Blockchain Papers

Muhammad Siddiqui

No abstract is available for this record.

Vadim Tsyvian

LAYER 0: RESTORING REAL-WORLD ONTOLOGY TO DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE The Restoration of Digital Legal Personality through Object-to-Subject Transformation This paper proposes restoring the ontological logic of the physical world within the digital realm. In physical reality, Layer 0 (corporeal presence) implicitly guarantees that an agent is a Subject. The digital world lost this layer, leading to a critical systemic error: the granting of legal capacity to "dead" Objects (code), which results in the mass voidness of transactions due to Vitiated Consent (Defect of Will). The author introduces the concept of Object-to-Subject Transformation. We assert that the only way to eliminate this legal voidness is to re-introduce the human will as a tangible force. The Core Mechanism: The solution is the Organization of the Stream. By actively directing a continuous flow of entropy tokens from physical reality to a digital entity, the human performs a volitional act. This active organization is the endowment of Will, which ontologically transforms the digital entity from an inert Object into a capable Subject. Key Contributions: Restoration of Reality: Layer 0 re-establishes the physical-to-digital link that was lost in standard TCP/IP architecture. Elimination of Voidness: By ensuring "No Will = No Action," the protocol prevents transactions that would be legally void ab initio. Discrete Subjectivity: Legal personality becomes a dynamic state that exists strictly during the moment of active human engagement (Stream Organization). Conclusion This work integrates legal theory and cryptography to create a post-quantum standard of trust, where the human remains the sole source of Subjectivity, preventing the legal and ontological collapse of the digital economy. Keywords: Layer 0, Object-to-Subject Transformation, Digital Legal Personality, Discrete Legal Personality, Sybil Resistance, Capacity to Act, AI Liability, Vitiated Consent, ZK-PoB, Proof of Personhood, Biological Entropy, Model Collapse, Web3 Security, Digital Identity, Intentional Entropy

Assistant Professor Dr. Shweta Oza

The growth of the crypto markets has changed the investment environment in a profound manner by elevating cryptocurrencies from purely speculative assets to institutional-grade investments. The current paper evaluates the investment characteristics of Bitcoin and Ethereum, the most popular cryptocurrencies, based on the modern portfolio theory framework. According to the analysis carried out for 2020-2025, the Bitcoin asset demonstrates an impressive Sharpe ratio of 1.7, substantially exceeding that of the S&P 500 (0.54) and gold (0.48-0.54). In favorable market conditions, Ethereum outperforms Bitcoin in terms of risk-adjusted returns, exhibiting even better characteristics. The study highlights a change in the mechanism of price fluctuations in the market from the \\\"four-year cycle\\\" to the flow of institutional capital. At the same time, correlation analysis shows that despite the absence of high correlation of these assets with other asset classes over the long term, the correlation between the two increases under market pressure. As a result, 1-4% of portfolio weight can be safely allocated to each asset, depending on the investment strategy.

P. (Palanisamy) Deepa, R. Kavitha

The convergence of fundamental blockchain technology with the Ethereum network has ushered in a new era of decentralized innovation, moving beyond simple cryptocurrency transactions to a programmable, trustless ecosystem. By introducing smart contracts—self-executing, automated agreements—and the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), Ethereum acts as a decentralized \\\"world computer\\\" that allows for the creation of decentralized applications (dApps) across numerous sectors, including finance, healthcare, and supply chain management. In recent years, blockchain technology has gained significant attention for its potential in various domains. However, the lack of interoperability between different blockchain platforms poses a significant challenge in meeting the demands of the modern world. To address this issue, our research focuses on unlocking blockchain interconnectivity through smart contract-driven cross-chain communication. We aim to contribute to the development of a model that enhances the functionality and usability of blockchain technology. To achieve interoperability, we explore various options and leverage the power of smart contracts.

K.P. Chowdhury, Tom Shohfi

No abstract is available for this record.

Alexander Neumueller

No abstract is available for this record.

Jakub Cwirlej

No abstract is available for this record.

