The present work tries to evaluate the present Law of Municipal Co-participation of the Province of Buenos Aires from the point of view of the capacity of financing of the cost of the municipal health sector in the Province of Buenos Aires. The "health component" explains the 37% of the distribution of the co-participable mass. The implicit "prices" of the selected variables, influence the "what" and "how" to produce goods in health. This is why the controversies between the fiscal objectives shaped in the normative variant of the method and the assigning eficiency of the sector, as well as the fairness in health, central objectives of the sanitary policy, are put in evidence. As a conclusion and after analysing the results of the distribution, I attempt to demonstrate that in a system of distribution of funds, where variables that try to partially measure the activity of a government function are included, where the criterion to repay the cost of the decentralized public services reigns, in the specific case of health it transforms into a signal that confirms and deepens the assigning inefficiency and the inequality in the distribution.
Don Perugini, Dennis Jarvis, Stefan Reschke, Don Gossink
Military operations typically involve cooperation of various military, government and commercial organizations from various nations. In order to coordinate these autonomous organizations, a social mechanism is required that facilitates deliberative planning and task allocation in decentralized, open and dynamic environments, and enables agreements via a legal contracting process. In this paper, we present (a component of) such a mechanism, called the legal agreement protocol (LAP). Agents that plan using LAP must plan with partial observability that is the customer is only aware of proposals (capabilities) that suppliers choose to send. This makes it difficult for the customer to determine the (minimum/average) expected cost of any unallocated sub-tasks in its search. In this paper, we present and compare various heuristics that allow the customer to dynamically determine the expected cost for sub-tasks as proposals are received during planning. We show that different heuristics have tradeoffs in terms of quality of solution and search effort (efficiency of search and quantity of communication). The number of distributed agents involved in planning also influences the effort required to search. More agents increase communication, but provide more information (observability) about agents' capabilities to be utilized by the heuristics
This paper postulates a life cycle model of university entrepreneurialism at the national level. Based on the analysis, this paper identifies two fundamental sources of such entrepreneurialism: 1) the institutional anchoring of the university of a public-private hybrid form in organization and finance; 2) decentralization of the system in such a way as to encourage a high level of competition and differentiation. We hypothesize that when national university systems grow and exhibit signs of demand overload, political pressures for system homogenization increase; system homogenization weakens both sources of entrepreneurialism and leads to decline. The sources of decline are thus unintended consequences of policy choices to cope with the side effects of demand overload within national university systems. Implications for the ascendant Chinese university system are derived.
>The translator into Hungarian of several of my writings on art theory recently sent me a catalog of the work of a young artist from her country, Ăgnes Eperjesi.1 The translatorâEszter Babarczyâis a gifted critic in her own right, and I cannot do better than quote from her letter, which explains why she felt I would be especially interested in Eperjesi's art. She thought your ideas about transfiguration and the commonplace applied to her work, and she took inspiration from your essays. Hers is a remarkable and long journey from experimental photography to an absolutely unique venture of collecting wrappings of household products, and taking the humble sign language of ordinary household chores, and recreating them as objects of beauty and irony. The products, like dishwashers and vacuum cleanersâor underwearâwere in all likelihood intended for export to countries anywhere in the world, which implies that they will fit into forms of life that must be much the same the world over. So the images must themselves belong to the sign language of globalism, necessarily universal in that they have to be legible to consumers who cannot be counted on to have a common language. The signs show what the consumers need to know about the products they have purchasedâwhich side of a pair of underpants is front and which side is back, for example. In many, though not, all cases, they are pictograms or even isotypesâan acronym for âInternational System of Typographic Picture Educationââsigns of a kind initially invented in 1936 by the Logical Positivist, Otto Neurath, who may have been influenced by Wittgenstein's soâcalled picture theory of language. Neurath anticipated globalism in saying: âThe visual method becomes the basis for a common cultural life and a common cultural relationship.â2 Just consider their international use in giving traffic directions to drivers who may or may not be able to read the language of the country in which they are traveling, or in guiding us through foreign airports. Isotypes are among the rare practical and positive contributions made by modern philosophy to the common life of humankind. When these pictograms are recycledâor transfiguredâinto works of art, their implied universality is elevated to a portrait of the society in which the products are to be used. I would not altogether follow Babarszy in calling Eperjesi's works beautiful and, in truth, I am somewhat at a loss to describe them aesthetically. But I can appreciate that in transfiguring the isotype into an artwork, an interesting reversal of Walter Benjamin's famous distinction has taken place: the art of mechanical reproduction has acquired, through transfiguration, an aura, and in virtue of that the images may acquire an aesthetic interest they heretofore lacked. At least, as art, we look at them as critics, and notice their aesthetic qualities, such as they are. Just knowing that an object is intended as a piece of fine art may trigger the sense that it must be beautiful. Or better, we use this standard term of aesthetic commendation in connection with them that we would hardly use in characterizing the pictograms on which they are based. The term âbeautifulâ may simply be a compliment paid to art as art, without really being descriptive of the art at all. The goal of transâcultural communication may mean that features that imply ethnic differences will be erasedâthe persons are depicted neither as white nor black nor red nor yellowâleaving figures that are abstractly human, which in a way look quite âmodern.â But is âlooks modernâ an aesthetic characterization or a stylistic one? Modernist design strove for a kind of simplification through its distaste for ornament, and this led to stylization in modernist pictography. This does not explain why the isotypical pictograms are stylized as they are, which comes, rather, from globalist imperativesâso âlooks modernâ is façon de parler. But in any case, the pictogram has undergone some sort of aesthetic transformation in the course of its artistic transfiguration, however we finally describe it. Eperjesi's aesthetic enhancement of workaday images is as distinctive as Andy Warhol's transformations of Polaroids into portraits. As to Eszter Bararcszy's description of the work as âironic,â that is trueâbut it is due more to Eperjesi's titlesâor perhaps they are captionsâthan to the images themselves: the covers of The New Yorker Magazine have titles, the cartoons have captions. Either way, the titles/captions express thoughts that the images alone do not. Eperjesi has often selected her images with the intention of using them to convey how women in contemporary Hungary regard themselves, and how they think about the housework for which the product designated by the image is intended to be usedâusually by women as a matter of course. One of her images shows a man, a woman, and a child on bicycles. It is difficult to determine what product it stands for, though I would guess that it belongs to what we might think of as the secret life of women. The image could show a woman living a full active life, thanks to the product in question. Whatever its rhetorical aim, Eperjesi captions it this way: âMy new boyfriend gets along fine with my daughter. I hope it's not just a show for nowâ (Figure 1). This is interesting because the woman is evidently a single mother, looking for a new relationship. The irony derives from the implication that while women in contemporary society have been greatly liberated, they remain in a disadvantageous position in relationship to men, as much so in Hungary as in America or western Europe. They are the ones left to do the housework, and to hope that men are not just out to exploit them sexually. Ăgenes Eperjesi. The irony goes well beyond the power of isotypes. The three figures could, after all, just represent a family. Interestingly, most of the women are in Western clothing, which has become fairly isotypical: I imagine that the isotype on the door of women's' toilets, shown with a short flaring skirt, would be recognized in airports everywhere in the world, even by women who wear burkhas. In any case, the titles/captions have to be translated, as the artist has done, from Hungarian into the language of the country in which they are to be shownâEnglish, for example, in the catalog I saw. English itself is not, for all it ubiquity, isotypical. Even if it were universally used, as Latin once was, there would be a distinction between pictures and words, which means that while isotypes may validate the picture theory of language, they do so in ways having nothing to do with natural languages as spoken or written. The semantics of sentences in a natural language differ from the semantic of a sentence used pictorially, as in a quotation. But even quotations have to be translated. Tempting as it is to dwell on the artistic semantics of Eperjesi's pictures, my immediate purpose in using her work has to do with its extreme contemporaneity, and to the way it illustrates the pluralistic structure that has increasingly come to define the production of contemporary art, especially since the 1960s when artists first began to explore the possibility of using vernacular imagery. I have already touched on the question of their indeterminate aesthetic qualities, but I want ultimately to discuss this with reference to the problems that artistic pluralism has raised for aesthetic theory, and especially for Kantian aesthetic theory, which more or less dominated discussion until the decade when pluralism became a driving force in art. I understand âKantianâ to mean the view that artistic excellence is one with aesthetic excellence, which is understood to be a matter of pleasure and value distinct from the pleasure of sensual gratification, and internally connected with an ideal of disinterested contemplation. It concerns what the classical aestheticians designated âtaste,â and the main features of the theory are laid out in the section of the Critique of Aesthetic Judgment titled âThe Analytic of Taste,â which served as the great empowering text for aesthetic theory in modern times, especially, at least in America, in the critical thought and practice of Clement Greenberg. Immanuel Kant's initial interest was in natural beauty, which it was easy enough to relate to the visual arts, understoodâthe decorative arts apart, which were appraised in terms of âfree beautyââeither as accurate representations of natural beauty, or else as beautified representations of natural objects that in reality fell short of beauty. For what would be the point of making pictures of aesthetically repellent or deficient motifs? Greenberg had no such interest, as far as I can tell, and his chief focus was on abstract painting, which could be treated in terms of âfreeâ beauty. This had the advantage for him that he could treat even representationalist art as if abstract, and hence subject to formalist analysis. That is to say, he appreciated painting in terms of what we might call the aesthetics of medium, since painterly excellence is determined by what pertains to properties essential to that medium, namely, in Greenberg's view, relationships between flat forms, irrespective of what the forms may signify. Aesthetic value is what these forms convey to visual perception, in which all concepts are put out of play. Kant of the pleasure taken in an object of any For the alone with he or she may put for the in The of the artist was to from painting not the The was the production of beauty for The of Greenberg's modernist aesthetics on soâcalled art in the was is is how pluralism have at all when the had all the power and in the at least so far as contemporary visual art was But for that an I am to the aesthetic began to way in the and became just when Greenberg his most in his The implied by in in the catalog for the at the of was to the between art and would have spoken of the between art and reality so far as were In artistic that the of giving to art out of of had become the it was was not when in the but the kind of aesthetic by the making for what one may think of as a pluralism of aesthetic for a aesthetic that is the of the kind of aesthetic excellence Kant and Greenberg took for It is the aesthetics of and as in he the and in which the work applied as it was used by to an object of use in connection with which and are in or as by what once as is the aesthetic of by and there is question that a for it can be and even by and to young with themselves through a of Kant's main was to what one might call a pluralism of by which I mean the common and somewhat view that beauty is in the of the and that differences in are to differences in Kant to show that beauty is and to be the same for all. This was a kind of aesthetic view that soâcalled were simply aesthetically in their was the for the of Western in what to be Greenberg was that his critical practice was by Kant's Critique of Aesthetic which he often the on art. In truth, the of might have in the the remarkable of Greenberg's critical could be taken to have a of on Kant's abstract which a from a of painting hardly in his own of Kant's to Greenberg's which to aesthetic that in the New there was Kant's that of beauty are and that they are universally that they are in no sense Greenberg of beauty. interest was in what he in art, which that his could not be to the aesthetics of which would of course have been of interest to In Greenberg that in art can be neither nor by or alone in this the so to of Greenberg's view is that is what is Greenberg Kant for how it was to be or in of aesthetic not think one had to know of the kind that art concerns itself with in to be or about art. he that had the possibility of of art that we or art has nothing to do with once that though he about art, he would be able to out the or three in a They need not be by the by which themselves such but that was because they were by that had to do with aesthetic as he understood was to say, in front of a piece of art, beyond an But that in no sense that one was as Greenberg's in philosophy would have having come to the view that aesthetic is That it was, on the is by Greenberg's way of his and them when the work to be was in front of the as if a the had to to by way of was what aesthetic Greenberg's was through his in artistic in at a when there was on the of to abstract art as This would have art on the New at the New and at the New the to on abstract art, because they have not taken the to of it. enough to be able to the from the in abstract art, no one has the to be on this were who to with Greenberg on could I have been using for Greenberg was the New to in the that made The of his of had about it the of a It him as well as great power in the Greenberg and, more Kant was in their to that there is a of aesthetic qualities, that to be recognized when of language touched on the of aesthetics at about the same that Greenberg dominated critical in I have in an of much it is to be we could for a while about the beautiful and to the and the this in his in his for as this out the that we to use the of ordinary language some interesting were made by such as who to that aesthetic were not It would have been interesting to out if this was the for aesthetic as a for if not, what if there are. not in Greenberg's was But aesthetics took a in the decade to the philosophy of art, I am to say, with my âThe which was by and to a by the work of and especially of the became the of art, and that has more or less been the for the philosophy of art was interesting was how a aesthetics in that as as the aesthetic in artistic production and in the increasingly art world, in the and but in and finally everywhere that art was to the The artists that were and the and the in work aesthetics was of since the of art had to with the and the in which aesthetic were at there was a question of aesthetics had really to do with art at all. This was a that from the it had that aesthetic pleasure was what art was all I was fairly about the of aesthetics for art. In my main work in the philosophy of art, The of the I with what I thought of as for a of art is about and hence and that an its which is what art I this by calling works of art In my The of I more or less that aesthetics is than had been and if there were not a namely, that to be a work of art, has to have some aesthetic not beauty, say, not I the that art need have any aesthetic at all. I a distinction between and beauty, and, by between and when stands for any aesthetic that may is what I by beauty. The beauty of an is when it to the I several of this from contemporary art, for the and in In a I thought a was the use that made of beauty in painting the of as beautiful in which like a from the The beauty of was like the beauty of and the of the painting was that for the who must the of this by their the beauty is not in a work of art it which means that it in Kant's âfree and In my was to from the aesthetic of and an aesthetics of It is at this point that one might that the distinction the of aesthetic to which and the ordinary language aestheticians in the us consider once In is a had just the that the work was When first the of in it was a for was so and and made so much he was to It was simply a world from my it was like a that In a from that on was the of a made of and from a Kantian to an as when he applied as his for the that they have the of aesthetic that they neither pleasure nor to the They were from the of of they were aesthetic from the that was to in the when aesthetic became an aesthetic to the of the and itself a matter of the way had been for one might say, an aesthetic of of the kind out of which Ăgnes Eperjesi her art. It is not easy to describe this but it is easy enough to and it is due to the of itself due to the of making the images easy to read and to understand everywhere in the to a an recognized aesthetic in the images of the that Andy used in his first in in the of on They were the kind of that were on in for and like of the It is the aesthetics of by the need to the that would to the product But that aesthetic gets to be to the works made of as the aesthetics of images gets to be to the work Ăgnes Eperjesi on of work show their and from this is not the of The of this is that the to the question of aesthetics into the of pluralism is and It is if we are of the aesthetic of and disinterested contemplation. It is if we are of the way in which aesthetic qualities, of them to as by Kant and are to the of works of art as In the of pluralism has to the of aesthetic far far than aesthetics was able to I would say, that of these aesthetic is as as Kant beauty is in the of the but in the way in which sense are in the of the just as they are. in in the he but this in no sense it from as and and all qualities, not in but in the The is the same with beauty and virtue and This however no more from the reality of the than from that of the were to in the would or be less or is a in the and of to all these the objects of art and and to have the on life and taken the matter to this I must some to view on works of art a in a section of the the of the that he his of The Kant of is not the Kant of Kantian which is on the of I it to to show how my are to his in this section of his the of which shows how Kant was the in that the of was from that alone was not the when it to of products of which we that they at least in as beautiful art, they are without we nothing to in them on the of he means of the and this he goes on to say, no than the of It is of Kant that he will a kind of in to for a when the one might say, is really is as it an that has been in the way it was used by it to what is to is is that he has that is to sense and we a through the than a or a or a Kant as an one of the which we are to that Kant is as a sort of the when in the its does that often one by The in the of ones life and without through the image of a beautiful This is a quite commonplace use of and has nothing to do with as Kant to it âThe is one through as in irony or in that the in this Kant's is about the course of a as a way of about the course of a It is a beautiful which need have nothing to do with the beauty of the The just after from the visual is as an in its and as a as a with The power of is made through the that is not than can be a being of must have The image us more than is all alone the of power that an to the to itself a of representations that more thought than can be in a determined by It is in regard to the of that Kant of and of as from the of and as in reference to the of the This was much in the in the when he his In for example, a of for the of of which he was at the must have to the of an namely, that there are no in It in from this that we cannot the practice of painting on the of or on any of text with a to the of the to in full without and to use means for them from the that shows them the way to this or that of text a from the that his work to the of his work, but it a about art. art a and is not that can be ideas have nothing much to do with the aesthetics of and they are what is from Greenberg's who of in his of in art. In a which has to natural and beauty, has to do with art, which in was in the in of what were felt to be of classical beauty. is of that in his one these are hardly of ideal beauty. the of but I to for this work, in the de he for a to and is taken to be the of there is no using painting for of a to and to be in any Greenberg would have this as having nothing essential to do with art at all. was a term of critical in Greenberg's and in formalist own view is that the relationship of aesthetics to art was and The of pluralism has nothing in this But the theory of art as the of it how aesthetic can to the of the work that This I am is what when he at the of his on why artistic beauty is to natural beauty. It is because natural beauty is Kant could have since for him natural beauty is a of and us the sense that the world is not to for has a kind of as the has recently in his natural beauty, as in the of the was an to this kind of But its in works is to their beauty as art. One can that without for a that itself is in the of and The works of Andy I of convey they have as aesthetic what belongs to through their They convey the of the and the that for a will be and that and will finally come Ăgnes Eperjesi in the in which products are are of the society in which products are used. They are or better, as her a picture of what like a in her may in be the of a of a woman with a in a while gets into my I can of my (Figure even image of a woman with a is into a of and a on for the of Ăgenes Eperjesi.
Respected chair persons and members of the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS), I am extremely happy and privileged to be here at the 59th Annual Conference, before an enlightened gathering to preside over the prestigious IPS. It is a rare honour and it shall be my endeavour to prove myself worthy of being chosen for this prestigious and highly coveted honour among the psychiatrists. I know my limitations but I am also aware of the great role that can be played by our society and I make bold to place before you many of my experiences in the field to exhort my fellow psychiatrists that we have a great responsibility ahead. From what I have observed during these years of my active practice, I have no doubt in my mind that the psychiatry as a profession is slowly gaining ground and in the years to come it will play an effective role in disabusing the minds of the public of their wrong and ill conceived notions. I shall endeavour my best with the cooperation and support of all my fellow psychiatrists. There were quite a few topics that I short listed for my presidential address. Finally, I zeroed in on this topic titled âMAKING PSYCHIATRY A HOUSEHOLD WORDâ as I feel the art and science of psychiatry has a great deal to offer society apart from treating the âcrazy peopleâ. To make that contribution, psychiatrists must continue to tackle society's most pressing problems and also raise the visibility of psychiatry and its perceived relevance to solving a wide range of personal, social and family problems. The image of psychiatry has been tarnished in the eyes of common man, thanks to the battering that the profession has received at the hands of the media, not to mention the apathy of the policy makers. Here is an example to prove my point. At the recently held conference at Jaipur, I was walking outside the convention center when I heard two young women talking to each other. One said to the other: âMy God!!!âŠ. He's so weird! He really should see one of those psychiatrists who are walking around here.â âThat's it!â I thought. âPeople think you have to be âweirdâ to see a psychiatrist.â The public tends to view psychiatrists narrowly, associating us chiefly with our expertise in mental illness. In reality, psychiatrists can promote coping and wellness in addition to diagnosing and treating mental illness. Many people today have significant stress in their lives and we all undergo crises and life-stage transitions as a normal part of life. Psychiatrists can help people assess how they are coping with current stresses and develop new skills and strategies. A lot of people find that their stress levels have increased in this era of wars, terrorism and natural disasters. We, as psychiatrists, could do much more to prevent problems by helping people learn to cope and build their resilience. I wondered what it would take to normalize our public image, that set me thinking and I looked into dentistry, which changed the public image of its profession in the 1980s when it teamed up with Colgate toothpaste in a public education campaign that promoted the idea of the dental check-up. This campaign led to major changes not only in the public image of dentistry but also in the very nature and public impact of dental practice. Dentistry moved from a focus on restorative dentistry to an emphasis on preventive dentistry. We have all witnessed the success of this transition. People no longer wait for a toothache to visit the dentist and employers routinely include preventive examinations and cleanings as a dental benefit. I am envisaging a day when people similarly take appointments for a âpsychological check-upâ akin to a general health check -up and when that day comes one can rest assured that the community has truly embraced our profession. At these check-ups they could address such matters as their stress level, their relationships, how they are caring for their children and ageing parents and health basics such as diet, nutrition, sleep and exercise. In my 30 years of practising psychiatry, I have had a unique vantage point from which to both observe and reflect on, the process whereby psychiatry responds to urgent societal needs and how these needs thus influence the evolution of psychiatry. As I see it, the scope of psychiatric practice is expanding and diversifying into new areas. In short, the stage is set for the public's as well as policymakers and health care payers' full embrace of our field and for the true integration of psychiatry into health care, Only if we make them aware of our scientific knowledge and professional skills. DISABILITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS The burden of mental illness on health and productivity throughout the world has long been profoundly underestimated. Data developed by the massive Global Burden of Disease study conducted by the World Health Organization, the World Bank and Harvard University, reveal that mental illness, including suicide, accounts for over 15 percent of the burden of disease in established market economies, such as the United States. This is more than the disease burden caused by all cancers.[1] This Global Burden of Disease study developed a single measure to allow comparison of the burden of disease across many different disease conditions by including both death and disability. This measure was called Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). DALYs measure lost years of healthy life regardless of whether the years were lost to premature death or disability. The disability component of this measure is weighted for severity of the disability. For example, disability caused by major depression was found to be equivalent to blindness or paraplegia whereas active psychosis seen in schizophrenia produces disability equal to quadriplegia. The World Health Organization's Global Burden of Disease study reported that mental disorders comprise four of the top five sources of premature death and disability in 15-44 year olds in the Western world. Using the DALYs measure, major depression ranked second only to ischemic heart disease in magnitude of disease burden in established market economies. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder also contributed significantly to the total burden of illness attributable to mental disorders. The projections show that with the aging of the world population and the conquest of infectious diseases, psychiatric and neurological conditions could increase their share of the total global disease burden by almost half, from 10.5 percent of the total burden to almost 15 percent in 2020. Major depression is the leading cause of disability (measured by the number of years lived with a disabling condition) worldwide among persons age 5 and older. For women throughout the world as well as those in established market economies, depression is the leading cause of DALYs. In established market economies, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are also among the top 10 causes of DALYs for women. The above stated facts, hopefully will be an eye-opener for all the concerned parties. From our side, we should do all that we can in whichever small way to reduce this enormous disease burden. My presidential address, I hope, will serve as an initiative to formulate ways and means to achieve this objective. IMPEDIMENTS IN MAKING PSYCHIATRY A HOUSEHOLD WORD There have been a lot of impediments in making psychiatry a household word. The main culprits are the age old concept of mind-body dualism and lack of integration of mental health care into primary health care, stigma, psychiatrists themselves, the apathy of the policy makers, failure of Consultation - Liaison psychiatry and media. I will make an attempt to briefly detail what resulted in these hindrances and some plausible solutions to overcome them. MIND-BODY DUALISM The earlier concepts of health glorifying mind-body dualism are bankrupt now and mind-body dualism has an enormous negative impact on our health care system. Because of it, our health care system does not systematically attend to the many psychological risk factors for both morbidity and mortality and it virtually ignores the psychosocial pathways that lead to unnecessary utilization of medical and surgical services. In addition, the psychological impact of a medical illness is not well by the health care is the that many people from a illness have psychological illness. Finally, the share of mental health problems are by primary care take a at some of the of the top health risk factors are diet, suicide, and of the leading causes of death have significant At as much as of all to primary care medical are for problems with a psychological those who with mental health problems and those who or for problems with a psychological component those with such as those with and those with medical one study found that than of had and A number of have that health care the utilization of medical and surgical The of people mental health are for by medical with in mental is a of the of psychological in a wide range of health including both and disease system and and In addition to being these are than across a wide of and including and that mental health can be in primary health care with and on but it is whether this is true of for persons with and mental illness. There is a long of in for persons with mental disorders that would be a single system of care that to medical and mental health services. Many mental health problems are seen as and thus the general health is a natural point for and treating mental health problems. Many also continue to find care for psychiatric problems more when by their primary care The and mental health care in an system also a that common and mental disorders will be and that and among will reduce and common of of The concept of a number of that are at the of health care them are the and A significant is that not be in a highly system of As medical are to be more and they have to to each and to know the and to the of problems that Because with conditions are and to their and they will not be with disabling mental illness will have to with who more and to deal with by and of these problems has but they are not can be to and with mental but this is a and can be to increase the of health care to disabling illness, but this must with many in an of new and practice by of public and is but effective in this objective. the that mental health for ill can be into the general health a and that are on at for the The is for persons with more and disorders. - A Psychiatrists should have been seen as and as an as they are so few in In are only psychiatrists for a population of over of psychiatrists to the of is which is quite Psychiatrists are seen in negative by the of the have been are seen as disease and not are seen as being seen as are seen as a on the most in the are seen as the to as not in and thus could them of their and being a are seen as making a a to their view are seen as not scientific psychiatrists in and are seen as are seen as only and not the have been up over and mental health of of and of including have contributed to these of by help has matters The of and of view has it from the the of psychiatrists themselves, the to formulate and not the focus from negative to and not our have it We of the of mental and disease in the but are not to prevent We of mental health but do not or we do not have or for mental health at the professional or We of well being and on The and do not have psychiatrists as the but are to our We would be to of and for but not in at the to preventive and health strategies. We can be if we are to The community of which is a part would be to allow us to lead if we have for and which are effective and We would have to hands with and community with to long solutions for the population than at a of only those who have extremely and We to be for the mental health needs of the and not only the for It is only that psychiatrists in and psychiatry in general would its place and a - PSYCHIATRY of the to with are and are for the cooperation and for effective is a on the part of some to the place of factors in the of the This be to and conditions that are to observe and or to is that mental health have long had a for The or at was in the many people the field in to their psychological problems. it and such an are to The that be and the of psychiatric The on of or at in many is with and One by many including psychiatrists, is that a will come in that the has a more disorder than the one and that the is on should the for psychiatric the the moved to this is not an the two care This is to the of if the psychiatric The should that lack expertise outside of and with psychiatrists is a that must be over a of the most here is to make but when called for an This reduce by the and allow to up in the psychiatrists have a for diagnosing as or the that they be to have some psychiatric problems of their The is not as many psychiatrists and mental health in make of fellow them or their A general way to many of these is for the to be in and to the of and medical and should that the is a in which the will have the The of with psychological problems in with should be and not The should not be or or that will be as very by the He should also be aware of the of the and than a take it or it I have found that with when I am by and does not medical the can find ways to make to the medical He should with and take the of these It is also to attend medical The of knowledge of one by psychiatrists and can during before such and can lead to the also the with an to the and of with their and AND MENTAL of people with mental disorders has throughout It is by to or or people with mental disorders such as It to and and to and It the public from and to In its most and in and it people of their and with their full in for in from the mind and by of in the of the mental health system in the United from the of an influence on and in the world. In the the public mental illness as a and an of mental illness. were not to as when with of who would have been said to be ill to the professional of the The public was not at mental illness from and and to see only of mental illness. illness great social stigma, with of and a that had scientific of mental illness. the in knowledge not social in comparison with the the public's of mental illness more This was true among those who mental illness to include psychosis view held by of the The also how of those with mental illness by The public was more to an with schizophrenia as mental illness than an with This people with mental disorders truly more some public but the of is The risk of is from those who have who have a mental disorder as well as a There is a small in risk of from with mental disorders if they are with their the risk of is much for a than for a family or who is to the with mental In is very risk of or to a from with an who has a mental Because the is to whether who is has of these or in the natural is to be to this all in the of mental disorders to the total of in society is Because most people should have to from those with mental illness, in its most is of so focus on and One of found that the public's and mental illness and people to from those with mental disorders. of the common with from psychiatric disorders are listed of mental illness of of It is not that psychiatry has a in its to mental illness, but that it has also to address its current of the psychiatry in their There is a of psychiatric on and and a to the are some in psychiatry, which are in minds and a great deal to the in psychiatry. A IN PSYCHIATRY and of and and for and help for mental disorders of all people with mental disorders do not the of mental health is among the many that people from to be in in to or and for mental disorder of is in the public's to for mental health services. to for mental health or has been public held in of the public a to for for with mental such as schizophrenia and than for conditions such as and the public to support for its support the that or would be In the of the to for mental illness is to be The public for mental disorders that for There is no or single to the with mental illness. was to with increased knowledge of mental illness, but the in some ways over the years of mental illness by to knowledge be to public is to that negative mental illness can be by on the and mental to of public education and with persons with mental illness and societal way to is to find causes and effective for mental disorders. this to be of and to are of mental disorders for which has The of an infectious and of led to the of when was to a and with was the was in the developed world. with had been in mental in the before its was no one has the of public these conditions over the and of this disease of its these also a more that the mental health field was when causes and were As were each was from the mental health field to medical For over of was moved to and in and over mental disorders was moved to The of this to is that mental health field over the years the for mental disorders was This the mental health field to by their medical that psychiatry was not part of and that psychiatric practice on and that for disorders them or the mental disorders not only but be by to mental health care only those conditions causes or To point this is not to that in mental health should be should be and The here is to some of the of the the general health and mental health that will continue to effective for mental disorders to be an effective people that mental disorders are not the of or will but are that are to much of the negative to to to be developed and science has much to to the and of As a in public should People should to should more to its most they should more to the that are the of this mental health and mental illness are part of the of health and they are a for all to would be the of the to who to mental illness regardless of from the of has been a in the success of on and AND MENTAL and medical profession have been in in the media. psychiatry and psychiatrists have not been so than the profession has been by media. illness has been the for and which the in the minds of the public mental illness and the the old some of the have psychiatry in extremely Psychiatrists are as who and for the most are not in their of mental illness. as as if is not in the minds of The is not in its of psychiatry and psychiatrists. I an by the which in the on the the no longer as a the Indian Psychiatric to do of that and it a measure of the of the profession of psychiatry in if you to a This of will the most from of psychiatric have been some of mental illness, the and both of which have been into the It is to that these have been well and psychiatrists are in a of will well for the mental health profession and for psychiatrists as a There are no to tackle this It is for all of as psychiatrists, to a to this It is our responsibility to more in the mental illness. For we should no as the of this can be of you must have seen in the and for public health causes you seen psychiatry in which I think of a when mental illness and the impact that will have on the common I feel that is a and we in are some to that I all members of to the and come more with a and the psychiatry and do all that you can to the image of psychiatry, which is for the public to embrace our IN PSYCHIATRY In this I would briefly some of the success in the field of mental The that come to my mind are the by the psychiatrists in the of the The has a lot of for psychiatry and psychiatrists. This is significant as this of will a long way in making the public more and in psychiatry. The by psychiatrists during the and and the so called in the Indian of and is a in point. a long way in the with the policy and the public I also the of and that is on in the and I also the of all the psychiatrists who have in the community mental illness and to the PSYCHIATRY IN must a with a as its more than psychiatry at the of a of has such a of as psychiatry This of both and is our and we must not up one for the of the other. health must more for Indian and psychiatry do not develop in a but they develop in a social psychiatric of and and to are all on This is not a very for a with its no has the of the and the of mental the way we have in we continue to concepts and these are in our We to on these and a truly to mental from such an will more with ground in of is its and psychological well being of the community for a and of the and we as mental health should that MENTAL I of this has a to a and an which to an of and family community and care or or in the that of mental health care with primary health care into the and of mental illness and into the of and effective and overcome the with mental illness public and Health to effective must be the for people with mental illness as for medical to mental health care should be across including the and to be with and should be to and to an of psychiatrists, to the current and needs of the population I psychiatry as my profession with a lot of and I am very happy I do feel to the way in which psychiatrists are in the society A day should come when we should be to that am a and in are psychiatrists and are psychiatry. This will if we to offer solutions to a wide range of personal, family and pressing social in and and the of in some of our role in We should make the that their health the to their should be on long solutions for the population than at a of only those who are extremely and We should make the community what we are is what our minds are the which the To this the with a the is a the mind is so to it is that we it to the is the medical profession to the with such emphasis on the In this who the of by in the is by and has to a to at the of the mind and all that it has I a day not in when people make appointments for general health check We to be for the mental health needs of the community and not only the for In these of I would to the the that you to see in the we play our role as psychiatrists, I a when psychiatry in general and psychiatrists in would their place and a household word. My to all of you is that each one of you needs to in this of a household one and all IPS.
The current political climate has almost ruled out the use of Internet voting.Many politicians, led by vocal computer scientists, are pushing for voter verified paper receipts; which is likely to push us even further away from even electronic voting systems.On the other hand, cryptographers have created homomorphic encryption and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs with features that can support Internet voting.Adding a few more protocols, including an extended voting period and repeat voting can solve the remaining problems need to make Internet voting at least as secure as existing systems.
Dike builders or disrupters of the peace? The counts of Flanders and water management in the coastal wetlands (from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries). During the late mediaeval period, water management in the coastal wetlands of the Low Countries was strongly decentralized. It remained untouched by the judicial and administrative policies pursued by Burgundian and Habsburg rulers which aimed to centralise control. In the case of Flanders, this had more to do with government indifference to the situation on the ground than with local resistance government policies. Many initiatives in the field of water management that have been traditionally attributed to the counts of Flanders, were in fact initiatives that were developed, financed and implemented locally, with only tacit support from central government. And yet in the extremely fragmented water management organisation of late medieval Flanders, a coordinating authority was vital to accommodate the divergent interests of local water boards or cities, and to overcome structural disparities in the funding of sea walls. In the absence of any obvious financial reward for themselves and constrained by the private strategies of their officials, the Flemish rulers did not dare disturb the local balances of power to overcome obvious deficiencies in coastal water management.
This thesis consists of a summary and four papers. The first two papers address political economy and indus-trial organization aspects of agricultural policy, and the last two international aspects of environmental policy. Paper [I] explains Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies to farmers by the influence of farmer interest-groups with an EU-wide membership. The analysis is based on panel-data for fifteen commodities over the period 1986-2003. Because the CAP is set as an overall EU policy, effective lobbying presents a collective ac-tion problem to the farmers in the EU as a whole. Indicators of lobbying, which are based on this perception, are found to explain part of the variation in agricultural support. In Paper [II], the Bresnahan-Lau framework is used to analyze whether policy reforms, i.e. the two-price sys-tem (an input quota, 1986-1991) and a general deregulation of dairy policy (1991-1994) had any market power effects on the Swedish butter market. The results show that the null hypothesis of no market power cannot be rejected, for any of the specific policy reforms, at any reasonable significance level. Paper [III] concerns the welfare consequences of environmental policy cooperation. It is assumed that coun-tries finance their public expenditures by using distortionary taxes, and that they differ with respect to compe-tition in the labor market. It is shown how the welfare effect of an increase in the expenditures on abatement depends on changes in the environmental damage, employment and work hours. The welfare effect is also related to the strategic interaction among the countries in the prereform equilibrium. In Paper [IV] environmental policy in an economic federation, where each national government faces a mixed tax problem, is addressed. It is assumed that the federal government sets emission targets, which are imple-mented at the national level. It is also assumed that the economic federation is decentralized. The results high-light a strategic role of income and commodity taxation, i.e. each country uses its policy instruments, at least in part, to influence the emission target.
In this paper, we study the opacity property of verifiably encrypted signatures (VES) of Boneh et al. (proposed in Eurocrypt 2003). Informally, opacity implies that although some given aggregate signatures can verified, no useful information about the individual signatures is leaked. However, the very fact that an aggregate signature can be verified leaks certain information- that the individual signature is indeed well-formed. Apart from this, is there any other information leaked? In this paper, we show that there is absolutely no other information leaked about the individual signatures when the aggregation contains only two signatures. In more formal terms, we show that VES are Zero-Knowledge (ZK). We then extend the ZK property of VES to propose efficient Additive Non-Interactive Witness-Indistinguishable (A-NIWI) proofs. Intuitively an A-NIWI proof can be considered as a Proof of Knowledge (PoK) of another A-NIWI proof. 1
This paper develops a twoâperiod overlapping generations model with heterogeneous agents aiming at analysing how decentralization in the provision of public education affects growth and personal inequality via human capital investment. Education is financed by a tax levied by either national or local authorities. The tax rate is chosen according to a median voter mechanism. During their working period of life, individuals look after their offspring by providing them with a high level of school education stemming from taxation. In addition parent's contributions to the social security system provide them with retirement income. Heterogeneity accounts for the differences in the optimal taxation mechanism, linking the income distribution to the tax rate, and hence to human capital accumulation, growth and income inequality. In this way we relate differences among agents to the tax rate. We show that decentralization induces growth rate disparities among local communities but it can be ruled out by a proper fiscal substitution between social security and locally provided education. Unlike in the literature, this type of fiscal design allows local economies to grow faster and more equally than the national design.
As Gandhi often pointed out, India lives in villages and unless village life can be revitalized the nation as a whole can hardly come alive. When India became independent in 1947, perhaps one-third of the villages of India had traditional Panchayats and many of them were far from flourishing conditions. The congress government has made a determined effort to promote the creation of Panchayats and to make them effective units of local self- government. Article 40 of the Constitution clearly declares âThe state shall take necessary actions to organize village Panchayats and to endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-governmentâ. The aim was to foster democratic participation, to involve villagers in the development of the community and to reduce the burden of higher level of administration. Though various steps were taken by successive governments to revitalize the system, Gramswaraj through village Panchayats remained as a distant dream till 1992. Bureaucratic apathy, indifference of the people, lack of political will, lack of uniformity etc were the main factors behind the failure of the system. Realizing the potential of the PR system, Rajeev Gandhi government initiated a process of Constitutional amendment to give sanctity and uniformity to Panchayati Raj system so that it can be immune from political interference and bureaucratic indifference. Rajeev Gandhi introduced 64th Constitutional amendment Bill in 1989. But the Bill did not materialize because of the fall of his Ministry. Finally the P.V.Narasimha Rao government introduced Panchayati Raj system in India through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment in 1992. \nThe article mainly focuses on the effectiveness of 73rd Constitutional amendment in securing empowerment of people. The article tries to capture the efforts of various states to implement panchayati Raj system and makes a comparative study of performance of states in terms of peopleâs participation, capacity building, de-bureaucratization and decentralization of powers. The salient features of 73rd Amendment Act including reservation of seats, provision for separate election commission and finance commission, gramsabha, taxes, periodic elections etc are discussed. More over it examines the initiatives of state governments towards democratic decentralization and highlights special programmes initiated by Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh etc to make the system effective. The article critically evaluates the effectiveness of PRIs as a system of governance for increased peopleâs participation empowerment and social change. Here attempt is made to incorporate the results of impact assessment studies conducted by World Bank. Concluding section highlights the need for revitalizing the system through integrating NREGP [National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme] and NRHM [National Rural Health Mission] etc
An important element in considering school finance policies is that households are not passive. Instead they respond to policies with a combination of modified residential choice and political choice of tax levels. The highly stylized decision models of most existing analyses, however, lead to concerns about the policy evaluations. In our general equilibrium model of residential location and community choice, households base optimizing decisions on commuting costs, school quality, and land rents. With both centralized and decentralized employment, the resulting equilibrium has heterogeneous communities in terms of income and tastes for schools. This model is used to analyze a series of conventional policy experiments, including school district consolidation, district power utilization, and different equalization devices. The important conclusion is that welfare falls for all families with the restrictions in choice that are implied by these approaches.
As data generation becomes increasingly inherently distributed, either due to usergenerated (multimedia) content or because of application-specific needs (sensor networks, data streams, etc.), traditional centralized architectures fail to address the new challenges of contemporary data management.A promising solution for the design and deployment of global-scale applications is the exploitation of the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm.P2P has emerged as a powerful model for organizing and searching large data repositories distributed over autonomous independent sources.The main topic and contribution of this thesis is the unsupervised organization of content into Semantic Overlay Networks (SONs), in a decentralized and distributed manner, and subsequently a variety of techniques for efficient searching and query processing in unstructured P2P systems.SONs have been proposed in the relevant research literature, as a way to organize peers into thematic groups, thereby enabling query routing to specific peer groups in a deliberate way, instead of blind forwarding.In particular, this work focuses on unstructured P2P networks that preserve peer autonomy.A novel protocol for unsupervised, distributed and decentralized SON construction is proposed, named DESENT [35,38], which employs distributed clustering of peer contents, respecting the requirements imposed by the distributed nature of the environment [138].Exploiting the generated SONs, we propose efficient routing strategies for answering similarity search queries [37,39].The approach is applied and tested in a distributed IR setting, aiming to address some of the limitations of P2P IR/web search.Towards this goal, a distributed dimensionality reduction algorithm is proposed [96], in order to reduce the high-dimensional feature space and improve clustering quality.Assuming a super-peer architecture we propose an approach called SIMPEER [43] that efficiently supports similarity search over data distributed over a large set of peers.We show how range queries and nearest neighbor queries can be processed.We also explore how to support non-traditional queries (such as top-k [141] and skylines [139]) that involve ranking.Furthermore, by relaxing the restriction of completely unsupervised environment and assuming a semi-supervised context, a novel technique for P2P summary caching of hierarchical information is presented, exploiting either predefined taxonomies [104] or XML schema information [36,40], which is applied in mobile P2P context-aware environments to improve query routing [45,44].6.4 Measurements from using different number of querying peers, given as the fraction of peers in the network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5 Measurements from using different skew (represented by increasing values of a) in the query distributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.6 Measurements for different network
Zero-knowledge proof system is an important protocol that can be used as a basic block for construction of other more complex cryptographic protocols. An intrinsic characteristic of a zero-knowledge systems is the assumption that is impossible for the verifier to show to a third part that he has interacted with the prover. However, it has been shown that using quantum correlations the impossibility of transferring proofs can be successfully attacked. In this work we show two new protocols for proof transference, being the first one based on teleportation and the second one without using entangled states.
Networked systems are continuously growing in scale and complexity. The technical and policy engineering challenges introduced by such a fast growth are currently addressed locally, with limited understanding of their impact on the whole. Such approaches are becoming impractical and insufficient. Next-generation networks need to address these issues by deploying adaptive and self-managing protocols and mechanisms to relax the persistent need for human-driven management. However, achieving these objectives requires conceptual, physical, and logistical modifications to existing systems and protocols. To this end, the traditional top-down approach to network and application design needs to be supplemented by understanding the bottom-up nature of evolving real-world networks.A critical issue that is significantly impacting computer networks and applications is the absence of an in-depth understanding and lack of control over the structural properties, i.e., topology, of large networks. Network topologies define the link relationships between the nodes in the network, and have a direct impact on the performance, resilience, and security of distributed applications. Large scale networks such as the Internet are the result of a time evolving process in which nodes and links between nodes are added, removed, and reconfigured dynamically. This dynamic process takes place in a decentralized manner during which nodes make local adaptations and reconfiguration decisions that optimize local properties. As a result, these local perturbations yield an emergent network that is often unstructured and complex, and have implications at the application-level, particularly impacting routing, search, robustness, and clustering. Understanding the structures emerging out of these adaptations is a complex problem part of the science and study of complexity theory and complex adaptive systems. Tackling this complex problem requires first, identifying canonical metrics to quantify the network topology and second, analyzing the impact of local perturbations of these metrics on the resulting network topology.This thesis identifies three local metrics, transitivity, assortativity, and entropy, and analyzes the impact of their perturbation on the applications of routing, search, robustness, and clustering. The local metric of network entropy is identified as a useful information theoretic measure of homogeneity of a network neighborhood degree. The metric is further used to derive a novel mechanism of clustering detection of the network topology. The overall objective of this thesis is to investigate metrics and mechanisms to better understand the evolution of the network topology and its impact on application-level functionality. The approach is based on concepts of emergence, self-organization and graph theory, and has three key aspects: (1) the identification of canonical local and global graph metrics; (2) the quantitative analysis of the impact of local perturbations on global properties; and (3) the application of the local to global mapping on the problems of routing, search, robustness, and clustering. Adaptations are performed in a decentralized manner in which local nodes use local information to add, remove, or rewire an edge to evolve the topology. Simulations based on annealing optimization are conducted to empirically determine the optimal bounds of the network structures for the selected metrics on selected networks. Further experiments on two modeled networks, random and power-law degree distributed, and two real-world networks, the Gnutella and Canadian Autonomous System networks, show that the impact of optimizing networks with fixed degree distribution on local metrics yield networks with routing, search, robustness, and clustering that are tightly dependent on the network's degree distribution. A key outcome of this thesis is the identification of network entropy minimization as a useful local rewiring strategy to decrease average path length and search cost, while homogenizing the size of network clusters and having a low impact on robustness when applied to power-law degree distributed networks that prevail in real-world networks.
This article analyzes the impact of counter-terrorism policies, e.g., the Patriot Act and the war in Iraq, on the financial structure of European terror networks and argues that such policies, far from defeating Jihadist activities, ended up boosting them. In response to such measures, terror finances have been skillfully restructured, the main changes being the decentralization of funding activity in Europe and in the Middle East and the declining cost of terrorist attacks.
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Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence