Blockchain Papers

Hendrik Tews, Bart Jacobs

No abstract is available for this record.

Aleksander Berentsen, Mariana Rojas Breu, Shouyong Shi

Many countries simultaneously suffer from high inflation, low growth and poorly developed financial sectors. In this paper, we integrate a microfounded model of money and finance into a model of endogenous growth to examine the effects of inflation on welfare, growth and the size of the financial sector. A novel feature is that the innovation sector is decentralized. Financial intermediaries arise endogenously to provide liquidity to this sector. Consistent with the data but in contrast to previous work, reducing inflation generates large growth gains. These large gains cannot be easily reproduced by imposing a cash-in-advance constraint in the innovation sector.

Benjamin Olken, Monica Singhal

Informal payments are a frequently overlooked source of local public finance in developing countries. We use microdata from ten countries to establish stylized facts on the magnitude, form, and distributional implications of this "informal taxation." Informal taxation is widespread, particularly in rural areas, with substantial in-kind labor payments. The wealthy pay more, but pay less in percentage terms, and informal taxes are more regressive than formal taxes. Failing to include informal taxation underestimates household tax burdens and revenue decentralization in developing countries. We propose a simple model of information and enforcement constraints that parsimoniously explains the patterns in the data.

Mira Belenkiy, Melissa Chase, Markulf Kohlweiss, Anna Lysyanskaya

Abstract. Efficient non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are a powerful tool for solving many cryptographic problems. We apply the recent Groth-Sahai (GS) proof system for pairing product equations (Eurocrypt 2008) to two related cryptographic problems: compact e-cash (Eurocrypt 2005) and simulatable verifiable random functions (CRYPTO 2007). We present the first efficient compact e-cash scheme that does not rely on a random oracle. To this end we construct efficient GS proofs for signature possession, pseudo randomness and set membership. The GS proofs for pseudorandom functions give rise to a much cleaner and substantially faster construction of simulatable verifiable random functions (sVRF) under a weaker number theoretic assumption. We obtain the first efficient fully simulatable sVRF with a polynomial sized output domain (in the security parameter). 1

Michel Abdalla⋆, Céline Chevalier, David Pointcheval

No abstract is available for this record.

Rafael Pass, Wei-Lung Dustin Tseng, Douglas Wikström

We show that only languages in BPP have public-coin black-box zero-knowledge protocols that are secure under an unbounded (polynomial) number of parallel repetitions. This result holds both in the plain model (without any setup) and in the bare public key model (where the prover and the verifier have registered public keys). We complement this result by constructing a public-coin black-box zero-knowledge proof based on one-way functions that remains secure under any a priori bounded number of concurrent executions. A key step (of independent interest) in the analysis of our lower bound shows that any public-coin protocol, when repeated sufficiently in parallel, satisfies a notion of “resettable soundness” if the verifier picks its random coins using a pseudorandom function.

Ronald Cramer, Ivan Damgård, Marcel Keller

No abstract is available for this record.

Jan Camenisch, Aggelos Kiayias, Moti Yung

No abstract is available for this record.

Mira Belenkiy, Jan Camenisch, Melissa Chase, Markulf Kohlweiss · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Lasheng Yuan

The objective of the three essays of this doctoral dissertation is to investigate the strategic choices of organizational forms by competing firms in various environments. The first essay, which is a joint work with Professor Guofu Tan, provides an alternative theory of divestitures that relies on product-line complementarities and product market competition. We consider a simple environment in which there axe two firms, each supplying a group of complementary products and the products across groups axe imperfect substitutes. We model the firms' choices of divesting and pricing as a two-stage game. The duopohsts simultaneously choose their divestiture strategies in the first stage of the game and the independent divisions compete by setting prices in the second. It is shown that, when competing with each other, firms with complementary product-lines have incentives to split into multiple independent divisions supplying complementary products and services. Such divestitures increase prices and the parent firms' values but reduce aggregate social welfare. Moreover, the degree of divestiture, as we illustrate in the linear demand case, depends on the severity of competition and the nature of product-lines. Then, intensified competition due to deregulation, trade liberalization and entry may trigger divestitures. We further show that if two firms axe able to coordinate their divestiture strategies, they can achieve the joint monopoly prices and profits in a non-cooperative price game. The second essay analyzes the strategic incentive of oligopolists to create autonomous rival divisions when products are differentiated. We consider a two stage game where firms choose the number of autonomous divisions in the first stage and all the divisions engage in Cournot competition in the second. It is shown that product differentiation ensures the existence of an interior subgame perfect Nash equiubrium, and the equilibrium number of divisions increases with the degree of substitution among products and the number of firms. Further, if divisions are allowed to further divide, they always will, which leads to total rent dissipation. Thus, parent firms have incentives to unilaterally restrict their divisions from further dividing. In the free entry equihbrium, it is found that the possibility of setting up autonomous divisions is a natural barrier to entry. Incumbents may persistently earn abnormally high profits. In the cases where product differentiation is difficult, the only pure strategy free entry equilibrium is the monopoly outcome even if the entry cost is relatively low. The third essay develops a game theoretic model to analyze strategic leasing behaviors of landowners in a nonexclusively owned common oil pool. The oil field development is modeled as two more-or-less independent one-stage noncooperative game. The landowners choose leasing strategies in the first stage, and independent lease operators choose extraction strategies in the second. It is found that, in a nonexclusively owned oil field, it is individually rational for a landowner to unilaterally subdivide his landholding and delegate production rights to multiple independent firms, even though more dispersed production control leads to heavier common pool losses. Moreover, the degree of landownership concentration determines the degree of production concentration. The more fragmented the land ownership, the lower is the degree of production concentration i n equilibrium. The analysis offers an explanation for the puzzling landowners' leasing behaviors in U . S . onshore oil fields.

Liv Bjornestad

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship between fiscal decentralization and pro-poor outcomes based on the role of fiscal incentives. The literature on the relationship between fiscal decentralization and pro-poor outcomes is not well established in this area. A conceptual model is developed to explore in more detail this relationship, while endeavoring to illuminate the complexity of the issues involved for policy makers in developing countries. Four types of fiscal incentives are explored: namely, resources, responsibility, autonomy, and accountability. The paper then assesses the effectiveness of the Vietnamese system of fiscal decentralization for achieving pro-poor outcomes through a devolved system of fiscal incentives. The paper suggests that evidence from the Vietnamese case indicates that fiscal decentralization may contribute to poverty reduction outcomes, but does not provide evidence that fiscal decentralization is in and of itself inherently pro-poor. Rather, the lesson from Viet Nam is that if poverty reduction is an explicit objective for government, the system of fiscal decentralization should target pro-poor outcomes through an appropriate system of fiscal incentives. Since 2002, budgetary reallocation and income redistribution linked to poverty outcomes has been more strongly associated with equalizing fiscal transfers than with devolved finances in general. This represents a broadly correct approach to target poverty outcomes in a territorially unbalanced country like Viet Nam. Targeted transfers contribute to pro-poor outcomes by increasing the level of resources available to finance poverty spending. However, increasing the level of fiscal transfers for poverty spending will not ensure that fiscal transfers are then spent efficiently. In order to better realize these efficiency objectives, the government can promote greater fiscal and administrative decentralization of resources and responsibility to district- and commune-level governments. Further gains in this area must also be supported by greater levels of fiscal autonomy and fiscal accountability at the local government level.

Aggelos Kiayias, Hong-Sheng Zhou

No abstract is available for this record.

Wang Yu-wu, You-Bang Zhan, (1)淮阴师范学院计算机科学系,淮安 223300; (2)淮阴师范学院物理系,淮安 223300

A theoretical scheme for zero-knowledge proof quantum identity authentication is proposed by the absolutely impartial third party CA， which has been realized based on remote state preparation and assisted cloning controlled means. In the process of identification， only CA knows the information of quantum identity card and the first party Alice and the second party Bob can accomplish the quantum identity authentication without knowing it. We discuss the probability of accomplishing this job. The security of this scheme is unconditional and it is guaranteed by quantum mechanism.

Essam Ghadafi, Nigel P. Smart, Bogdan Warinschi

No abstract is available for this record.

Christian Mina, Celia Reyes

The paper examines the progress being made in local finance reforms and indicates pathways to advance those reforms. A summary of the effects of decentralization is given as a contextual background for the discussion of local finance reforms. The inefficient tax assignment has constrained the mobilization of local tax revenues even as local government units have become very dependent on the intergovernmental fiscal transfer, called the “internal revenue allotment.” The paper raises the importance of revisiting the internal revenue allotment formula. It identifies the local finance reforms currently being undertaken and reports the progress being made at the local and national level. The final section comments on the outstanding issues in local finance reform and gives some recommendations.

Roy Bahl, Shinichi Ichimura

This book explores the important topic of fiscal decentralization in Asian countries, and focuses on how government finance and administration are being reformed to bring budgetary decisions closer to voters. The focus on Asia is especially important because all countries in this region have been undergoing serious fiscal reforms in the past decade. They include one of the biggest decentralization reforms in Indonesia, significant reforms in democratic Philippines and Vietnam which are in transition, and Japan, whose fiscal reconstruction program is covered extensively. India and China, which are also covered, are very special cases because of their size and because their policies must fit decentralization into a significant economic growth scenario.

Massimo Bordignon, Gilberto Turati

No abstract is available for this record.

Felicia Cornelia Macarie

The internal public audit procedures have been applied since recent time in our country and this strongly influences the managers’ and employees’ perception of the internal audit relevance. The internal audit is perceived as “another form or a new form of control” due to the fact that the audit departments were organized, especially in the local public administration and in the decentralized public institutions, with the support of the internal control structure and with the participation of the personnel who was in the past responsible for control activities. This error of perception impairs the internal auditors’ work and the organization management. The sources of the research are the annual reports of UCAAPI regarding the internal public audit activity between 2004-2007, available on the site of the Ministry of Economy and Finance. The obtained results partly confirm the hypotheses of the research.

Jarrod Long

All bettors, including the ???House,??? experience losing streaks and winning streaks. The House typically has a ???bankroll??? that is orders of magnitude larger than that of any individual bettor, and so can survive losing streaks without going bankrupt, thus remaining solvent long enough to win. Online wagering provides a new twist to this age-old scenario. We use elementary mathematical principles together with the idea of a virtual infinite sample size and the elimination of time as a constraint to develop a fail-proof system that generates the greatest possible exponential growth of capital. Let ?? (stake) be the amount you wish to invest or wager each time and ?? (return) be your return or odds on a proposition. Let n (number) be the sum of consecutive loosing investments or number of times you can loose on an identical proposition before depleting a specified amount of investment capital called ?? ( bankroll). The resultant equation, which I call the: Investment Betters Algorithm (click on thesis to view)
\nprovides the answer to remaining solvent long enough to outlast the irrationality of the simulated online ??? wagers open market ??? through a geometric progression. The augmented bankroll ?? , calculated slightly higher than the typical sum of the Geometric Series, can serve as a safeguard to capital ruin by it extreme disproportion to. Consider further the expected value of even money propositions, a virtual infinite sample size, and the elimination of time as a constraint and you have a no fail system to generate the greatest progressive exponential growth of capital. Current problems associated with financial return optimization algorithms are identified and discussed. Probable solutions to those problems are also prescribed along with improvements to diversified portfolio design.

Richard S. Briggs

Pp xi, 324 , Grand Rapids , MI/Cambridge, Eerdmans , 2007 , $20.00, £10.99 . Pp xxii, 228 , Bletchley : Paternoster , 2006 , £9.99 . As the old joke might have it – you wait centuries for a good introduction to the hermeneutical significance of the history of biblical interpretation, and then two come along at once. These two books come with remarkably similar titles, with even more remarkably compatible (lengthy) subtitles, and both from writers associated with (or at) California's Fuller Seminary, one of the most accomplished and thoughtful centres of evangelical scholarship in the USA. They both arrive ready to broker the insights of this here-to-fore specialist subdiscipline to a wider world of Bible readers, and what a marvellous job they both do, in their different ways. Thompson's is a longer project heavily dependent on a wealth of case studies. A coherent theme unites them: the vexed question of how issues of gender and sex have played out in the history of the church's interpretation of scripture. Thompson is a professor of historical theology, and has previously written two scholarly tomes on aspects of this question, including his Writing the Wrongs: Women of the Old Testament among Biblical Commentators from Philo through the Reformation (OUP, 2001). Here he draws together some of the insights of his earlier work recast around the more methodologically inclined question of how we learn from the history of exegesis. Nine case studies range through topics such as ‘Sacrificing Jephthah's Daughter’, ‘Patriarchs Behaving Badly’, ‘Gomer and Hosea’, and NT studies such as Paul's view of prophetesses, and the celebrated argument of 1 Timothy 2:11–15 regarding Adam and Eve. Thompson typically explores the details of how a range of witnesses have handled these texts, frequently demonstrating his baseline assumption that this is invariably complex, hard to summarise, and needs careful contextual consideration. It will be hard for the careful reader of this book to offer broad generalisations again concerning ‘the Fathers' attitudes to sexuality’. Even Tertullian's oft-quoted line about women as the devil's gateway is here set in context, not pardoned, but placed against his more frequent attribution of the evils of the world to Adam, rather than this one rhetorical excess concerning Eve. Each chapter then ends with between two and four summary observations, along with thoughts about how this might refine our own interpretative work. Here are some samples: Hagar's story is terrifying; laments and imprecations must be appropriated (and must not be misappropriated) – only Jesus is fit to lament and curse absolutely; not all the Bible is a model for us; a hermeneutic of suspicion is not always a bad thing; the Bible's divorce texts are hard to homogenize; few ever read Paul's supporting arguments [in 1 Tim 2] as literally true; sexual violence should not be covered up – old commentators may be our allies. Each conclusion is presented with a thesis-statement summary and a page or so of further reflection. Reading these studies should persuade any reader of several things: there is great wisdom in the church's tradition without this meaning that the church, mirabile dictu, saw all our own best insights before they were culturally possible (e.g. with regard to any proto-feminist agendas in earlier ages); where we struggle it is almost sure that the church's sharpest readers struggled long before us; and perhaps most significantly, where we often, following the lectionary, resolve issues by passing over texts in silence, this was never the way of the tradition, which was always willing to voice and interrogate the issues. In one helpful summary, Thompson writes ‘Although they would never have put it like this, precritical commentators are committed to remain “within” the text – unlike many historical critics and feminist readers, who do not hesitate to challenge the authority and autonomy of texts from the outside.’ (p.103) Thompson's book lays to rest the bizarre charge that the only two options are external critique or naïve acquiescence to the text. In this world of historical traditioning we find rigorous critique and interaction, limited to be sure by the historical horizons of its world, but fully engaged with the question of how to live with the God of such texts in their own day. Two other points: first Thompson appends an invaluable ‘Finding Guide to English Translations of Commentary Literature Written before 1600’ (pp 274–301), which should make it wonderfully possible to benefit from further study in this area. Secondly, this is a very well written book, the proof perhaps lying in the ease with which it takes the reader down some scarcely trodden historical by-ways and some state of the art hermeneutical reflection all at the same time, without ever appearing unduly complex or heavy-handed. This really is a fine achievement, and the author is to be congratulated on bringing the treasures of such study to a wider audience. Parris' work is shorter, and ranges more widely in its examples, but also essentially sets out to mediate the concerns of tradition-history, or what Gadamer called ‘the history of effects’, to an audience of (generally conservative) Bible readers who are probably labouring under the misapprehension that the task of biblical interpretation is just between them and the ‘author’. Parris suggests that it is more helpful to imagine a 3-way conversation between the author, the tradition, and the reader. Informed by the concerns of ‘reception theory’, he then offers a clear and well-illustrated guide to what is at stake in such a thesis. The opening chapter explores the area by way of looking at Psalm 121 and asking how the image of ‘lifting up my eyes to the hills’ should function. There follows a study of Jonah's fish (or whale), tracing the concerns of commentators regarding the nature of the beast, and its possibilities with regard to actually swallowing Jonah. A third, lengthier chapter explores the theoretical argument about living tradition, though it is packed with thought-provoking examples about how translation and the passing on of tradition in turn effect further interpretative possibilities in the life of the text. Chapter 4 offers thoughts on how to go about exploring the history of interpretation, offering a strong case study of how Matthew 28:18–20 was read at different times in the church. Chapter 5, the book's argument in miniature, proposes three levels of reading: for pleasure, literary reading (looking for overall flow, coherence, plot …), and then ‘detailed studies’. Parris is careful to say at the beginning of the book that he is not advocating ‘reception theory’ as the only tool in the interpreter's tool box. Perhaps in the light of chapter 5 one might say that the book is nevertheless a strong defence of the indispensability of this tool alongside other, more well-known ones. A practically orientated final chapter looks at how one might make use of these perspectives in teaching and preaching. Examples here include good (brief) studies of Augustine on Romans 7, the changing shape of parable study, and the case of the ‘moon-struck’ epileptic in Matthew 17. Parris' book is shorter and more introductory than Thompson's. It includes many engaging anecdotes of his own experiences in teaching and reflecting which help to make it an easy read, even if some of the colloquialisms that ensue (such as describing Calvin as ‘the 800 pound gorilla that cannot be ignored’– p.50) presumably made more sense in some classroom context than they do on the page. There are a few misprints, and some text off-set in boxes and margins (as well as occasional missing footnotes) which interrupt what would otherwise be a very fluent text, but in terms of substance and overall aim this is a successful introduction and orientation, with perhaps a slight sense that the intended reader comes from something like a traditional evangelical perspective and would benefit from seeing things more broadly. Taken together, these two books are timely reviews of the importance of engaging with the history of interpretation. The Bible reader does it anyway – the question is how well they will do it, with due respect to the nuances and still enduring significance of interpretative paths long-since taken, or with massive generalisation and the hubris of believing that we, only we, have finally scaled the summit of interpretative wisdom. (One of the most fascinating asides, in this respect, is Parris' tracing of the changing emphasis of the saying ‘standing on the shoulders of giants’– from indebtedness to surpassing superiority over the tradition.) Interestingly neither writer explores the theoretical frameworks of ‘reception history’ much, in Thompson's case hardly at all. Nevertheless, the proof and the pay-off is in the practical case studies, with their implications which stretch far and wide. All those engaged in the many and varied tasks of biblical interpretation could profit from reading these books, and seeing in them a gateway to areas too little inhabited by commentators of recent generations.

David Cantarero, Santiago Lago Peñas

In this article, the determinants of health care expenditure per capita in Spanish regions are analysed. The coexistence of several models concerning the degree of spending power decentralization and financing systems makes Spain a singular case and allows us to draw conclusions relevant for other countries decentralizing their health care systems. Analysing the Spanish case also serves to show a number of pitfalls affecting econometric estimation of the effects of income and demographic structure on health expenditure. Because the reliability of parameter estimates is a key issue in the literature on the determinants of health expenditure, these potential problems should be taken into account when estimating and interpreting results.

Roy Bahl, Richard M. Bird

Both theory and experience in a variety of circumstances around the world suggest strongly that if fiscal decentralization is to produce sustainable net benefits in developing countries, subnational governments require much more real taxing power than they now have. Students of public finance have studied the subject, and practitioners in developing countries have installed many different versions of subnational government tax. In most developing countries there are potentially sound and productive taxes that subnational governments could use: personal income tax surcharges, property taxes, taxes on the use of motor vehicles, payroll taxes, and even subnational value‐added taxes and local “business value” taxes may all be viable options in particular countries. Still, there is no general consensus about what works and what does not. In this review paper, we try and pull together enough evidence to suggest the way forward. We also develop the argument that given political realities one cannot usually decentralize significant revenues to subnational governments without having in place an intergovernmental transfer system to offset at least some of the disequalizing effects that would otherwise occur. Nor does it make sense to think of decentralizing exactly the same package of tax choices to all subnational governments regardless of their scale and scope of operations.

Ludovic Vigneron

This research is concerned with how bank lending relationship affects small and medium-sized enterprise financing. We particularly focus on the effect of this contractual feature on their specific asymmetric information problems. We contribute in several ways to the fields of corporate finance and financial intermediation. First, we find evidence that firms which work with more likely to provide lending relationship banks, decentralised ones, use less trade credit, social and fiscal debt and leasing. They appear to access more easily to bank credit. Second, we note that small and mediumsized enterprises choose their main bank for their ability to deal with the kind of information they can provide. Firms with hard information prefer to borrow to centralized banks and firms with soft information prefer to borrow to decentralized ones. Those which can't work with a bank of good type are more credit constrained. Third, we show that bank lending relationship improve collateral efficiency in credit contracts. It allows banks to offer separating equilibrium based on two dimension contracts: interest rate and collateral level. The information transfer during the relationship prevents agency costs associated with collateral. So good project holders can credibly signal themselves giving more collateral to obtain lower interest rate. By doing this, banks limit credit rationing in this context

Sabina Loriga

Historiographical debates do not always stay put in the academic world. It may well be that they escape from the academy more often these days. Since the 1980s, this has been happening repeatedly and in different ways in connection with a number of more or less public cases that captured the attention of a larger public on such topics as the memory of slavery, Nazi gold, the war in Algeria, or anticommunist purges. The controversy set in motion by Ariel Toaff's recent book, Pasque di sangue,1 published in 2007, is such a case. The book became the source of lengthy and tense debates as soon as it came out, in Italy at first, and soon internationally. In the first two months alone, more than 150 articles appeared in the most important Italian, Israeli, American, and even French newspapers. In view of this extraordinary public debate, Toaff's work and the public reaction to it should be of interest to historians everywhere. What is at the heart of the questions raised by the continuing debate is historical method itself as well as the context within which historians do their work and the uses of the past. With this book, the medievalist Ariel Toaff stepped out of the confines of academic history to bring public attention to bear on the old accusation of ritual murder leveled against Jews. He did this by revisiting a famous trial conducted five centuries ago. His motive is to remove Jewish history from its exploitation by modern Jewish fringe groups. In the wake of Toaff's surprising book, others have spoken out: among them many historians, and also newspapers, publishers, spokesmen for various religious faiths (Jewish, Catholic, Muslim), political groups as well, various pressure groups, broad sectors of public opinion (by means of petitions and blogs)—in sum, this book quickly set in motion all the elements of a strident political and cultural battle—think of the Dreyfus “Affaire”—although in Toaff's case we have a historian intervening publicly, not to proclaim the innocence of a condemned person, but to argue that he was in fact guilty.2 I would like to show that this debate has been carried on along a series of unconnected and discordant settings. We ought to clarify the configurations and the conflicting logical positions at work in these debates so that we can try to understand what is at stake here. Before I tackle the issues at the heart of the debates, it may be useful to go back briefly to the history of the ritual murder accusations. 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