Blockchain technology is known for its large-scale digitisation trends that play an important role in various organisations. Because it is distributed and decentralized from blockchain, this feature makes the role of blockchain technologies based on products and services significantly different from previous technology offerings. The value proposition offered by this blockchain is very suitable to be applied in education. After a few years this caused disruption from various industry circles, current educational areas including those that are very perceived by the Indonesian people there is no progress and road in place. It is possible that in the next ten years, the educational actors who are less sensitive will one by one fall because of the storm-cast disruption technology. The educational institution is one of which is aware of the advantages and extraordinary potential of blockchain technology. Among other things, a digital signature certificate is important in the context of digital archiving to verify the authenticity of a document in an educational institution. But the lack of education from the community makes ignorance about the point of the advantage of blockchain technology that can be applied in the field of education. Therefore, a public understanding of the blockchain is packaged in the form of ontology on the education shutter. This research in particular is exploring the ontology approach of using root merkle methods in providing solutions to the application of blockchain, including slow process and small storage space. This issue causes it to be very difficult for educational institutions to store processes and stages of learning into the blockchain. This research can be the cornerstone of identifying solutions from certificates of digital signatures in terms of archiving, authentication and digital verification on the design of a new breakthrough framework with an ontology approach to blockchain educational design.
Dewi Immaniar, Nur Azizah, Dedeh Supriyanti, Nanda Septiani · 5 authors
Proof of Tunnel Signature (PoTS) is designed to avoid the main problems found in certificates based on Blockchain technology. In this case, it is so closely related to Cybersecurity. A lightweight protocol such as a Certificate Authenticated Key Agreement (CAKA) is needed to reduce the vulnerability of a system's operation, namely overcoming management overhead by using a decentralized system according to the characteristics of Blockchain Technology. PoTS is the second stage after determining the Key Agreement (KA) or certificate hash in authenticating a node, and this is also a significant step in minimizing computation costs. The nodes generated after the signing process remain anonymous and can be verified optimally. Smart contracts are also used as a support so that this research can ensure transparency and openness of transaction nodes to maintain and improve the efficiency of transaction security for a certificate based on Blockchain Technology.
Ethereum is one of the oldest examples of blockchain technology provides a system that converts centralized storage to distributed and records transactions by way of decentralized and not by a centralized system and can be verified by each node, therefore it is suitable for storing fingerprints from official diploma documents and transcripts that are published. Smart contract is needed for making contract transactions to Ethereum with programming code, so contracts such as diplomas and transcripts uploaded on the Ethereum blockchain can distribute and produce diploma validation and the authenticity of transcripts with transaction hash, consensus, and comply with ERC-721 token standardization. The results showed that a sample of 5 electronic documents in pdf format with a transaction speed of 1 second on each file that were published and secured with Ethereum blockchain technology can be easily verified for authenticity, the system proposed and developed by us takes in consideration invalid and failure cases by giving the necessary feedback to the user.
Within the world of gaming, there has been a move from diversions being utilized exclusively for excitement, to recreations being utilized as a medium to teach. For this matter, there are two strategies of making amusement which are gamification or game-based learning. The previous is the utilization of diversion components, such as wellbeing focuses or pioneer sheets, and they are connected to a non-gaming stage. The last mentioned, game-based learning, incorporates creating a full-fledged amusement where the means towards the conclusion, that's to say triumph, are set in a world where the player needs to apply the lessons given to progress. Since typically an IT-related investigation, the subject chosen for this study is Blockchain, an ever-expanding division over the past decade. Diverse parts of Blockchain's makeup have been dismembered into little, comprehensible pieces of data within the applications made, which innovative understudy to the frame can take in at their claimed pace. Should this study transcend this research, it might be beneficial for the experiments to possess two games designed and created by someone who has the artistic and technical capabilities of making their own assets. This is able to leave a far better impression with the test subjects and ideally receive a far better data set for examination.
Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kointegrasi, kausalitas berikut pengaruh antara Bitcoin dan nilai tukar Rupiah. Metode penelitian uji regresi linier sederhana dengan metode ARCH- GARCH, Kointegrasi Johansen, dan Kausalitas Engel Granger. Data Bitcoin dan nilai tukar menggunakan data mingguan selama enam tahun (2013-2019). Penelitian ini mendapatkan Bitcoin tidak memiliki kointegrasi jangka panjang dengan nilai tukar Rupiah. Hubungan kausalitas berbentuk pola satu arah yang terjadi pada Bitcoin terhadap nilai tukar Rupiah. Bitcoin memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap nilai tukar Rupiah. Transaksi Bitcoin tidak memenuhi salah satu rukun maupun syarat dalam al-sharf sehingga tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan syariat Islam serta transaksi tidak dapat dibatalkan walaupun terjadi pending order. Bitcoin lebih beresiko pada maysir, batil, dan gharar.
Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Christopher Lumbantobing, Isfenti Sadalia, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perbadingan kinerja cryptocurrency bitcoin, saham, dan emas. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan metode komparatif. Populasi yang dalam penelitian ini yaitu harga penutupan bulanan bitcoin, saham LQ45, dan emas mulai dari tahun 2017 hingga 2021, yaitu sebanyak 180 data. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pengambilan sampel jenuh. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan data time series dan Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder. Data dikalkulasikan menggunakan program Microsoft Excel verdasarkan formula dari masing-masing variabel penelitian. Data diolah menggunkan aplikasi SPSS yaitu Uji ANOVA. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara bitcoin, saham dan emas bila dilihat dari return dan risk. Kemudian, terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara kinerja bitcoin, saham dan emas yang diukur dengan metode Sharpe, Treynor, dan Jensen.
Irvan Arif Kurniawan, Dede Yusman, Indri Okshana Aprilia
KTP is a proof of identification issued by the implementing agency that applies throughout the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The existence of KTP is recognized as very important in daily life because it is used in all activities or any series of administrative transactions. Field studies found the number of cases of Asphalt ID cards (original but fake) used as a means of media fraud. Because ID cards are very easy to falsify this makes it difficult to identify cases of data misappropriation. The focus of the research was the utilization of Blockchain, by applying distributed consensus and cryptography in improving the administration management system of KTP to identify the existence of fake IDs and double data. The research method used is descriptive analysis method and literature study. By implementing the decentralization and cryptographic system owned by Blockchain, it is expected to minimize the occurrence of identity misappropriation, as well as be able to be a technology capable of contributing to the success of aspects of state administration governance systems.
Dr. J. Preetha, K. Vijay, P. Meyanandhan, K. Praveen Kumar
The blockchain technology has been an essential part due to its decentralization and security, some of its applications are decentralized voting system and transactions. The most important feature of blockchain is smart contract. The smart contract are the lines of code similar to agreement that runs on the top of blockchain to execute a process. Solidity is a common language used to design the smart contract and smart contract are stored in public database and execute automatically and cannot be changed once executed. Smart contract are not controlled by the user and they are deployed to the blockchain network and execute as programmed. Ethereum is a decentralized smart contract which runs on its own native platform.
Hyperledger Fabric refers to a blockchain technology regulated by the Linux Foundation, which implements a blockchain network, namely the permission blockchain. The network provides a membership service concept, which means that only certain parties can transact and access data. This research will show the blockchain architecture design of the hyperledger fabric, which is designed for the purchasing strategy of recycled waste products. The design will be used to make purchases for managing distributors in buying recycled waste products from waste banks as raw materials to be processed. The traditional purchasing process using the bank as a third party will take longer and will be more expensive. Therefore, this research aims to improve data security and transparency between the authorities and direct the payment process in an instant and dramatically reduce transaction costs. Besides, this design can also be applied to any e-commerce. The method used is blockchain, which focuses on hyperledger fabric design. The position on the hyperledger fabric is only applied to the transaction processing of the hyperledger fabric. This study's results apply a design to a blockchain system using a hyperledger fabric to overcome several technical problems related to blockchains such as throughput, scalability, and interoperability and contribute to purchasing strategies.
