This article explores the intersection of (1) policing and police intelligence with (2) national intelligence and military intelligence. The premise is that for more than 150 years, prior to the events of September 11, 2001, police intelligence had little connection to national or military intelligence. Basically, national intelligence focused on serious world-wide political and economic threats to the nation's well-being; military intelligence focused specifically on military threats to the national security; the police focused their intelligence work on criminals who posed threats to individuals and local communities. A fairly clear division of labor was in place, based largely on the type and scale of threats.Since 9/11, however, it has become plausible that a small group of non-state actors, such as terrorists, could launch a serious attack against the nation using weapons of mass destruction, or even small arms, as in Mumbai. These individuals might live in a local U.S. community or halfway across the world, yet plan and execute a massive and violent attack against a local U.S. community. They might also commit ordinary crimes to help finance their larger intentions. In this new context of terrorism and asymmetric threats, a local police department might develop intelligence of significant interest to national and military intelligence, or vice versa.Important historical, conceptual, and policy issues associated with the intersection of national, military, and police intelligence are discussed more fully elsewhere. 1 This article presents the results of a small-scale study in which subject matter experts were asked to respond to several scenarios related to intelligence and sharing, asking both what should happen and what would actually happen.U.S. POLICINGPolicing in the United States is civilian (non-military), predominantly local (funded and directed by local governments), and extremely fragmented. It is not just that police are distributed all around the country 2 - they mostly answer to local elected officials. The U.S. has almost 18,000 separate law enforcement agencies, roughly 16,000 of which are local. Of the remaining 2,000 agencies, the vast majority represent special jurisdictions (university police, transit police, park police, etc.), followed by state agencies, and lastly by federal non-military agencies. Out of 837,000 full-time sworn police personnel (armed with arrest authority), 74 percent work for local agencies, 13 percent work for federal law enforcement, and 13 percent work for state or special jurisdiction law enforcement agencies. 3The two largest components of U.S. policing are both local: municipal police departments (cities, towns, townships, boroughs, villages) and county sheriff's offices. 4 Two characteristics of these types of law enforcement agencies are absolutely essential for understanding their capabilities and contexts: most are small (77 percent have fewer than twenty-five full-time sworn officers), 5 and they are all independent of each other. There is no chain of command in the police industry - within individual agencies, yes, but among and between the 18,000 agencies, no. 6Along with industry structure, it is important to note a thing or two about police work and police culture. Particularly at the local and state levels, police officers in the field frequently act alone and without immediate supervision. Much of their work involves making low visibility - especially when an officer's decision does not result in a report or an arrest (and most police actions and decisions do not), it is rarely subject to review. If an officer's decision does not result in a report or arrest, it probably will not produce any official for later analysis. As Peter Manning notes, information in police departments can best be characterized as systematically decentralized. …
Alina Profiroiu, Tudorel Andrei, Marian Nica, Elena Daniela ŞTEFĂNESCU
The reform process of the state and implicitly of the public administration was a priority for the past governments of Romania. During 2004- 2009, within the reform process, the main actors involved in the coordination, implementation and monitoring of reform measures were: the Prime Minister, the Superior Council for Public Administration Reform, Public Policy Coordination and Structural Adjustment, the Ministry of Public Finance, the General Secretariat of Government, Ministry of Administration and Interior (renamed for a short time Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform), the Central Unit for Public Administration Reform, National Institute of Administration, the National Agency of Civil Servants, and the National Modernizers Network. For evaluation of aspects related to the reform process it was designed a selective research within the members of the National Modernizers Network, for assessing their perception of the public administration reform undertaken by the institutions presented above. Evaluating their opinion can be an important point in the revitalization of the area of the administration reform process. Also, the research conducted aimed at assessing the degree of modernizers’ involvement in activities related to important aspects of the reform process: strategic planning, formulating and evaluating public policies, financial management, human resources management, decentralization, introduction of new information and communication technologies and administrative simplification.
BACKGROUND: Software to help control diabetes is currently an embryonic market with the main activity to date focused mainly on the development of noncomputerized solutions, such as cardboard calculators or computerized solutions that use "flat" computer models, which are applied to each person without taking into account their individual lifestyles. The development of true, mobile device-driven health applications has been hindered by the lack of tools available in the past and the sheer lack of mobile devices on the market. This has now changed, however, with the availability of pocket personal computer handsets. METHOD: This article describes a solution in the form of an intelligent neural network running on mobile devices, allowing people with diabetes access to it regardless of their location. Utilizing an easy to learn and use multipanel user interface, people with diabetes can run the software in real time via an easy to use graphical user interface. The neural network consists of four neurons. The first is glucose. If the user's current glucose level is within the target range, the glucose weight is then multiplied by zero. If the glucose level is high, then there will be a positive value multiplied to the weight, resulting in a positive amount of insulin to be injected. If the user's glucose level is low, then the weights will be multiplied by a negative value, resulting in a decrease in the overall insulin dose. RESULTS: A minifeasibility trial was carried out at a local hospital under a consultant endocrinologist in Belfast. The short study ran for 2 weeks with six patients. The main objectives were to investigate the user interface, test the remote sending of data over a 3G network to a centralized server at the university, and record patient data for further proofing of the neural network. We also received useful feedback regarding the user interface and the feasibility of handing real-world patients a new mobile phone. Results of this short trial confirmed to a large degree that our approach (which also can be known as intensive insulinotherapy) has value and perhaps that our neural network approach has implications for future intelligent insulin pumps. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, there is no software available to tell people with diabetes how much insulin to inject in accordance with their lifestyle and individual inputs, which leads to adjustments in software predictions on the amount of insulin to inject. We have taken initial steps to supplement the knowledge and skills of health care professionals in controlling insulin levels on a daily basis using a mobile device for people who are less able to manage their disease, especially children and young adults.
In Italy, the transformation of government procurement began in 2000 with the model developed by Consip SpA (a public company owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance) for all public agencies across the nation. The paper is aimed to reconstruct the path taken by the public procurement reform in Italy gradually evolving from a supply-driven to a demand-driven approach. The Italian procurement transformation has co-existed with two different approaches to reform, which are working in parallel and sometimes at cross-purposes. A supply-driven approach focuses on tightening the controls on spending to tap economies of scale. A demand-driven approach focuses on decentralization and development of Electronic Public Administration MarketPlace (MEPA). The paper discusses the role Consip has played and is still playing to centrally guide the decentralization of public e-procurement, and shows the results of a sample investigation aimed at analysing the level of satisfaction of small/medium firms participating in the MEPA.
"For 25 years, Colombia implemented a rural development policy according to models adopted in Latin America since the 1960s. That policy advanced progressively toward decentralized andparticipatory development and it also moved forward to new concept of rural territorial development. Nevertheless, the Integrated Rural Development Program - IRD, turned into a Co-financing Fund, due to several reasons, ended during the second half of the 1990s. The change of protectionist policies towards deregulation, political cooptation of the program and the weak State capacities to replacing the IRD with other alternatives to stabilize rural societies contributed to the disappearance of the policy."
In Niger the decentralization of the education system and the implication of local communities in the management and financing of education services is the dominant logic of national education policy promoted by international donors. In the article I examine the mobilization of local actors in public education provision. I do this using an ethnographic study of the daily management of a newly established public primary school in peri-urban Niamey. The case study illustrates the diversity of actors, from traditional chiefs to district advisors and international development projects that are implicated in the provision of public education as well as the different logics and stakes at play. It is also revelatory of the limited room for manoeuvre of the ‘local community’ organized in school committees in ensuring the day-to-day functioning of the school. Finally it is argued that at the same time as education provision is in part taken over by local actors the idea of the state as the ideal provider of public education remains strong.
Numerous changes that have happened and are still happening in Serbia are the reason why her social and political structure is decentralizing and has to have fiscal and financial relations between the political territorial units decentralize. The new system of financing local government, which began to be applied from 1st January 2007, balanced the position of towns and municipalities.
Open access
Hungarian Social, Economic and Educational Studies
Kazi Md. Rokibul Alam, Shinsuke Tamura, Shuji Taniguchi, Tatsuro Yanase
This paper proposes a new electronic voting (e-voting) scheme that fulfills all the security requirements of e-voting i.e. privacy, accuracy, universal verifiability, fairness, receipt-freeness, incoercibility, dispute-freeness, robustness, practicality and scalability; usually some of which are found to be traded. When compared with other existing schemes, this scheme requires much more simple computations and weaker assumptions about trustworthiness of individual election authorities. The key mechanism is the one that uses confirmation numbers involved in individual votes to make votes verifiable while disabling all entities including voters themselves to know the linkages between voters and their votes. Many existing e-voting schemes extensively deploy zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) to achieve verifiability. However, ZKP is expensive and complicated. The confirmation numbers attain the verifiability requirement in a much more simple and intuitive way, then the scheme becomes scalable and practical.
On 4 June 2009, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) handed down its judgment in a reference for a preliminary ruling made by a Dutch administrative court (College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven). The Dutch court had referred questions to the ECJ in an appeal from the Rotterdam District Court, which had quashed a decision of the Dutch Competition Authority imposing fines on five mobile network operators for infringing Article 6 of the Dutch Competition Act and Article 81 EC. In its original decision, the Dutch Competition Authority imposed fines of €50 million on the five operators, Telfort, Orange, KPN, T-Mobile, and Vodafone, finding that they had exchanged confidential information at a meeting of 13 June 2001 regarding the reduction of standard dealer remunerations for postpaid subscriptions and allegedly agreed that the reduction would take effect on or about 1 September 2001. On appeal, the Rotterdam District Court annulled the decision in question and ordered the Dutch Competition Authority to adopt a new decision. In an appeal brought by T-Mobile, KPN, Orange, and the Dutch Competition Authority, the Dutch administrative court referred three questions to the ECJ regarding: (i) the criteria to be applied when assessing whether a concerted practice has an anticompetitive object; (ii) the evidence of a causal link between concerted practice and effect that must be adduced; and (iii) whether there is always a presumption of a causal link between the concerted practice and the market conduct when applying Article 81, even where the concerted practice was a single meeting. The ECJ responded stating that a concerted practice is prohibited by Article 81(1) where it is clear that its object or its effect is to prevent, restrict, or distort competition. Further, the ECJ found that there is no need to take the actual effects of the concerted practice into account once its anticompetitive object has been established. The ECJ also stated that the intention of the parties is not an essential factor in determining whether a concerted practice is restrictive, but it is a factor which can be taken into account. The ECJ held that a concerted practice of the kind at issue in the appeal proceedings before the Dutch court could be considered to have an anti-competitive object where the exchange of information removed uncertainties about the intended market conduct of the undertakings involved. With regard to the evidence of the causal link that must be adduced, the ECJ stated that its jurisprudence had established a rebuttable presumption that undertakings would take account of information exchanged with their competitors. The ECJ also considered that the presumption of this causal connection still applies where only one single meeting has been held, although the presumption is more compelling where undertakings have exchanged information on a number of occasions. to the the issue at is not the number of held but whether the information exchanged at the in question the undertakings the to anticompetitive market On the that it had imposed fines on and its and on for their in a that in the and between and in of Article 81 EC. The found that and of had agreed not to the in when they in to this to into and The found that the their even the European to in found to have on a at to have the of the in the and to have The imposed fines of million on and for their in the the the into account the of the the anticompetitive of the the in the and the the The was with in at the of in and On 2009, the ECJ an appeal brought by a judgment of the Court of of September a the million that the had imposed on in 2001 for its in a on the market was to In its the ECJ that when the of the account of the that had allegedly the of in the The a of a has on the of the the a of a a from its the even where the which would it to a the on the of in a an the to the of the In to a of the the decision referred to of evidence in which had been to the of the not to the that the on a for a of the In the this not to with the evidence that the had at its to in its decision a of the the ECJ found that had been from its of The judgment of the was it to the of its of the administrative the ECJ held had not been a of the the could in have the of the the judgment of the on the ECJ considered that the of the proceedings it to judgment on the In this the Court held that the not evidence of a of the The ECJ that the was not to a to on account of the from the Court to On 1 2009, the in its an by the European decision in the had the by the in of its decision to the a judgment of the ECJ that annulled the original decision of In its to the decision, a number of In it that the had no to its decision on the of the European and the in and that the to only 81 and and not the of the also that the ECJ has that it be held for the of in the that the is and that the its of to the and the to a The held that the was to that there had been an of Article of the and to a the of the to the the decision was on the in and the that the had not that the had its to for the of Article of that The only for the was that was in at the the new decision was The also that the decision not the of the of by or in one not be for the that the had the for the of the with and that the finding of was made the the that the was in of of in to the of or the to the On 2009, the European a decision imposing fines million on for their in a and the of and and in the of in the of a in to the the market for is million The was by an made by which brought the of the to the On the of its the found that between and the had a the to which they had the and agreed on for and number of also in to their in the of a for the that brought the to the from from the of million that would have been imposed on The of was by the had been for a in the On September 2009, the ECJ in its an appeal brought by and of its a judgment of the of In the the a decision of which and imposed a of million on the five for the in a on the market for the that the had in for the to not have its in the The that by that where a of the in a that Article 81 there is a rebuttable presumption that the its The found that this presumption had not been in the at and the imposed by the to the In its appeal, that the had not applied the of the of Article 81 and Article of In this the judgment for the of on the on ECJ and to that it is not for the to that a is by its in to to the must at the of the of that the in a its In the at in the of the intention to and with its was on the that had a in its in the decision, the also made reference to that the had a of the of on the which also its of in of 2009, the taken by the and that the ECJ the In its the ECJ has to the appeal, and that a be held for the anticompetitive of its even it not in The ECJ made it clear that where a has a in a that has the the can a the conduct of the and there is a rebuttable presumption that the in a the conduct of its with no to this The ECJ found that there was no in the for the of the presumption to the of to the actual of by the The ECJ that the not have to in its of or in its decision, evidence that to the of the in the also the judgment for held that the evidence to the and between the and its in to the of the and to the presumption of to the that the is to its to the of the in the that is to its conduct on the which is to the of and that the on to in a and at a that the of the conduct of the on the market in the would to a which is to the of by the of the The ECJ also in its The ECJ found that the conduct of the on the market be the only factor which the of the to be established. to the in to whether a its conduct on the market account must be taken not only of to the of the the of the and but also of the to the and that the to the The ECJ that the to be taken into account from to and be in an In the this not to the of a In this the ECJ that the is of the that has the the is and with the that for the and even where the not in the it the In that the ECJ that the of the be The appeal was from this judgment that it be in practice for a to the presumption that it the conduct of its the that the is of On September 2009, the ECJ in its an appeal by a judgment of in which the a decision of June that a of million for their in a of in the The which was the the of and of and by a number of in The by the brought an before the for of the decision or a reduction of the In its the the decision regarding its of the and but one of the fines The the it found that the had its on and had this market and that had been a of made a appeal to the of the decision or a reduction of their In their appeal to the the that the had in its of the Article 81 to the effect of anticompetitive conduct on between and of the of the In the that the had in in (i) that there is a presumption that a practice of applied the of a is to and (ii) that the three of the of the of an in the the of the its actual on the and the of the not the and that the of the the in determining its The also that the had in in the to from that the had an on the the of the the the judgment for held in to the the had not to the and for the the conduct of the by to the market of In in 2009, the regarding the of the market the and the to the of the market of in the the of the market the the that is to a of with regard to the when it that a has had an on the market for the of assessing the of the and the of the The that the ECJ the judgment and the fines imposed on the In its the ECJ a and the The ECJ that there is a presumption that a practice of that is applied the of a single is to and that that presumption can only be an of the of the and its the In the at the ECJ found that the presumption had not been In the ECJ that the not only the in but also a of and The ECJ that the had been to that the had the effect of and was to The ECJ also that the could the of the a by reference to the of the that not in the and in the of this the of the a in the of an The ECJ considered that the had not from the of the that the had had an on the the ECJ stated that the to the of the market of in the not of the conduct of to the In this the ECJ that by to the the market of in their the to that the of the fines imposed on the the of their that in this the essential by the their of information and of the the The ECJ also that in to the of the account must be taken of the of the to distort and the and the on of their to the it was to take into account the between the and the in the of the of the to could be that by their In the ECJ considered that the fines not have a effect the market of the not taken into account. The appeal was in its On September 2009, the ECJ the judgment and annulled the decision in the In the undertakings a of million for their in a of and concerted in the in of Article 81 EC. was million for this brought before the In its judgment of the the for of the decision and the fines for only of and and to the of the judgment and the decision or a reduction in their In of 2009, that the ECJ the judgment and the decision and the brought by and In its the ECJ has the of its and the from and which that the had evidence their in the or the of this and that the had the of and in the criteria by the for the In to the ECJ found that the had to from its finding that of had been to a between the of and the decision. In the of the had stated that it intended to only for the conduct of its in the decision, the also held for its conduct in to the that by not it the to on that at the of the administrative the had its of The that of had been but considered that this was not to the of the decision, could be held in for the of its The ECJ considered that the that in the decision, was held on the that it was in its on the of its not the decision been on conduct in of which was not to The ECJ that the of a applying the of which of the of in to the its the of must not only the on fines be imposed and be to that but also in which an is to the In of the ECJ annulled the decision in it to On September 2009, the ECJ handed down its judgment an appeal by and a judgment of September In the imposed fines of million on and for infringing Article 81 their in a the On appeal by the the of the that the had been not to on account of its the and the imposed on by brought a appeal the judgment before the In its appeal, that the had been in that there was no of the to in the of the of the market and of the of the In its the ECJ agreed with the of that the was by an of in that the the of the of the market by the to the of a to market and the of the the ECJ that when assessing the of and the the has reference to one of which is the of the In this the ECJ found that the was to that to to operators could be established by of to their market also that the had not applied the it the of the by to the of the and the of an a which could not be also considered that the had the of by to the of the infringing an The ECJ of finding that the had not the the ECJ appeal in its On June 2009, the that it has a in connection with proceedings brought by the European that has been its by for to a of in but also in a of which need to and have been by an standard of the The its into on when it that it had a of to the to the a by not its of to the and that to the to had to a from or its this the that was its by for the of its to the preliminary in the has to the it has to a for the of its to the the of for and of their in the and a for to with the of the In with for of for to and of for and to to at the be for a of five from the of the decision the of to The of the by in the June On 2009, the ECJ its judgment in the appeal of a judgment of the which had a decision finding that the for its an of a the ECJ that the of the proceedings was it of and the appeal in its The judgment of the ECJ was with the of the to the decision, was the on the market for and to a which to at the of or to for and a and a from could the on their to to that the could be by to the of or by The in its had agreed with the that of with it had on the number of on which the was the number of and by an of Article in of that no also the of on their The of this to the and the was to or from on the in that could not in for that of the with In that the judgment it its by it from determining could the and it to a of The ECJ a between (i) the of the by and (ii) the of the by to the was not its its into a with which that the be to The ECJ also that there was a for to for the of its the that it was to a of to the the held that be that the of the to whether of the or have a even it the actual of the and be to be to in for the of the the by the parties the ECJ that the decision the judgment stated that was to a or from an parties for of its the decision only imposed on with to its in and that the of the proceedings before the and of its with a The ECJ agreed that the was but found that the only for a was an for and had the of the On September 2009, the in its a decision of June that found that and its referred had its on the market for and to The decision considered that in (i) to and to for more and (ii) applying to between and The not a for but ordered to from in the brought the before the the decision the of the market and the of an of a and for a to be is the that that the and the have agreed on an and that the is to the in is the of the and between the and the the of the account three of of and (i) which in their and in to in in their and also in to and where the of of is in (ii) which and of or of in and have to the of and (iii) which their with to and the only in the European is the only in a to in In the decision appeal, the made a between and and to the decision, and by the that the in and by On the of this the the market the of and to to and that there is a single market in and at one in which the parties to the The only to it a the the that the the and by not the parties to the but and The that the only between (i) and the and (ii) the and its of which is to the to the by on of parties to the the on an of The that the not a by between and and in its of the With regard to the of an that it not to the that had for there was no the of to (i) only on (ii) was not to between and and (iii) in the on the of that of the of the and between the and and for to the in of had been by in there was no of had not an anticompetitive and the to that a that the applied to not In its the that and only to a of this it found that a by to the in the that there was no evidence of a for information in the before it that the between and could to that it was not to a and in that the could the a this the found that was not to between and With to that had to the that the that an is in a it of its to its when they the in undertakings in a be of the to adopt a of conduct or take not in and which would even be or taken by to this the that could not the of for to in of the to its this would its not to its conduct to on the to the that the conduct of an in a be an even in the of In the that it not an anticompetitive was to the of the the found that conduct was to to on the market even could In this the that had a with regard to the of and on the market and that could not the it had the that an its and on a European with regard to a the that by to the was to and In this the the judgment for the that it is not in to an of Article that on the market would be by a to but is that the at issue is or is on the The also found that the and for by to and in the in to Article by a to to On September 2009, in which the appeal of a judgment that annulled a decision to by Article of In that the Court of Justice the judgment and a ruling in the that the decision to the In its of appeal, the that the and the of The the from the that there of that had a on the of the of by the that be made the of Article the must be to the by the a of the The that undertakings need to that the a of the but that they for this by and by an decision with a The of by the a on the of their was the to the of parties by that the not was The that this not that the must to the to but that the must to it to in an and finding is the that the is of more by the which the in in the at by and that their to Article 81 In it that the that the is more of when the that to where the that be to be more The also a number of about the of that the considered could have the by the In the that they the issue of whether the the of an issue that was on In its the had that the of whether the by not from a of the was not on a The found this that the was to a when assessing the effects the would have on market and whether the to the would be is the on that one of was that must be to the need for a of the the would to the of the of to of even when the not on a of the the that the Court of Justice judgment in the the to the in with the by Article of the of the Court of In the that the Court of Justice the decision and on On September 2009, the the of the decision of 13 2009, and a of the decision was also in the of September The that the has (i) of or to on the that they or of their from from and to to at one on the that it only practice is referred to and (ii) to to or the of and to the to practice is referred to with to the the decision that the at issue the of the for finding an and an to that the had the of an which is to be of whether was to the In that the is for finding an Article the to the of its on in of the more of the Court in of appeal the decision have been in the of September that the in by to that its had an actual to and by to whether its in the of the European had and effects the European also that the to the standard of by to that its or of their from that the in applying its to whether of and to take account of of In that the essential which its of and the of the On June 2009, the European imposed a of million on the for the In in that held by made of this it to the the considered that its was to the of the be that to a the they in a of or the only be the the a although even a can be to for where the of the In into with the on whether or not the had in to in the of in more the had been On the the that there was only a between the parties and that there in in its decision, the the issue of the on which of The a into this which in its decision of June In this decision, the held that had in with of by the and at it a at was the of and had taken the held by in the of the and the of of by to of its with in 2001. to the this The that had the the by the In the at the into account the of a of the the of the the of the of the of the between and the and the that had with and have been of its to the In of the the considered the that the not to and that the to the the would have been had the on the decision is of the of the imposed on the that the would have been the had In the which was in by the fines for of the only a of the million imposed on in the for of a in it for three to a In the of Competition the decision a clear that the not of this of the the On June 2009, the European a to the on the of the of the the of the in with the of the and the for in the to the the in the have in between the and the the that there still a number of that not the and need to be in more one by the and have effects on competition. The that this that there is for a of at The also the to this that the the of the parties more of its one and the has been to the was to in the of a of the The that the has between that have effects and that the that there have been a number of with effects that have the a of the the for in the the on for to from the to the European and the in Article of the to this which was in parties can of to their from the to the European the not meeting the three or more of the is intended to the on parties by the to only one to the European to to the have the and of in the have the of between the and the the that have with regard to the and of the is the is and it the parties to an to the the to object to a the is the actual to the European that the is not an in parties no but to The not to the the that it to to the the with regard to the of the to the On June 2009, the European the of by a The found that the would have the a on from to and and that it would also to on between and and and In to the to that new to on of the where the also or and the in On June 2009, the an appeal the European decision the between the of and is the in has been a and The has an finding that appeal the decision was referred to the by the is of is the September decision to of a judgment by the the of the would no be of to The Court held by the appeal would have been would have been from the market for in the in September of could not be to to the market in to the to the decision. The considered in it was not to on appeal the decision. In the the of the an of the decision before the which annulled the
The concept of procedural fairness plays an important role in the enforcement \nof competition law, which must not only be effective but also fair. Thus, legal \ninstitutions should guarantee a proper level of protection of the values of procedural \nfairness. This paper is dedicated to the possible conflict between the guarantees \nof procedural fairness that find their expression in the right to be heard and in the \nprotection of confidential information.Both guarantees, the right to be heard on the one side, and the protection of \nconfidential information on the other, should be properly balanced. Unlike EU law, \nPolish legislation and jurisprudence proves to be inefficient in this respect. Article \n69 of the Competition Act fails to show clearly what the limits of the protection \nof confidential information are in situations when the right to be heard of other \nparties of antitrust proceedings is at stake. Business secrets are predominantly \nprotected over the right to be heard also in the jurisprudence of Polish courts. \nBy contrast, the Competition Act does not seem to properly protect confidential \ninformation other than business secrets. Such situation poses a risk for the adequate \nlevel of protection of procedural fairness in Polish antitrust enforcement. Moreover, \nneither Polish legislation nor jurisprudence explains to companies what shall prevail \nin the case of a concrete conflict between the protection of business secrets and \nthe right to be heard. An answer to this questions is needed seeing as proof of a \ncompetition law infringement which should be accessible to the parties, can at the \nsame time constitute a business secret.
According to a contemporary Pole, Ukraine is a country which, having broken out of the clutches of communism, makes its way towards Europe, the place it has always belonged to. The proof of that are the Ukrainians’ European aspirations—to become a member of the EU or NATO, as well as the events of the Orange Revolution, which proved that Ukrainians are mature enough to break free from Russia for the sake of democratization of the country, following the example of Western European countries. However, Ukrainians themselves are no longer so unanimous. A careful look at the country of our neighbours makes it evident that both in the sphere of politics as well as culture the Ukrainian nation is strongly divided. This was demonstrated by the Orange Revolution, which made the West realise that in Ukraine a fight is taking place, where the choice of an eastern or western variant is at stake. Ukrainians are also divided as far as their identity is concerned, both cultural and national, for whose roots they are still searching, both in Russia and Western Europe. We may say that as far as the matter of their place on earth is concerned, Ukrainians are almost in exactly the same place as they were eighty years ago.
The purpose of this study is to explore what governance structures and leadership styles enhance community participation in school governance. The study specifically explored community participation and democratic leadership in improving school governance and management. Qualitative research approach was applied and twenty three (23) informants were interviewed for this study. The study sample comprises of Ministry of Education officials, School Management Committee (SMC) and Parent Teachers Association (PTA) members who represent the parents and the community, Head teachers, and teachers. Interviews, documents evidence, and general observation have been employed as a means of data collection methods. This use of interviews is to allow the informant express his or her views based on the subjective school of though. The data collected was analysed inductively. Educational decentralization is the common way through which community can participate in the governance and management of the schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. Governance and community participation, and organization theories which comprises of critical organization theory, bureaucratic theory, stakeholders theory, and Role theory form the bedrock of the study. The study reveals that the schools have formal structures (SMC and PTA) that promotes community participation in school governance, and that these formal structures are an expression of democratic governance that allow the community to participate in the governance and management of the school through democratic practices and democratic leadership that allows broader participation of the stakeholders in the governance and management of the school. The research findings reveal that community through the SMC and the PTA participate in the governance and management of the schools as the community is engaged in resources mobilization, planning, budgeting, school development, policy formulation, administration and financing of the school, but policies on the curriculum and exams is under the government and that the community is also limited with lacks training, and skills. As such the roles played by the community are underperformed and financed. The study concludes that community participation and democratic leadership enhance school governance and management, as educational providers are hold accountable by the community in this democratic school governance and management.
This article addresses several issues pertinent to health systems governance for health equity. It argues the importance of health systems using measures of positive health (well-being), discriminating in favour of historically less advantaged groups and weighing the costs of health care against investments in the social determinants of health. It cautions that the concept of governance could weaken the role of government, with disequalizing effects, while emphasizing the importance of two elements of good governance (transparency and participation) in health systems decision-making. It distinguishes between participation as volunteer labour and participation as exercising political rights, and questions the assumption that decentralization in health systems is necessarily empowering. It then identifies five health system roles to address issues of equity (educator/watchdog, resource broker, community developer, partnership developer and advocate/catalyst) and the implications of these roles for practice. Drawing on preliminary findings of a global research project on comprehensive primary health care, it discusses political aspects of progressive health system reform and the implications of equity-focused health system governance on health workers' roles, noting the importance of health workers claiming their identity as citizens. The article concludes with a commentary on the inherently political nature of health reforms based on equity; the necessary confrontation with power relations politics involves; and the health systems governance challenge of managing competing health discourses of efficiency and results-based financing, on the one hand, and equity and citizen empowerment, on the other.
In this paper we study the optimal monetary and fiscal policies of a general equilibrium model of unemployment and money with search frictions both in labor and goods markets\nas in Berentsen, Menzio and Wright (2010). We abstract from revenue-raising motives to focus on the welfare-enhancing properties of optimal policies. We show that some of the\ninefficiencies in the Berentsen, Menzio and Wright (2010) framework can be restored with appropriate fiscal policies. In particular, when lump sum monetary transfers are possible,\na production subsidy financed by money printing can increase output in the decentralized market and a vacancy subsidy financed by a dividend tax even when the Hosios’ rule does\nnot hold.