templates using ElGamal encryption to guarantee confidentiality and Smart contract running on a Blockchain helps to achieve the integrity of templates and matching result. BMIAE also addresses the limitations of using Blockchain for biometrics like privacy and expensive storage. To check the effectiveness and robustness, BMIAE has experimented on CASIA‐V3‐Interval, IITD and SDUMLA‐HMT iris databases. Experimental results show that BMIAE provides improved accuracy, and eliminates the need to trust the centralised server when compared to the state‐of‐the‐art approaches.
Open access
Biometric Identification and Security
User Authentication and Security Systems
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Frederik Temmermans, Deepayan Bhowmik, Fernando Pereira, Touradj Ebrahimi · 5 authors
Privacy and security, copyright violations and fake news are emerging challenges in digital media. Social media and data leaks increase risk of user privacy. Creative media particularly images are often susceptible to copyright violations which poses a serious problem to the industry. On the other hand, doctored images using photo editing tools and computer generated images may give a false impression of reality and add to the problem of fake news. These problems demand solutions to protect images and associated metadata as well as methods that can proof the integrity of digital media. For these reasons, the JPEG standardization committee has been working on a new Privacy and Security standard that provides solutions to support privacy and security focused workflows. The standard defines tools to support protection and integrity across the wide range of JPEG image standards. Related to image integrity, blockchain technology provides a solution for creating tamper proof distributed ledgers. However, adopting blockchain technology for digital image integrity poses several challenges at the technology level as well as at the level of privacy legislation. In addition, if blockchain technology is adopted to support media applications, it needs to be closely integrated with a widely adopted standard to ensure broad interoperability. Therefore, the JPEG committee initiated an activity to explore standardization needs related to media blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLT). This paper explains the scope and implementation of the JPEG Privacy and Security standard and presents the current state of the exploration on standardization needs related to media blockchain applications.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The video created by a surveillance cameras plays a crucial role in crime prevention and examinations in smart cities. The closed-circuit television camera (CCTV) is essential for a range of public uses in a smart city; combined with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies they can turn into smart sensors that help to ensure safety and security. However, the authenticity of the camera itself raises issues of building up integrity and suitability of data. In this paper, we present a blockchain-based system to guarantee the trustworthiness of the stored recordings, allowing authorities to validate whether or not a video has been altered. It helps to discriminate fake videos from original ones and to make sure that surveillance cameras are authentic. Since the distributed ledger of the blockchain records the metadata of the CCTV video as well, it is obstructing the chance of forgery of the data. This immutable ledger diminishes the risk of copyright encroachment for law enforcement agencies and clients users by securing possession and identity.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Fake education certificates or fake degree is one of the major concerns in higher education. This fraud can be minimized if there is a tamper-proof and confidential registry of certificates wherein not one but multiple certified authorities verifies and stores the issued certificate in immutable repositories with proper privacy maintained. Secondly, there should be a mechanism for retrieving the authentic certificate without much cost and time. Blockchain is an immutable, shared, distributed ledger without the control of a single centralized authority that fits very well for the discussed use case. The proposed work, PrivateCertChain, has implemented the idea for university having multiple affiliated colleges, by deploying and verifying digitally signed e-certificate on Ethereum Blockchain. Multiple affiliated colleges can serve as the miners for verifying the signature of the issuer. For privacy concerns, the content of the certificate will be hashed and this hashed value will be stored in Blockchain along with the roll number of the certificate holder. Once the transaction hash is generated, it will be converted to QR code. The QR code is shared with the respective owner of the certificate and it will also serve as the credential of the certificate. Thus, anyone having the credential can view the authentic certificate which is kept on the blockchain, by scanning QR through the dedicated application designed for verification. The proposed solution can be a foolproof mechanism against all frauds as it guards for integrity, confidentiality, authenticity, and privacy of educational certificates.