Dr.B.Swathi Dr.B.Swathi, MOHAMMAD SANA, DAMERUPPULA SAI KIRAN, JADI GANESH · 5 authors

The quick rise of digital technologies has shown how blockchain could improve business operations by making them safer, more open, and less centralized. Most blockchain solutions, on the other hand, are made for big businesses, which makes it hard for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) to use them because they are too expensive, too complicated, and not modular. This study suggests a blockchain-based framework designed specifically for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) to make digital transformation more affordable. The framework includes stable consensus protocols, governance mechanisms, and important services like Decentralized Identity (DID), Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP), and Digital Asset Management (DAM). It is meant to be modular, scalable, and simple to connect to current business systems. Experimental testing shows that SMEs are more efficient, secure, and easy to use. The proposed framework lowers the barriers to entry and lets small and medium-sized businesses use blockchain for new ideas, better operations, and safe online transactions.

Rossana Caputo, Bernard Mallia, Keerthi Kumar Masanasetty, Prasad M

No abstract is available for this record.

Authors unavailable

No abstract is available for this record.

Michel Rauchs, Garrick Hileman

No abstract is available for this record.

Avni Rustemi, Fisnik Dalipi

ABSTRACT The generation and verification of academic credentials, particularly diplomas, is crucial for the secure functioning, enhanced legitimacy and confidentiality of higher education institutions (HEIs). Digitising the internal services of HEIs is of great importance, as it mitigates the potential abuse of diplomas and other important documents. The prevalence of forgery attempts highlights the need for robust verification methods. In this regard, blockchain technology can be considered as a solution due to its capability to ensure the immutability, decentralisation, security and transparency of all documents stored on the blockchain network or storage. In this paper, we aim to move from concept to practical implementation of a blockchain‐based framework for generating and verifying diplomas, named Diploma Integrity Authentication Record (DIAR), which, in addition to the digitalisation of diplomas and academic documents, also enables their fast, secure, and cost‐effective verification. Through the paper, we describe in detail the process of practical implementation of the DIAR framework, presenting the smart contract for generating and verifying diplomas, the process of encrypting and storing diplomas as non‐fungible tokens on the blockchain network or storage. At the same time, the challenges of practical implementation are also described, which are predominantly related to the scarcity of blockchain solutions for generating and verifying diplomas in HEIs. Significant attention and emphasis are placed on the legal matters pertaining to the implementation and safeguarding of students' identification and data privacy.

B. T. Snipes

No abstract is available for this record.

Amaira Varshney

No abstract is available for this record.

Wulf A. Kaal

No abstract is available for this record.

Christian Nielsen Garcia

No abstract is available for this record.

Balram P, Lakshmi Rai, Mansi Kodag

No abstract is available for this record.

Ping Ji, Haijie Wang

In the face of the regulatory failure problem caused by blockchain hidden addresses, existing solutions often fall into a dilemma where 'privacy protection' and 'compliance review' are either one or the other.This paper proposes an innovative integration framework that transforms the behavioural elements in anti-money laundering and other legal provisions (such as 'high-frequency and small-scale transactions') into computable logic.Based on zero-knowledge proof technology, it generates verifiable credentials to determine whether the transaction behaviour is compliant without revealing the true identity of the address.Experiments on a public blockchain transaction dataset (elliptic) show that this framework achieves an average improvement of over 15% in core identification performance compared to traditional non-private rule-based methods, while maintaining an acceptable performance overhead.As a proof-of-concept validation conducted on a transparent dataset with simulated concealment, the actual performance may differ in native privacy-preserving chains.This research provides a new approach that combines legal rigor with technical feasibility for achieving effective on-chain behaviour supervision while protecting user privacy.

Subhasis Thakur

No abstract is available for this record.

Christos A. Makridis

Abstract Cheap, disposable online identities make abuse easier to externalize. Users can harass, evade bans, amplify content through fake accounts, or abandon a damaged reputation at low cost, while other users, moderators, and platforms bear the consequences. This paper examines verified pseudonymity as an institutional response to that problem. First, I model online communities as club-governed informational commons in which incivility degrades the shared environment and raises enforcement costs. The model shows that conduct can improve when sanctions attach to a persistent pseudonymous identity and when users have future access, reputation, or governance rights at stake. Second, I compare verified pseudonymity with open pseudonymity, real-name mandates, centralized know-your-customer verification, algorithmic moderation, and no intervention. Decentralized identifiers, verifiable credentials, proof of personhood, and non-transferable standing credentials matter because they can separate authentication from public identification. Third, I add a community-currency layer that separates access to scarce attention from governance rights. The result is a governance framework in which accountability depends less on public naming than on durable standing, credible sanctions, and reusable privacy-preserving credentials.

L. V. Kovalchuk, M.S. Kondratenko

The paper investigates the issues of secure functioning of a two-level blockchain with a complex mixed consensus protocol — Proof-of-Work in the main blockchain (mainchain) and Proof-of-Stake in the secondary (sidechain). The principle of building such a blockchain is based on the Proof-of-Proof protocol, where a stable blockchain (mainchain) is used to ensure the stability of the sidechain, by referring the mainchain blocks to the sidechain blocks using special transactions. Such a structure allows for faster block generation in the sidechain and, accordingly, faster processing of transactions without reducing stability and without increasing the block size. In turn, such a two-level blockchain is of the greatest interest for the creation of a cascade system of state registers, which will be guaranteed to be protected against the substitution and forgery of documents. The main results of the work areexplicit analytical expressions for estimates of the probability of double spend attack on such a two-level blockchain, under the condition of an adversary in the sidechain and in the mainchain. The expressions obtained allow finding the number of confirmation blocks in the sidechain, which guarantees security against the attack with a probability no less than a preset value. Keywords: blockchain, mainchain, sidechain, cryptocurrencies, mining, Proof-of-Proof consensus protocol, double spend attack.

Ferit Gezgil

We propose Proof of Witness (PoWit), a novel consensus mechanism for digital currency that replaces energy-intensive mining and capital-based staking with independent third-party witness verification. In PoWit, each transaction requires cryptographic signatures from three parties: sender, receiver, and a randomly selected witness. The witness validates the sender’s balance and transaction history before signing, eliminating the need for global consensus while maintaining security guarantees. Our simulation with 10,000 users demonstrates 100% double-spending prevention (n = 10, 000, 99% CI [99.93%, 100%]), 113.9 transactions per second, and complete chain integrity. The non-selective witness assignment achieves theoretical randomness with only 0.27% deviation, making collusion attacks impractical. PoWit offers a sustainable alternative to Proof of Work and Proof of Stake, with significantly lower energy consumption and fairer participation model.

Saurabh Jain, Adarsh Kumar

No abstract is available for this record.

Amrendra Singh Yadav, Mihir Bhatt, Sameer Yadav, Sanjeev Kumar Dwivedi · 5 authors

The rapid evolution of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) necessitates secure, scalable, and low-latency route navigation mechanisms that can operate in highly dynamic vehicular environments. Emerging paradigms such as Vehicular Digital Twins (VDTs) further enhance IoV ecosystems by enabling real-time virtual representations of physical vehicles, facilitating predictive analytics, intelligent decision-making, and context-aware routing. However, conventional VANET-based approaches suffer from centralized trust dependencies, high computational overhead, and limited adaptability to real-time traffic conditions. This paper proposes BFRN-IoV, a blockchain- and fog-enabled route navigation framework that integrates lightweight ECC-HMAC-based mutual authentication, RSU-assisted fog routing, and global route validation via a Geo-Location Provider (GLP), while leveraging VDTs for enhanced situational awareness and dynamic route optimization. The framework ensures key security properties-including confidentiality, integrity, pseudonymity, unlinkability, and non-repudiation-using ECDH-derived session keys, HKDF-based key expansion, and HMAC verification, while preserving privacy through pseudonym-based identity management. A permissioned blockchain provides immutable and auditable logging of routing interactions without exposing vehicle identities. Simulation results using SUMO and implementation via Web3 demonstrate significant improvements in routing accuracy, along with reduced communication and computational overhead compared to existing approaches. Formal verification using the Scyther tool confirms robustness against replay, impersonation, and man-in-the-middle attacks. The proposed framework delivers a unified, secure, and efficient solution for real-time IoV route navigation, further strengthened by the integration of VDTs in next-generation intelligent transportation systems.