The challenge that has often occurred in recent years is making access to education using a different learning process path. The presence of technology now provides solutions to problems that often occur such as communication, accessing information, and business or cooperation. Blockchain is a technology that develops an evaluation model for itineraries in the learning process, both individually and in bulk. Currently the Edublocs project has been designed and implemented, which combines elements of peer-to-peer learning and the teaching team. The aim of the Edublocs project is to simplify the process of designing and implementing a system for recording activity results through blockchain technology. This ongoing project is in the process of evaluation. Conforming to some design elements as well as experimental implementation in the context of higher education enables us to further indicate the sustainability and relevance of the application of blockchain technology in education.
Rahul Pitale, Kapil Tajane, S. S. Khandagale, Vidhya Gadewar · 6 authors
The increase in fake goods is severely affecting the industrial sector and consumers. According to the survey, incidences involving fake products have increased in recent years, which have had a negative impact on sales, profits, and brand recognition. Far from reducing the ability of a company to make money, this counterfeiting also affects the consumer's ability to trust their goods in open market. Without proper tracking and security measures, consumers gradually stop trusting brands to keep their consumers safe from theft. This is happening because the manufacturing and distribution processes are hidden to consumers and this information is easily manipulated or falsified by others. So, users must have a method to determine if a product is genuine or not. This study proposes a blockchain based anti-counterfeiting system for product traceability throughout the supply chain. By using public or permissionless blockchain all the information throughout the supply chain will be recorded in the blockchain network in the form of blocks that are immutable, transparent, secure, tamper-proof, and trusted. This proposed method uses QR code for making the system further secure.
Cryptocurrencies are among the inventions that have caused a stir in the economy of late. Because in its use there are still pros and cons of various countries. Some countries reject the use of cryptocurrencies and others support the use of cryptocurrencies because it is considered a modernization of payment tools. Besides being used for payment instruments, cryptocurrencies can also be one of the options to invest. The number of cryptocurrencies that exist causes investors to be observant in making the right choices. In this study, the Promethee method was used I and II to determine the rank of 7 virtual currencies. Promethee I is a partial assessment method while Promethee II is a complete assessment method. The data used for ranking is obtained from the questionnaire "sentiment on the performance of cryptocurrencies". The results of the cryptocurrency performance analysis showed that the investment commodity of the most recommended in a row is Bitcoin with a net flow value of 0.33267, Cardano 0.14267, Ethereum 0.04800, Ripple 0.04733, Stellar -0.04733, Litecoin -0.04767 and Dogecoin -0.47567.
Blockchain has emerged as an important concept at the interface of ICT and higher education. It is a system in which a record of transactions is maintained across several computers that are linked in a peer-to-peer network. Hence, it allows the creation of a decentralized environment, where data are not under the control of any third-party organization. This study presents a Systematic Bibliometric Literature Review (LRSB in further text) of research on blockchain applications in the higher education field. The review integrated 37 articles presenting up-to-date knowledge on current implications pertaining to the use of blockchain technology for improving higher education processes. The LRSB findings indicate that blockchain is being used to build up new interventions to improve the prevailing ways of sharing, delivering and securing knowledge data and personal student records. The application of blockchain technology is carrying on a conceptual progress in the higher education sector where it has added substantial value by ameliorated efficiency, effectiveness, privacy control, technological improvement and security of data management mechanisms. Challenges posed by current literature and further research directions are suggested.
This research is an effective digital certificate publishing activity by utilizing blockchain technology. By implementing decentralized systems and cryptography owned by the blockchain, it will potentially enlarge the educational progress space in Indonesia. The weakness of the current running system, lies in the difficulty of identifying the validity of a certificate issued by an educational institution. Therefore, the advantages that blockchain has, able to assist an educational institution, in establishing a widely accessible certification system infrastructure, to support the transparency and accountability of an educational institution, in identifying the validity of the certificate. Blockcert as one of MIT's tools, while acting as a barometer, is used to perform a series of activities in publishing activities and the implementation of official documents that are designed based on a technology commonly referred to as Blockchain. The research conducted will demonstrate that a decentralized consensus will be able to provide good distribution of information that can include all certificate deployment activities.
Rapid technological advances have made blockchain technology applicable not only to digital money, but in various fields. One of the areas that can be implemented by blockchain is digital tourism, specifically in the online review system of tourism products. The current online review system has several problems due to its centralized nature. The problem faced is the manipulation of review data which can be in the form of review deletion by a centralized party. This research proposes a decentralized online review system using the Ethereum blockchain technology, Smart Contracts, and IPFS to provide a secure, transparent, and trustworthy online review system platform. The purpose of this research is to implement a permission-less blockchain as a storage for reviews (review forms and log notes) and develop a web application as a user interface. The data used is data from travel sites which contain details about hotels and restaurants in Bukhara. The results displayed are the development of a web application that implements a permission-less blockchain using Ethereum and the system performance is displayed based on system testing, which comprised of unit testing and Black-Box testing.

 
 
 Storing student grades in universities is a sensitive issue when it comes to the security of campus computer networks. In this paper, we propose a blockchain model to ensure the secure storage of student grade data. Each record of recording student grades by a lecturer can be seen as a record in a journal or ledger. All records in one of the departments in a faculty can be seen as a student grade journal. Modeling this data by viewing data records as a journal allows us to model a database for all records in an encrypted and distributed manner. Namely, a model that resembles the blockchain model. In this perspective, a blockchain network can be made in which each node is stored in a different direction. So if there are three departments within the faculty, a blockchain with three vertices can be made. Each node keeps a copy of the overall student grade journal data. So that each node can mutually verify the validity of transaction records in each department. Student value journals are structured in such a way that they form a blockchain that builds hashes that lock together. This modeling of student value records answers the problem of being vulnerable to student scores hacked by irresponsible parties both from within the campus and from outside the campus. Security follows the protocols in the blockchain architecture.
 
 
Heru Saputra, Bebby Ilham Aresta, Tri A Sundara, Ilfa Stephane · 5 authors
A diploma is a document of recognition of learning achievement from a level of education obtained after completing the study period after passing the final exam. The importance of the certificates' existence for working purposes has resulted in the proliferation of making and using fake certificates for various purposes such as applying for jobs, fulfilling the requirements to become members of the legislature, etc. The Diploma Information System using blockchain-based distributed computing can be one way to maintain the diploma's authenticity and validity. This study uses the waterfall method with several applications, ethereum remix ideas, ganache, and metamask, aiming to develop blockchain-based diploma information on STMIK Indonesia Padang by utilizing blockchain technology.
Indonesia is a densely populated country with a population of 260 million, making Indonesia the fourth most populous country in the world. The continued rapid development of the economy in Indonesia has made land an asset that provides benefits. In Indonesia, land ownership that has the highest legal power is proven by a Certificate of Ownership or in indonesian is called as Sertifikat Hak Milik (SHM). Meanwhile, the land titling process is often complex and lengthy, and because of the processing carried out by government agencies in handling a variety of different documents, some structured people commit fraud. The impact is that the model currently used does not have good governance. This research offers a Blockchain-based solution in providing data harmony and openness, lightening in data access, permanent records management, and most importantly it is a solution that is cheaper and faster. This research offers a step-by-step model of Blockchain selection beginning from the public Blockchain ledger which will continuously incorporate two degrees of Hybrid Blockchain. The smart contract design of the Public Blockchain is provided in detail as well as the use of Ethereum in implementing its prototype system. In the experimental test using the local Ethereum test network directly to show the effectiveness of the system. The results of the analysis show that the model offered can reduce the costs required for processing information, the number of trips required, and result in easy access to important information. With the implementation of Blockchain, efforts to digitize land rights in Indonesia can increase.
Raaj Anand Mishra, Anshuman Kalla, An Braeken, Madhusanka Liyanage
Sharing of students’ credentials is a necessary and integral process of an education ecosystem that comprises various stakeholders like students, schools, companies, professors and the governmental authorities. As of today, all these stakeholders have to put-in an enormous amount of efforts to ensure the authenticity and privacy of students’ credentials. Despite these efforts, the process of sharing students’ credentials is complex, error-prone and not completely secure. Our aim is to leverage blockchain technology to mitigate the existing security-related issues concerning the sharing of students’ credentials. Thus, the paper proposes a tamper-proof, immutable, authentic, non-repudiable, privacy protected and easy to share blockchain-based architecture for secured sharing of students’ credentials. To increase the scalability, the proposed system uses a secure off-chain storage mechanism. The performance and viability of the proposed architecture is analyzed by using an Ethereum based prototypical implementation. The test results imply that requests can be executed within few seconds (without block-time) and the system has stability to process up to 1000 simultaneous requests.
Fajar Delli Wihartiko, Sri Nurdiati, Agus Buono, Edi Santosa
<p class="Abstrak">Dewasa ini teknologi <em>blockchain</em> dan kecerdasan buatan (<em>artificial intelligence</em>/AI) telah diimplementasikan dalam bidang pertanian. Teknologi <em>blockchain</em> menjanjikan keamanan dan peningkatan kepercayaan untuk pengguna. Teknologi kecerdasan buatan menjanjikan berbagai kemudahan bagi pengguna. Perpaduan kedua teknologi tersebut dapat meningkatan kepercayaan terhadap sistem kecerdasan buatan (<em>blockchain for</em> AI) atau dapat juga digunakan untuk meningkatkan kinerja sistem<em> blockchain </em>(AI <em>for</em> <em>blockchain</em>). Tujuan penelitian ini mengulas kedua teknologi tersebut dalam studi literatur serta memberikan tantangan riset ke depan terkait implementasinya di bidang pertanian. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah <em>Systematic Literature Review </em>(SLR) dan <em>text mining</em>. <em>Text mining </em>digunakan untuk memberikan deskripsi riset yang ada berdasarkan kata-kata di setiap artikel terpilih. SLR digunakan untuk memberikan ulasan yang komprehensif terkait riset <em>Blockchain </em>dan kecerdasan Buatan dalam pertanian. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat 10 % penelitian terkait penerapan <em>blockchain </em>dan AI dalam pertanian. Riset tersebut memiliki potensi besar untuk berkembang terlihat dari peningkatan jumlah publikasi dalam 2 tahun terakhir. Kontribusi penelitian ini meliputi posisi riset terkini dan usulan riset ke depan dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi pertanian Indonesia. Posisi riset tersebut didominasi komunitas peneliti dari negara-negara di Asia seperti India (33%), Pakistan (33%), China (14%) dan Korea (14%). Originalitas penelitian ini terletak pada studi literatur dari integrasi teknologi <em>blockchain </em>dan kecerdasan buatan dalam bidang pertanian menggunakan SLR dan <em>text mining.</em></p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p class="Abstrak"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p class="Abstrak"><em>Artificial intelligence and blockchain technology are being developed and implemented in Agriculture. Blockchain technology promises security and trust for users. Moreover, artificial intelligence technology promises convenience for users. The combination of these two technologies will increase trust in artificial intelligence systems. Besides, this combination can also increase security on the blockchain system through the application of artificial intelligence. This paper summarizes the application of both technologies and reviews them in a systematic literature review, presents a description of articles based on text mining, and provides future research challenges related to the implementation of blockchain and artificial intelligence in agriculture. The methodologies used are Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and text mining. Text mining is used to describe a description of existing research based on the words in each selected article. SLR is used to provide a comprehensive review of Blockchain research and Artificial intelligence in agriculture. The results showed that there were 10% of research related to the application of blockchain and AI in agriculture. This research has great potential for growth as seen from the increase in the number of publications in the last 2 years. The contribution of this research includes the latest research positions and future research proposals taking into account the conditions of Indonesian agriculture. </em><em>The research position is dominated by the research community from countries in Asia such as India (33%), Pakistan (33%), China (14%) and Korea (14%). The originality of this research is a literature study on the integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence in agriculture using SLR and text mining.</em></p><p class="Abstrak"><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>
Penemuan teknologi baru serta koneksi yang meluas berperan penting pada aspek kehidupan sehari-hari. Dengan perkembangan teknologi saat ini sistem pendidikan yang terbaru telah dikembangkan namun mengalami kendala terkait proses pembelajaran, pembayaran, kepercayaan siswa, serta sertifikasi sertifikat. Dengan begitu, teknologi blockchain hadir memperoleh sorotan yang besar dari para periset serta praktisi. Perihal ini atensi yang paling utama disebabkan oleh fitur unik yang dimiliki teknologi blockchain yaitu terkait sistem desentralisasi, keamanan, serta dalam berbagi data. Penyelesaian dalam permasalahan pembelajaran bersumber pada teknologi blockchain. Dengan metode terpercaya serta terdistribusi dalam menyimpan catatan pendidikan pada teknologi blockchain, terciptanya sistem berbagi dalam sumber pembelajaran, berbagi sertifikat digital yang kredibel, serta mengamankan intelektual lewat enkripsi informasi. Riset menampilkan bahwa integrasi pertumbuhan teknologi blockchain merupakan tren yang sangat efektif dalam dunia pendidikan. Penyimpanan informasi blockchain menggunakan database terdistribusi, dan sebagai pencatat blok data. Dalam tahapan penyusunan bersumber pada stempel waktu. Pada bok informasi yang baru tidak bisa dihilangkan. Meminimalisir penghancuran informasi serta menurunkan tingkat penipuan adalah fungsi dari algoritma kriptografi. Dalam perkembangan, hampir seluruh pembelajaran sentralisasi memberikan kursus mutu yang monoton. serta kurangnya pengakuan publik atas sistem sertifikasi yang efisien. Pencatatan informasi penyusunan teknologi blockchain memberikan metode yang efektif dalam pencatatan informasi pembelajaran Ulasan ini merupakan Tinjauan sistematis studi menyelidiki aplikasi pembelajaran berbasis blockchain. Dalam Suatu analisis hasil rinci dari tiap tema dicoba dan juga dialog intensif berdasarkan penemuan. Tinjauan ini juga menawarkan wawasan ke wilayah pembelajaran yang lain yang bisa mengambil faedah dari teknologi blockchain.
Blockchain is a decentralized network consisting of peer-to-peer nodes which perform all the operations within a network without the need of a central authority unlike IoT where information exchange, validation and authentication of data is done using a central authority. The trivial security and privacy protocols in place for IoT suffer due to the decentralization and limited resource capabilities of IoT devices. Blockchain in IoT with its cryptographic functions and decentralized nature could prove significantly useful. This paper discusses the motivation for IoT using Blockchain, the attacks and challenges in Blockchain, the challenges in the integration of Blockchain in IoT and the opportunities of such an integration. Some applications of Blockchain in IoT are also discussed to provide an insight into the future prospect of this integrated technology.
Blockchain is a jointly distributed and decentralized ledger, in which nodes are aiming to record transaction history with very different networks. This technology is quite practical if used in the field of higher education to carry out digital certification, record keeping, etc. From several papers published on this, no single paper covering educational projects based on the blockchain can find it. So there are the latest opportunities for higher education trends. Projects in the field of higher education that are blockchain-based are aimed at solving problems that occur in educators today. On that basis, we conclude that there is a need for a systematic literature review. Therefore, based on the education project, this study will review the artistic gap between the two. This paper will focus on the protocol used in this project and explore several blockchain-based higher education projects that will be the aim of this paper. As well as analyzing the blockchain features currently in use today and the services that will be offered by existing educational projects, to improve the implementation of technology in the field of education by using the blockchain feature.
The current situation of the Covid-19 pandemic is currently increasing public concern about the community. The government has especially recommended Stay at Home and the implementation of PSBB in various regions. One of the concerns is when the election of regional leaders to the general chairman. Even though there is already a safeguard regulation, this is not considered safe in the current Covid-19 pandemic. The solution in this research is the use of a blockchain-based E-voting system to help tackle election unrest during Covid-19. Where e-voting with blockchain technology can be carried out anywhere through the device without the need to be present in the voting booth, reducing data fraud, accurate and decentralized voting results that can be accessed by the public in real-time. The use of cryptographic protocols is applied for data transfer between system components as well as valid system security. This research method uses SUS trial analysis in a significant system of the Covid-19 pandemic situation. The implication that the SUS Score analysis shows 90 shows an acceptable E-voting system, meaning that the community can accept it because it brings positive and significant impacts such as effectiveness and efficiency.