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Enterprise blockchain solutions attempt to solve the crucial matter of user privacy, albeit that blockchain was initially directed towards full transparency. In the context of Know Your Customer (KYC) standardization, a decentralized schema that enables user privacy protection on enterprise blockchains is proposed with two types of developed smart contracts. Through the public KYC smart contract, a user registers and uploads their KYC information to the exploited IPFS storage, actions interpreted in blockchain transactions on the permissioned blockchain of Alastria Network. Furthermore, through the public KYC smart contract, an admin user approves or rejects the validity and expiration date of the initial user’s KYC documents. Inside the private KYC smart contract, CRUD (Create, read, update and delete) operations for the KYC file repository occur. The presented system introduces effectiveness and time efficiency of operations through its schema simplicity and smart integration of the different technology modules and components. This developed scheme focuses on blockchain technology as the most important and critical part of the architecture and tends to accomplish an optimal schema clarity.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of IoT devices has increased exponentially. Therefore, we have put forward higher security requirements for the management, transmission, and storage of massive IoT data. However, during the transmission process of IoT data, security issues, such as data theft and forgery, are prone to occur. In addition, most existing data storage solutions are centralized, i.e., data are stored and maintained by a centralized server. Once the server is maliciously attacked, the security of IoT data will be greatly threatened. In view of the above-mentioned security issues, a security transmission and storage solution is proposed about sensing image for blockchain in the IoT. Firstly, this solution intelligently senses user image information, and divides these sensed data into intelligent blocks. Secondly, different blocks of data are encrypted and transmitted securely through intelligent encryption algorithms. Finally, signature verification and storage are performed through an intelligent verification algorithm. Compared with the traditional IoT data transmission and centralized storage solution, our solution combines the IoT with the blockchain, making use of the advantages of blockchain decentralization, high reliability, and low cost to transfer and store users image information securely. Security analysis proves that the solution can resist theft attacks and ensure the security of user image information during transmission and storage.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The Rapid growth of agile gadgets has led to tremendous increase in digital media utilization, mostly for mobile video in ease of marketing. As encryption provides better user confidentiality and perseveration, greater number of online movement is associated with end-to-end encryption form. Irrevlant content such as unreal, violent and unconstitutional videos are being circulated online without being identified its truthfulness creating a platform for intruders and attackers. It is necessary for users to identify and report the contents of the video. Sometimes these videos act as evidence in courts to prove the guilty and the proper state and contents recorded in it .We aim a system to detect and classify the video's truthfulness to solve these problems. A detailed collection of studies has been toted to demonstrate the efficacy of new program over current literature.
Open access
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Smart cameras and image sensors are widely used in industrial processes, from the designing to the quality checking of the final product. Images generated by these sensors are at continuous risk of disclosure and privacy breach in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Traditional solutions to secure sensitive data fade in IIoT environments because of the involvement of third parties. Blockchain technology is the modern-day solution for trust issues and eliminating or minimizing the role of the third party. In the context of the IIoT, we propose a permissioned private blockchain-based solution to secure the image while encrypting it. In this scheme, the cryptographic pixel values of an image are stored on the blockchain, ensuring the privacy and security of the image data. Based on the number of pixels change rate (NPCR), the unified averaged changed intensity (UACI), and information entropy analysis, we evaluate the strength of proposed image encryption algorithm ciphers with respect to differential attacks. We obtained entropy values near to an ideal value of 8, which is considered to be safe from brute force attack. Encrypted results show that the proposed scheme is highly effective for data leakage prevention and security.
Open access
Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
As eBook readers have expanded on the market, various online eBook markets have arisen as well. Currently, the online eBook market consists of at least publishers and online platform providers and authors, and these actors inevitably incur intermediate costs between them. In this paper, we introduce a blockchain-based eBook market system that enables self-published eBook trading and direct payments from readers to authors without any trusted party; because authors publish themselves and readers purchase directly from authors, neither actor incurs any intermediate costs. However, because of this trustless environment, the validity, ownership and intellectual property of digital contents cannot be verified and protected, and the safety of purchase transactions cannot be ensured. To address these shortcomings, we propose a secure and reliable eBook transaction system that satisfies the following security requirements: (1) verification of the ownership of each eBook, (2) confidentiality of eBook contents, (3) authorization of a right to read a book, (4) authentication of a legitimate purchaser, (5) verification of the validity and integrity of eBook contents, (6) safety of direct purchase transactions, and (7) preventing eBook piracy and illegal distribution. We provide practical cryptographic protocols for the proposed system and analyze the security and simulated performance of the proposed schemes.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The copyright of data is a key point that needs to be solved in spatial data infrastructure for data sharing. In this paper, we propose a decentralized digital rights management model of spatial data, which can provide a novel way of solving the existing copyright management problem or other problems in spatial data infrastructure for data sharing. An Ethereum smart contract is used in this model to realize spatial data digital rights management function. The InterPlanetary File System is utilized as external data storage for storing spatial data in the decentralized file system to avoid data destruction that is caused by a single point of failure. There is no central server in the model architecture, which has a completely decentralized nature and it makes spatial data rights management not dependent on third-party trust institutions. We designed three spatial data copyright management algorithms, developed a prototype system to implement and test the model, used the smart contract security verification tool to check code vulnerabilities, and, finally, discussed the usability, scalability, efficiency, performance, and security of the proposed model. The result indicates that the proposed model not only has diversified functions of copyright management compared with previous studies on the blockchain-based digital rights management, but it can also solve the existing problems in traditional spatial data infrastructure for data sharing due to its characteristics of complete decentralization, mass orientation, immediacy, and high security.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain technology is an interlinked systematic chain of blocks that contains transaction history and other user data. It works under the principle of decentralized distributed digital ledger. This technology enables cryptographically secure and anonymous financial transactions among the user nodes of the network enabling the transactions to be validated and approved by all the users in a transparent environment. It is a revolutionary technology that earned its emerging popularity through the usage of digital cryptocurrencies. Even though Blockchain holds a promising scope of development in the online transaction system, it is prone to several security and vulnerability issues. In this paper, blockchain methodology, its applications, and security issues are discussed which might shed some light on blockchain enthusiasts and researchers.
Open access
3 source records
cs.CR
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
A disruptive technology often used in finance, Internet of Things (IoT) and healthcare, blockchain can reach consensus within a decentralised network-potentially composed of large amounts of unreliable nodes-and to permanently and irreversibly store data in a tamper-proof manner. In this paper, we present a reputation system for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It considers the users interested in traffic information as the main actors of the architecture. They securely share their data which are collectively validated by other users. Users can choose to employ either such crowd-sourced validated data or data generated by the system to travel between two locations. The data saved is reliable, based on the providers' reputation and cannot be modified. We present results with a simulation for three cities: San Francisco, Rome and Beijing. We have demonstrated the impact of malicious attacks as the average speed decreased if erroneous information was stored in the blockchain as an implemented routing algorithm guides the honest cars on other free routes, and thus crowds other intersections.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Rafael Páez, Manuel Pérez, Gustavo Ramirez Espinosa, Juan Montes · 5 authors
This paper proposes an architecture for biometric electronic identification document (e-ID) system based on Blockchain for citizens identity verification in transactions corresponding to the notary, registration, tax declaration and payment, basic health services and registration of economic activities, among others. To validate the user authentication, a biometric e-ID system is used to avoid spoofing and related attacks. Also, to validate the document a digital certificate is used with the corresponding public and private key for each citizen by using a user’s PIN. The proposed transaction validation process was implemented on a Blockchain system in order to record and verify the transactions made by all citizens registered in the electoral census, which guarantees security, integrity, scalability, traceability, and no-ambiguity. Additionally, a Blockchain network architecture is presented in a distributed and decentralized way including all the nodes of the network, database and government entities such as national register and notary offices. The results of the application of a new consensus algorithm to our Blockchain network are also presented showing mining time, memory and CPU usage when the number of transactions scales up.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques